History.pdf

Globalization Includes; 1. Trade Organizations like the World Trade Organization. a. Wants to reduce tariffs and have free trade 2. Stress on the Environment. 3. Culture 4. Threats to Privacy Rights Homework: Read pages 129-131, 133 - (A) Answer #1-3 on page 130. - (B) E...

Globalization Includes; 1. Trade Organizations like the World Trade Organization. a. Wants to reduce tariffs and have free trade 2. Stress on the Environment. 3. Culture 4. Threats to Privacy Rights Homework: Read pages 129-131, 133 - (A) Answer #1-3 on page 130. - (B) Explain the role of the CRTC and the CBC and how they protect Canadian Culture. 1. How has the expansion of global communications affected the sharing of Aboriginal culture? - Because of global communications the entire world can watch and learn about Aboriginal culture through their televisions. For example, in 1999, The Aboriginal Peoples Television Network started their first broadcast. They were the first national public Aboriginal television network in the world at the moment. 2. Decide the extent to which the following groups world likely view the founding of the APTN as historically significant and why: - Aboriginal people: - Would find APTN historically significant as people from around the world would be able to watch and learn from their culture that was unfortunately forced to be suppressed for decades. - Canadians who have never heard of APTN: - Not historically significant as they would not have even known about it. - Canadians who watch Cooking with Wolfman Maori in New Zealand: - Historically significant as these people are watching Aboriginal-related content. - Maori in New Zealand: - Historically significant as it inspired them and many other indigenous peoples in other countries to launch their own television networks. 3. The APTN came about in part because of the 1996 report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. The report said that the mainstream media did not reflect Aboriginal realities and did not ¨offer much space to Aboriginal people to tell their own stories – as broadcasters, journalists, commentators, poets, or storytellers.¨ The commissioners urged the federal government to fund Aboriginal-controlled media. Does this make the APTN historically significant? Why or why not? To whom? - Yes, this makes APTN historically significant not only to Canada, but the entire world. This was the first Aboriginal television broadcast of its era, which not only broadcasted Aboriginal-related content, such as their dishes, languages, Indigenous stories and  culture, but it was created and maintained by Aboriginal producers, directors and actors. This caught the attention of numerous people from around the world, specifically other Indigenous peoples, such as the Maori in New Zealand, who were heavily influenced by The APTN to launch their own television network called The Maori Television Network in 2004. Explain the role of the CRTC and the CBC and how they protect Canadian Culture. - The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation or the CBC is Canada's public broadcaster and is funded largely by public money. The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) licenses TV and radio broadcasters to promote Canadian content on the airwave. They protect Canadian Culture by requiring at least 60% of the programs aired by Canadian broadcasters be Canadian. In addition, they create Canadian content and supply programming to remote areas of Canada that otherwise would not receive service. ____________________________________________________________________________ Canada’s Role in the World North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): - Formed in 1949 during Cold War - Originally to protect themselves from feared Soviet aggression - Now, the focus is on international stability - Provide security forces and more peacekeeping now North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD): - Also began due to the Cold War - protects the airspace over Canada and the US. - US and Canadian military agreement - Was active after the 9/11 attacks Canada and the United Nations: - Un is the closest thing we have to a world government - Canada is a founding member - Includes things like the World Health Organization, International Declaration of Human Rights and the Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples - We play an important role as negotiators and peacekeeping and peacemaking Canada and the Commonwealth: - Founding member - Made up of countries who were once part of the British Empire - Goal: Shared vision of promoting trade, economic and social development - Sometimes members are suspended because they do not support the shared vision - eg. Pakistan because they fired the country’s top judges without cause. La Francophonie: - Alliance of countries and regions where French is spoken. - Canada is a member, so is Quebec and New Brunswick. - Goal: Promote French language, peace and sustainable development. Landmine Agreement: - Spearheaded by American woman Jody Williams and Canadian foreign affairs minister Lloyd Axworthy in 1997. - Goal: Wanted to ban the use of landmines in all wars - they mostly target civilians and cause death and destruction for years after the end of the war. - 167 countries signed the agreement. Canadian Forces Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART): - Rapid response military team that could move quickly into crisis areas. - Formed