Highway Engineering PDF

# Highway Engineering ## 1. General - Highway, Railway, Waterways, Airway ## 1.2. Historic Development of Roads in Nepal - नया बाचे काम गोस्वारा पुरानो बाचे काम गोखार }- 1948. AD - Public work development: -1950AD - Department of road - 1970 AD - Department of building J (2027 BS) ## * In world...

# Highway Engineering ## 1. General - Highway, Railway, Waterways, Airway ## 1.2. Historic Development of Roads in Nepal - नया बाचे काम गोस्वारा पुरानो बाचे काम गोखार }- 1948. AD - Public work development: -1950AD - Department of road - 1970 AD - Department of building J (2027 BS) ## * In world 1. Roman road (Roman) 2. Tresaguet read (France) 3. Metcalf road (England) 4. Telford read (UK) 5. Macadam construction (England) ## 1.3 Basic requirement of an ideal alignment 1. Short 2. Easy 3. Safe 4. Economical (S.ES.E) ## * Sensitinty & flexibility F = Rate of charge of outlet discharge " parent discharge For proportional outlet, F=1 hyper proportional, F>1 Sub-proportional, F<1 ## Sensitivity S = Rate of change of outlet dischane water lerd Rate F " = 29/9 LD/D Q=CDn constant S=nF, n= canal index * for rigid module, S=0 * Gibb's module is a type of rigid module. ## * for hill read, additional care should be done for 1. Stability 2. Drainage 3. Geometric 4. Resisting leigh Standard ## 1.4 Technical terms ### a) Approach road (15m min) * A single vertical come shall be provided for a bridge for bridge having total length of 30m. ### b) Berm Berm ### ) Bleeding (reasons. ) - due to excessive binder. - not hot enough during application - insufficient binding material - loss of cover aggregates) - Also known as flushing. - To stop bleeding more, blindage (coarse & fine agg.) should be applied, ### d) Blinding (gritting) ## Spreading of stone chips, sand & other fine material. ### e) Borrow pit (paralled to road) ### +) Centrifugal ratio = P = √² = W Centrifugal fore wt of vehicle * P < b to avoid overturn W *P <f to avoid lateral skid W ### g) Crete way - width = 60-75cm - thickness = 10 to 15 um - C/S spacing = 1.5m ### 4) Dead man or motam (Tell-tale) - ↑post ((arबा) - ↑ left over ((छोडेको) - * both semeo same purpose ### i) Fly over ### o) Off backing ### p) Prime coat (0.8 to 1.57 lit/m²): 1.05 ### 9) Road delineator: Outlining roadway. ### r) Ribbon development ### 5) Road furniture - Delineator, boards, lights etc ### t) Rumble strips (Rough surface for vibration) ### 4) Sage: Junction of two falling gradient. ### ✔ Seal wat 0.66/H/m² & sand = 0.012m³/m² * baffic is allowed after 24hn of application (impending & sideway) ### Mi) skidding → घुमेको भन्दा धेर कुदा। ### x) slipping → - धुने जति कुवेन । - 120 - ↓ - ०८. - ↓ - NRS:- longitudinal friction coeff=0.3有100.4 - Lateral " " - 0.15 ### y) Subway - z) Summit junction of - too ising gradient ## 1.5 Technical terms (2) ### a) Tack loet: (0.5 to 1.05 lit/m²):. O'.f ### b) Traffic lane (3.5m) ### e) Traffic segregation (for efficiency & safely) ### a) Traffic capacity: Vechile per hour perlane ### e) Traffic volume density; Vechile per km ### Traffic volume 1 No. of reahide that pass a given point during specified point of time. - Traffic volume=Traffic density X traffic speed ### g) Theoritical or basic capacity - C = DOOOV - vehick/hr - S - 3=spacing(m) - V= km/hr ### -1.5 m in bridge & naducts. - in no cose - Pleass than 1. 