Ancient India (Indus Valley) - History Presentation PDF

Ancient India Indus Valley  Phases of IVC Three phases of IVC are: The Early Harappan Phase The Mature Harappan Phase and The Late Harappan Phase  The Early Harappan Phase is related to the Hakra Phase, identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley. The earli...

Ancient India Indus Valley  Phases of IVC Three phases of IVC are: The Early Harappan Phase The Mature Harappan Phase and The Late Harappan Phase  The Early Harappan Phase is related to the Hakra Phase, identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley. The earliest examples of the Indus script date back to 3000 BC. This phase stands characterized by centralized authority and an increasingly urban quality of life. Trade networks had been established and there are also evidences of the cultivation of crops. Peas, dates, cotton, etc, were grown during that  By 2600 BC, the Indus Valley Civilization had entered into a mature stage. The early Harappan communities were turning into large urban centers, like Harappa and Mohenjodaro in Pakistan and Lothal in India  The signs of a gradual decline of the Indus River Valley Civilization are believed to have started around 1800 BC and by 1700 BC, most of the cities were abandoned. However, one can see the various elements of the Ancient Indus Valley Civilization in later cultures. Archaeological data indicates the persistence of the Late Harappan culture  Town Planning and Structures The Harappan culture was distinguished by its system of town planning. Harappa and Mohenjodaro each had its own citadel or acropolis, which was possibly occupied by members of the ruling class. Below the citadel in each city lay a lowertown containing brick houses, which were inhabited by the common people.  Granaries constituted an important part of the Harappan cities. The use of burnt bricks in the Harappan cities is remarkable, because in the contemporary buildings of Egypt mainly dried bricks were used. The drainage system of Mohenjodaro was very impressive. In almost all cities every big or small house had its own courtyard and bathroom. In Kalibangan many houses had their Agriculture The Harappan villages, mostly situated near the flood plains, produced foodgrains like lentil, and mustard. Rice were also produced in very limited quantity. Wheat, barley, rai, peas, rare are other food grains. The Indus people were the earliest people to produce cotton.