in 1996. - Have helped out in various areas - Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, earthquakes in Haiti and Nepal, etc. People to People - Civil Society - Human rights groups organized for a cause. - Eg - Spread the Net campaign. - Sometimes organized around faith groups, schools etc. Responsibility to Protect (2005): - Prior to this new resolution the UN could only intervene in an internal conflict if they were invited by the country. - But many events in Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan and Burma led to atrocities and genocide. - So a new policy of responsibility to protect is enacted - if human rights are being violated the responsibility to protect is the most important. - So the UN will now intervene in matters to protect peoples from war crimes, genocide ethnic cleansing or crimes againsts humanity. Conflict How Conflict Canada’s Response Our Assessment Of Challenged Canada’s Response International Security Gulf War Iraq could have Canada complied Canada’s Response invaded their with the UN against the Gulf War neighbouring sanctions and sent was really prepared. countries if nothing forces to join an They assisted in was done. So there international military fighting against Iraq  had to be security coalition that was and provided lots of and resistance to gathering in case medical care to the ensure safety Saddam ignored the injured. amongst countries. UN’s orders. When the war started, Canadian forces exerted hospital ships, provided medical help, transported personnel and cargo, and helped refuel fighter planes in the air. The Canadian air force also flew combat patrols and took part in bombing missions. Yugoslavia Provinces rebelled General Lewis This was not a good against each other MacKenzie, a response from causing the deaths of Canadian, Canada. This was thousands of people. commanded the UN because most force to provide peacekeeping humanitarian relief personnel were and set up safe areas harmed, and were of for refugees. This no use of help. peacekeeping failed because these combat forces kept fighting and fought the peacekeeping personnel. Kosovo It caused rising 18 Canadian CF-18 The response was tensions between fighters joined planes controversial as Kosovo and Serbia, from countries such although they forced which caused the as the United States, Serbian forces out of Serbians to commit Britain, France, and Kosovo, they are a mass murder and Spain to take part in peacekeeping mass expulsions these strikes. NATO country and bombed against Kosovians. planes bombed not large amounts of only the military sites, civilians. but also the cities of Belgrade and Pristina which ended up killing large numbers of civilians. Somalia Due to the 900 members of the Bad response as government collapse, Canadian Airborne Canadian members warlords and clans peacekeepers’ from the Canadian were fighting for assignment was to Airborne power in a conflict disarm the warring peacekeepers’ were made worse by a clans and provide using violent acts, famine that was relief supplies to the such as torture affecting the country. starving people. against Somali Thousands were Some Canadian citizens, which ended murdered, tortured, members committed up causing the and starved. violent acts such as Canadian airborne torture against Regiment to be Somali citizens. This disbanded. was a failure and the Canadian Airborne Regiment was disbanded. Rwanda An airplane carrying Canada sent 400 The response was the Rwandan peacekeepers to good from the president Juvenal Rwanda under the Canadians, but bad Habyarimana, a Hutu, command of from the UN. The was shot down. Canadian General Canadian General People believed it Romeo Dallaire. The knew the possibly of was the Tutsis that general warned UN genocide and heavily committed the crime. officials of the risk of warned the UN Which caused many genocide and officials and pleaded Hutus on a pleaded for for significantly more murderous rampage, reinforcements and reinforcements, killing Tutsis, and asked permission to which did not happen Hutus who criticized size Hutu weapons, until the genocide the Hutu government. but his requests were ended. This resulted This ended up killing ignored. Once the in the deaths of over 800 000 people in the genocide happened, 800 000 in Rwanda. next 100 days in the peacekeepers Rwanda, which couldn’t protect the threatened the safety people as they were of the citizens. not permitted to take direct action to stem the violence. More reinforcements did not come until the genocide was over. Analyzing and Interpreting Political Cartoons - Political cartoons must make their point succinctly and forcefully. - The most successful cartoonists rely on one or more exaggerations. Exaggeration - An object, person, situation or idea is overstate. An issue particularly where somewhere is perceived to be fault or wrong, is emphasized and underlined by magnifying or diminishing its relative importance Size - A difference in size among objects or people emphasizes or diminishes the relative importance of objects or people. Caricature - Probably the most widely used technique. - Purposefully exaggerates a particular part of a figure (often in the face) or an object. The figures or objects will appear distorted or ridiculous while remaining instantly recognizable. Stereotyping: - Groups of people may be represented in an over-simplified and inaccurate fashion to call attention to them or to the central issue. Allusion - Political cartoons refer to current events and issues. Consequencty, the political cartoon may lose some of its effect with the passage of time. Symbolism - In cartoons, one object can, and often does, stand for another, - A comparison is clearly made between two or more otherwise separate figures, objects, or events. Comparison / Contrast - Differences or similarities can be highlighted by placing similar or different items or people together. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Auto pact - precursor to FTA and NAFTA - Canada and America signed the Auto pack - It allowed for free movement of new cars, trucks, and auto parts. - Basically free trade of auto parts between Canada and America - Every car built in Canada need to - Ended in 2001. - European and Japanese automakers complained that the pact violated the World Trade Organization and favored American vehicles] Other Free Trade agreements between Canada and AMerica in the past: - Reciprocity Treaty 1855  - Commercial Agreement / Unrestricted Reciprocity - Reciprocity 1911. Free Trade Agreement (FTA): What: An agreement that phased out a wide range of trade restrictions in stages over a ten-year period and resulted in a great increase in cross-border trade. Also called CUSFTA. When: 1988 - 1994. Where: Canada and America. Who: PM Brian Mulroney and President Ronald Reagan. How: Both countries would gradually reduce tariffs (taxes) on most items over 10 years. - Canada could not sell oil and gas to the US for a higher price than we sold it to ourselves. - Before the FTA example – During the 1970s, oil sold to the US for world price but at a lower price to Canadians. - Canada couldn't reduce exports of oil to the US during shortages unless we reduced our own consumption. Thus, we couldn’t stockpile during times of shortages. Positives: - US Markets open for Canadian industry Negatives: - US companies would be able to sell their product at a cheaper cost than their Canadian company counterparts (underselling) - End of CND subsidies (money given to a company so products sold for lower prices). - Because of underselling, there is no need for branch plants in Canada, reducing jobs. - The USA has more access to Canadian cultural industries. More Canadians begin to consume more American Media Content. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): What: Created the world’s largest free trade area. Affected trade relations between 3 countries and has been heavily politicized. When: Signed in 1994 Where: Canada, America, Mexico. Who: Beginning Negotiations: Pm Brian Mulroney, President Geroge Bush Sr., President Carlos Salinas. Implementation of NAFTA: PM Jean Chretien, President Bill Clinton, Carlos Salinas. Autos: Hondas are now considered “North American”. All vehicles must have higher North American content to escape paying duties (62.5%). Energy: Canada must guarantee the US a supply of oil, even during times of shortage in the US. US wanted same deal with Mexico but they declined. Water: Canadian water would not be sold to the US. It is exempt from NAFTA.  Positives Negatives - Reduced trade barriers, increase more - More jobs would go to Mexico (due to jobs lower wages, and environmental rules) - Canada would have access to - Clothing and textile industry Mexican markets. Without NAFTA, concerned as it can’t compete with only US would have access to both Mexican labour market countries - Quebec liked the deal because it - No environmental regulations opened up more markets for their products - Total merchandise trade between - Mexican rates of economic growth 1993 and 2015 tripled to $1 Trillion over the past 25 years have been low, USD. while inequality and poverty remain high. - In 2015, 78% of Canada’s total export - Agriculture particularly problematic: were sent to its NAFTA partners Millions of Mexican peasants lost their land due to the government's decision to remove tariffs on corn, their staple food, as well as protections for the communal system of land ownership that had delivered land to millions of poor and Indigenous peasants after the Mexican revolution. - Total merchandise trade between Canada and the US doubled between 1993 and 2015, and increased eightfold over the same period with Mexico. NAFTA and American Presidential Races: NAFTA has faced serious opposition in US presidential races. - In 1992, independent candidate Ross Perot campaigned on an anti-NAFTA platform, stating that the agreement would create a “giant sucking sound” of jobs moving to Mexico. - In 2008, Barack Obama promised to amend or back out of the agreement but ignored this promise when he came into office. - In 2016, Donald Trump’s opposition to the agreement was particularly bitter, his rhetoric especially focused on Mexico, as he claimed NAFTA was benefiting Mexico at the expense of the USA. The “New NAFTA”: USMCA: - What: USMCA = United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement. - A free trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the USA. - Replace the “1994 NAFTA” - Compared to the 1994 NAFTA, the USMCA: - Gives the US more access to Canada’s $19 billion dairy market - Incentivizes more domestic production of cars and trucks - Increases environmental and labour regulations - Introduces updated intellectual property protections. - When: Signed in November, 2018 but not ratified until January 2019. - Who: PM Justin Trudea, President Enrique Pena Nieto, President Donald Trump.