모량음 ### 5) Traffic separator or median - (5m min) - (3m in restricted) ### 1) Tuming radius - 1) curb to carb - #wheel base - * wheel cut - * small radius - a) curb to curb (ii) wall to wall - dist. beth front & rear axle - max. angle tyre can state - → small wheel base f - large whed cut needed. - * turning radio of car = 35.5ft - =10.82m ### j) Vertical clearance (5mimim) - 114v 6m, 720kV 16m ### k) Widening of inve - * provided when Radius ≤ 300m. - *Mechanical = - L2 - 2R - L=length of - wheel bax - (6 or 6.1m) - * Psychological = V - 9.5R,n=no. Ilanes ### 1) zebra gring white & black ## About 5cm ciggregate is used in bore coune couse. While 1.25 cm in wearing. * Mastic astri asphalt layer requires no rolling Compaction). ## 2. Geometric design ## 2.1 Basic Design control 1. Design whed load 2. Sub grade soil 3. Gimatic factor 4. Parement component material 5. Environmental factors. ## 2.2 Element of cross section ### a) Bus bays : 75m away bom intersection. - 5:1 tapering for deceleration - 15m standing space per bo wiath, min 3m, prefer 3.75m - Merging taper 3:1. - Intepection को departure side DAT provide गर्ने । ### b) Carriage way - Single lane - = 3.75m - upto 3m in difficult - Intermediate - =5.5m - Multilane, lane width = 3.5m ### c) (amber - cross slope - camber should never be less than 50% of gradient. - The camber for shoulder should be 0.5% Steeper on spaight sections. - Min-3% & max-5%. & earth - Parabolic camber for is ideal for fast moving rehide. ### d) Types of camber 1. sloped camber / straight lined for cement concrete road. 2. Parabolic camber 3. composite camber (best) 4. Negative camber edge is higher than centa - eement concrete Bitumen Goard Earth - Pavement→ - Camber→ - (%) - 1.5 to 2 - 2.5 - 4 - 5 ## Formation width - carriage way + shoulder - Top width of embankment - Bottom width of cutting - Exclude drainages ## f) Formation level - RIL ## g) Foot path - side walk / foot way - Min. width=1.5m (upto 500) - Designed for hourly volume of 15 minutes peak period. - Max. width=3m (2500-3000) - for narrow footpath (<1.8m) - passin zone of 1.8m & length 2m is provided CK 50m fon Wheelchair. ## h) kerb - ⅰ) Right of way - National highway - Feeder - District - 50 m - 30 m - 20 m ## j) Road way width - carriage way + 2x shoulder + Separators ## k) Shoulder - Minimum 0.75m - on either side. - 0.5-0.75m of strip near parement should be impervios. - Color & texture different from Carriage way. - shoulder > 3.75m are undesirable - Class I - Class Ⅱ - Class Ⅲ - Class IV - 3.75 - 2.5 - 2 - 1.5 ## d) Spoil bank, drainage etc. ## 2.3 Honzontal Curve - R= 0.0079 V2 - etf - R= - V2 - , - 12f(e+f) - fa 1 - Smoothnen ## * A summit cune is parabola: * A valley cume is two bansition Curve with no circular in beth. ## 2.4 Super Elevation, sight distances & gradient ## 2.4.1 Super elevation → Cant or banking → etf = B 2 V2 GR → Max = 127R - 7% in plain & rolling - 10% in Rolling hill (no snow) - 7% in snow bound areas → Minimum = camber % → Rate of change of outer edge should be less than 1:150 in plain & rolling. & 1:60 in & mountain. in comparision with the grade of centeline. ## Minimum. →28SSD(2 way) - single lane - Multi-1XSSD - - Date - (1) way) ## 2.4.2 Sight distance ### a) Stopping sight distance - 3.6 254$ → Non-stopping sight distance → In down slope Vinhoñzontal. * Depends on - Height of driver's eye above Surface 1.2m - Ht. of object on road 0:15m - speed of vehicle - Features of road - Speed - 20 - 30 - 40 - 60 - 80 - 1100/120 - distance(m) - 20 - 30 - 50 - 80/130 - 190/260 ### b) Overtaking sight distance - Driver eye Jo 1.2 m from road - Objent - Speed - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 120 - distance - 165 - 300 - 490 - 640 - 880 ### c) Overtaking zone - Single lane - 2x OSD - Multi Jane - → 3x os I f length. ## d) Safe sight distance at intersection - sight brangle - Spacing - Min. 1.2m width - → sight briangle is kept during. overtaking. ## 2.4.3 Gradient - Pise or fall. wir.thorizontal. - Hill - Plain - Ruling - 1:20 - 1:30 - Limiting (max - 1:15. - 1:20 - Exceptional - 1:2 - 1:15 - Min - 1:1:00 for osच्चा drain - 1:200 for inferior dreios - 1.500 for concrete → Exceptional gradient + 60m per km. → Floating gradient is generally provided at summit cune. →The rise or fall in excess of floating gradient is called ineffective rise or ineffective fall. - Speed - 201301401 61 80 100/12 - max. gradient - 12 - (%) - 2.5 NRS 2070 ## 2.5. Transport unit | Class | Vehicle | |---|---| | | Bicycle, motorcycle | | | Car, auto rickshaw, SUV, Light van & pick up | | | Light mini truck, bactor Rickshaw | | | Truck, bus, mini bw, backtor with baiker | | | Non-motorized carns | ## 2.5.2. Road classification | **Administative** | **Technical** | |---|---| | (21) | 1. Class I | | National highway | 2. class II | | DOR SRN | 3. class Ⅲ | | { | 4. class I | | Feeder read (208) | | | 3. District road | | | DOLIDAALRN & | | | 4. Urban road | | | local 60 kmph, ADTL 2000 | | | collector ← 80 kmph, ADT 2000~5000 | | | amerian K → 100kmph, ADT 5000-20,000 | | | 120kmph: Express ways, ADT>20,000 | | ## 2.5.3. Carriage way ## 2.5.4 vehicle dimension - Width - 2.5m - height - 4.75m. - length - 18m, - axle load - 100 KN ## 2.5.5 Terrain classification | (%) | (degre) | |---|---| | 0 to 10 | 0-5.7 | | 10 to 25 | 5.7-14 | | 25t060 | 14-31 | | >60 | >31 | ## 2.5.6 Design speed | Class | Plain | Rolling | Hill | steep | |---|---|---|---|---| | 1 | 120 | 100 | 80 | 60 | | Ⅱ | 80 | 60 | 40 | 30 | | Ⅲ | 80 | 60 | 40 | 30 | | 14 | 60 | 40 | 30 | 20 | ## 2.5-7 Sight distance ## 2.5.8 Shoulder coldth min. 0.75m on eithor ## 2.5.9 Camben ## 2.5.10 Right of way 750,30,20 ## Approximate correlation | Plain & rolling | Ma | S | |---|---|---| | National highways | ۱۱ | ۱۱ | | Feeder road | ۱۱, ۱۱۱ | ۱۱۰ | ## .5.11 Specification of hair pin bend in Hill road. a) Minimum design speed - 20 kmph b) Minimum radio of curvature - 15m c) Min length of pansition came - 15m d) Max. longitudinal gradient - 4% e) Max. Super eleration - 10% f) Min dist beth 2 bends - 60m ## 2.5.12 Lael of senice (LOS) → Qualitative measure * LOS are!- 1. LOS A - Free flow 2. LOS B - Steady 3. 105 - steady but limited 4. LOSED - Steady at highh 5. LOS E - Saturation 6. LOS F - Congestion LOS B is adopted for design. capacity of roads in Nepal. →At LOSB, volume of baffic = 45% of maximum capacity under mixed condition ## 2.5.13 Road Hump - Only provided in Cass IV rood (speed 230 kmph) - Bs some urban area of their necessity is jomfied. - width = 3.7m, height = 0. Im at crocon parabolic shepё. - The faces is painted with 45° inclined 20mm wide altermate black & white strips. ## Same as driver eye ht - Page: - Date: / - 1 - * Min width of bicycle = 1.2m for each dir - * Lend of illumination = 30 Lux on high speed roads & 15 lux on other main road. - * In Nepal, forward period (Perspective period) = 20 years. ## 2.6 Traffic signs. ### a) Regulatory /Mandatory :- - Circular shape. - stop sign (900x900mm) octagonal हुन्छ - Give way sign (equilateral triangle) (स्मान्नै पर्ने) - STOP - GIVE WAY/900mm ### b) Waming (cautionary sifn:- ### c) Informatory sign :- - Illam Kut - ↑ - → - 450 m ## 2.7 Parking Study - 9) Parallel parking. - b) Perpendialar - © 45° angle - d) 75° angle ## 2.8 Road Marking - a) longitudinal lines = 10cm wides - b) Transverse line visible by ser - c) Parement marking generally white - panking restrictions, continuos centre line. - & barrier line markings - →Fellow ## 2.9 Expected life of road 1. WBM (single coat) 2. Surface dressing (single cost) 3. Premix bituminuos carpet 4. Sheet asphalt surfacing 5. Sheet asphalt 6. All concrete roads - 2yrs - 3 years - 8 - 8-15 - 15 - 25-40 ## 2.10 Intensity & suitability of road.. | Intensity | road | |---|---| | <160 Ton/m/day | - Earth, Graved, Mooram Kankar, Sta | | 160-330 | - WBM, 15cm PLC | | 330-500 | - Surface creased (2 coat) Bitminos. | | 560-1450 | - 15cm PCC+ bituminon cap | | 1400-3500 | - Bitaminow grouted macadam, RCC | | 3500-5000 | - Sheet asphalt, Re 20cm RCC | | | - 22.5 RCC + hard stone perement | - - Spacing during overtaking - - driver's eye - - bicyde lane - - GWT below subgrade - - 1.2m - Page: - Date: / - 1 ## 2.11 Percentile 1. 