Microbiology History and Classification PDF

History of Microbiology and Classification of Microorganisms 01.22.2025 Prof. Dr. Selda Erensoy Thanks to Prof. Dr. Ayşın Zeytinoğlu  Microbiology Greek Micros: Small Bios : Life Logos : Science Science of sma...

History of Microbiology and Classification of Microorganisms 01.22.2025 Prof. Dr. Selda Erensoy Thanks to Prof. Dr. Ayşın Zeytinoğlu  Microbiology Greek Micros: Small Bios : Life Logos : Science Science of small living things MICROORGANISM (microbe! and mo) Hippocrates of Kos BC 460 In his book; Malaria, spotted fever, smallpox, plaque, tuberculosis (phthisis) Marcus Terentius Varro BC 1. century Roman academician His book about agriculture- Ranches should not be built near swamps “ … because there are fast moving dangerous creatures there, that can not be seen by our eyes, they swim in the air and can enter our bodies through our nose and mouth. They are responsible for serious illnesses” Avicenna (Ibni Sina) 980 -1037 “ little worms are responsible for contagious diseases, unfortunately we can not see them’’ ‘’ before our bodily fluids are infected, they are made dirty by organisms outside our bodies’’ “ it is possible to avoid those diseases by obeying the rules to be clean” For tuberculosis and other Al-Qanun fi'l-tibb (The Canon of Medicine) contagious diseases – Quarantine Kitab al-Shifa' (The Book of Healing 1020) Risalah fi sirr al-qadar (Essay on the Secret of Destiny) Danishnama-i 'ala'i (The Book of Scientific Knowledge) Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat (Remarks and Admonitions) Akshamsaddin, Damascus 1389-1459 Books Kitab ut-Tib (Book of medicine) Maddat ul-Hayat (The Material of Life) “every disease has a seed” “these seeds cause diseases by multiplicating/breeding when they enter the body” 14. Century - plaque China ⇒ India ⇒ Iran ⇒Turkey (Ottoman Empire) ⇒Europe 23 million people died Social-Economic-Pshycological- Cultural-Religious effects 14. Century - plaque China ⇒ India ⇒ Iran ⇒ Caucasia ⇒Turkey (Ottoman empire) ⇒Europe 23 million person diedCOVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Social-Economic-Pshycological- Cultural-Religious effects 14. Century - plaque China ⇒ India ⇒ Iran ⇒ Caucasia ⇒Turkey (Ottoman empire) ⇒Europe 23 million person diedCOVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Social-Economic-Pshycological- Cultural-Religious effects Ibn Khatima – death 1369 14. Century – the big plaque – Andalusia ‘’contagious diseases are spread by little living things that enter our bodies’’ Girolamo Fracastoro 1546 – 1553 ‘’Epidemic/ contagious diseases are spread by direct or indirect contact - sometimes by long distance without contact, with seed like things ‘’ How can grapes become wine How can milk become cheese Why do food become rotten It was such an era that; “contagious diseases are considered as diabolico“ abiogenesis theory (life originates from nonliving things spontaneously) They even thought if: An old piece of cloth Some wheat Mice after 21 days Robert Hooke 1665 First scientist using microscope Micrographia (book) – Plant cells descriptions Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1674-5 First microbiologist First scientist observing microorganisms (little animals - animaluca) with microscope ‘’there are live formats that can not be seen by our eyes’’ Church opposition – 200 years it will be a taboo subject In Ottoman Empire Children were vaccinated by using debris materials from the patients that had small pox. Lady Montague the wife of Engilish Embassy who lived in Istanbul mentioned this in a letter, that she had written to England in 1721. In England realized that girls that were milking cows did not get small pox (similarity between the antigenic proteins of the viruses; cowpox – human pox: cross immunization) Edward Jenner 1749- 1823 prepared a modern way of small pox vaccine using the breasts' pustule of cows that had cow pox Louis Pastuer (chemist) 1822-1895 ❑ Making wine and bread with fermentation- mini living creators! ❑ In fermentation samples like unspoiled beer, wine – little spheres (yeast ) In spoiled ones- he saw long objects that disturbed fermentation and thought of destroying them by heating – Pasteurisation method ❑ Showed Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae in pus ❑ Developed anthrax and rabies vaccines ❑ Described protection against contagious diseases with vaccines (immunology, immunity) – established the science of immunology Vaccination for the memory of Edward Jenner Vacca: Cow Robert Koch 1876 Identified lot of Bacillus anthracis in blood of cattle that had anthrax Showed that a small amount of blood of an animal could cause an anthrax disease when given to a healthy animal Proved that bacteria could be cultured, could be given to an animal and that this animal could have this disease (evidence) ‘’one microbe and one disease ‘’ Koch postulates Koch Postulates In every patients’ blood causative agent should be seen- not seen in the healthy ones In every patients’ blood causative agent should be cultured When a sample from a sick patient is given to a healthy one - the recipient should get the disease From the blood taken from the recipient, the causative agent should be cultured again Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis 1818-1865 Established sterilization disinfection concepts Ottoman Empire- Dr. Hüseyin Remzi 1839-1898 Small pox vaccine- became mandatory 1886 – Rabies vaccines World War I – Vaccine and serums were produced locally  Conclusions from history The identification of many microorganisms Reduced fatality rates Mean life expectancy years ↑ Some diseases are eradicated from the world or countries (World small pox eradication -1979) New industrial areas Microscobe – optic industry Drug industry Diagnostic microbiology industry Protection from infectious diseases – Vaccine and serum industry ‘’Public Health’’ and ‘’Human Health Rights’’ concepts  Branches of science in microbiology 1. Medical microbiology 3. Industrial microbiology Human Fermantation Animal Antibiotics Geomicrobiology and 2. Health and hygiene chemistrial microbiology Food 4. Agricultural microbiology Enviroment Plant Space Soil Food  CLASSIFICATION of Microorganisms 1. Procaryotes (bacteria) 2. Eucaryotes (human, animal, plant, fungi, protozoa, helminths) 3. Viruses 4. Prions (proteins without nucleic acids; infectious proteins)  EUCARYOTES 1. ALGAE 2. PROTOZOA 3. FUNGI A- MOLDS B- YEASTS (real nucleated, clearly defined nucleus)  PROCARYOTES  BACTERIA (they have a simpler structure then eucaryotes) 1 000 000 000 000 Bacteria (1012)  1 GRAM - FECES  FUNGI Eucaryote Medically important fungi Yeasts are cultured at 37°C Molds are cultured at 22-26°C They grow sexually and asexually (medically important ones grow mostly asexually)  VIRUSES They have no classical cell structures Need cells to grow inside They have no metabolic activity  Prions They have no nucleic acids Transmissible protein (infectious) They are proteinous structures (misfolded protein)  Eucaryotes ( >2 micrometer)  Procaryotes (0.2- 2 micrometer)  Viruses (25-300 nm) poliovirus – pox virus  Eucaryote Procaryote (fungi, parasite,manimal) (bacteria) Size >2-5 micron 0.2-2 micron Nucleus membrane classic membrane No membrane Lineer DNA diploid genome Single, circular DNA haploid Chromosomes sequences genome Mitochondria Yes No Golgi apparatus Yes No Endoplasmic reticulum Yes No Ribosome size 80S (60S+40S) 70S (50S+30S) No sterol Cytoplasmic membrane Has sterol (except mycoplasma, ureaplasma) Cell wall No (except fungi- chitin+) peptidoglican cell wall Respiration With mitochondria With cytoplasmic membrane Reproduction Sexual and asexual By splitting in two