98th - Design speed 2. 85th - Upper speed limit for regulation 3. 75th - Tooer Safe Speed on highway 4. 15th - Locoer Speed limit for regulation. ## 3 Drainage system Requiement : - surface water from adjoining land should be prevented from entering highnes. * Case way is also known as. Submersible bridge. * In cutting, drains are pronided on both sides. * Highest level of AWT should be below subgrade by minimum 1.2m. ## 4. Road a) Subgrade - should be 60 cm abore HAL. b) Capping layer abone subugrade to Strengthen it. c) Sub-base - min thicknes - = 200m3 d) Base coune - " - = 150 mm e) surface course →→ - " - - 20 mm. (5 cm al)) ## 4.1.1 Aggregate test 1. Crushing test - Compression testing machine 2. Abrasion test - Los Angeles 3. Impact test - Impact rare tester / page testig 4. Soundness test - कोटेसो पातले item (D0000 5. Shape testit 6. Bitument adhesion test 7. Sp gr & water alorrorption test→ ## 4.1.2 Bitumen test - 1. Penetration test - hadness or softness - 10.6% max (Pensky - Martens - (Escond - apparates) - 2 - Jent brigute - 2. Ductility test - elongation (2372) - 8. - office - ↑ Flash & fire point - ype Viscometeor - 3. Viscosity test - थोपा थोपा - gives result - 4. Float test (when en sitios de muitable - In second - (for 50m) - viscometer & prot - ↓ - apperates) - Solubility test→ヤリ - ($0.2% - byut - Dareuitable) - 10., Loss on heating↓ - 5. Sp. gr. test (0.97-102) - -4mm antice - 6. Softening point test - at 2500 - → Ring & ball apparatus, 500/min - temip at which bitument attains partialar degree of softening test ## 4.2 Road Macherieños al Cleaning ground 1) Dozer 11. Bull Dozer 111) Angle Dozer IV) Tree Dozer v) Tractor (chain & roller/wheel) vi) Scraper (cutting edge, Scroop) :)) Rooter or rippon b) Cutting & embankment ⅰ) Dozer ⅱ) Shovel for hard soil ⅲ) Plough v) Tractor vⅵ) Trundle altter - • Expanding ballost. - Truck, crusher, expanding machine - Roller - d) Bitumen & ballast mixing machine. - ⅰ) Bitumen boiler ;ⅱ) Bitumen sprayer - ⅲ) Bitumen mixer & spreader - e) Concrete mixing machine - Grader - g) Compaction machine - Roller घ्छ Suitability a) Bull dozer - shallow excavation b) Scraper - shallow excavation, dig, haul & discharge in uniform layer of soft soil. c) Power shovel - shallow excavation (Stoff soil) d) Dragline - Excavation lower than existing pred (Soft & medium Sil) - Clampshell - → - " - رد - Excavation below GL D Hoe ## g) Roller - compaction - Smaller grea 4) Rammer - ⅰ) Vibrator-dy - Granular soil compaction ⅰ) Watering ⇒ cohesion len "" k) Grader - - levelling 1) Bitumen heating device (decanter) m) Bitumen distributor (5) Aggregate spreader ## 4.3 Road maintenance & repair ### a) Routine - Localized nature. - Required in any road, - Done by length worker or forced account - Labour contract - Material मा ८खालै खर्च नहुने । ### b) Recurrent - Regular internal - 10 calized nature - अलि खर्यालु। ### c) Periodic - 6 yean in Blacktopped & 4 years in pared - खर्चालु काम ### d) Specific maintenance - for specific location - Resurfacing - Restoration - Rehabilitation }3R of read Page: Date: / 1 ### e) Rehabilitation - when maintenance cost > 50% of road construction cost - Reconstructed. ### f) Emergency - Disaster of 10 yen ## 4.4 Different types of failures a) Crazing - zig zag cracking b) Scanfying - loosening of top surface by mechanical meary c) Picking - " - by ippenck pick axte axe d) Foretting - Failure from top by binding - failure e) Revelling - Failure from top by abrasion & attrition. f) Rut - depression, longitudinal or transvone Cross rut g) Reel - Raised portion beth adjacent rits h) Pot hole - Commonest) (Chauckhole) * Routine maintenance in graved learthern. * Reciment " tus bituminos roade ⅰ) Volatization & oxidation of binder make surface brittle. ## 4.5 National Highways (Total -21) | By road→ | Highway | km | |---|---|---| | H03 | Tribhuvan highway | 102fkm | | 402 | Mahendra " " | 160 km (189-29) | | 404 | Arniko " " | 113 km (Mallighr-kodari) | | 405 | Prithivi " " | 173km (Naubise-Polchana) | | 406 | Narayanghat-Muglin | 36km | | 407 | Dhulikhel-sindhuli | 208 km | | | BP. Highway | 158 km (Banepa-Bording) | | | Mechi " " | 891 km (268+123) Gharila | | | Koshi " " | 159 km Rani border-Mayankung | | | Sagarmatha | 265 km Kadamaha-Soflusalon | | | Siddhath " " | 28182 km Sunauli Poblare, | * The DHQ not connected with highway is Humla (PY 073/74) →Connected to National road network in 2020 december. ## 5 Bridge ## 5.1 Components of bridge 1. Foundation - (Open, pile or well) 2. Substructure - (Albutment & stem) below deak 3. Super structure - (Plate girder, Orass girder, deck slab, foot path, railing, kerb, drainage prout etc) ## 5.2 Suitability of Bridge. 1. Solid slab bridge - Span upto 8m 2. Deck girder bridge - Span 10 to 20 3. T-beam bridge. - Span 10 to 25 (cast monolithically) 4. Balanced cantilever - span upto 25m. bridge... ## 5.3 Trail bridge - Trails are non-motorable road. Bridge on such bail are trailbridge. Types!- 1) Steel truss bridge 11) Twin bridge. (111) Suspended bridge 1: 14) Suspension bridge - No tower - Walk width, 70cm & - 100 cm - Economical - Later one - Tower support cable - 106 cm - Zwalkway - Expensive. (20-25% more than suspended) - Ancient one - (18th century) - (Fan) - (Harp) - Page - Date: / - 1 - Suspero - Cable stayed ## 5.5 Karnali bridge. - Asymmetric, single tower, cable stayed bridge. - 500m length. - longest of its type in Nepal. - second longest in Asia. - Made by Japan - Inagurated by G. P. koirala. - Lonneus Kailali & Bardiya. - (Resalki stees) * longest bridge under construction = 1.15 km : (121 span होस) * Kankai मा 703 m., Mechi 583 m (20m lougestsan) (560m dd) ## 6. Otta Scal - for maintenance of low volume paffic roads. - It provides durability, imperiobness, skid resistance ete. - Used in tempory & less important road. a) Single os - 29-11 yn b) Double OS - 712-15yb - It consists of 16-32mm thick bituminon surfacing of graded aggregate placed on a relatively thick film of comparatively soft binder which on rolling & Dafficking can work its way upwards through the aggregate interstices.. - Bitumen sed is grade 150/200 or MC 3000 or MC800 cutback. - Max size of aggregate used in otta seal is 16mm but 19 mm can be accepted in first seal where double is provided. - The amount of fines (<0.075) should be less than 10% but can be accepted wato 15% * Min length of transition curve in plain = 2.72 R * " " " in steep tahittv2 R * Traffic studies a) Traffic volume study → Counting → No. of vehicles crossing in particular instant → density x speed b) Speed studies -spot speed study - speed of a vehicle -Speed & delay study - average of as c) Origin & destination study. - to plan the road network & facilities - to plan the schedule of different modes of transportatπος. - Moving car ofserne method - to plan - ↳ paffic capacity - Page: - Date: / - 1 - gins basic data for determining desire lines. - to locate: new bridge so perdemand Methods:- i) Roadside intervies, 1ⅱ) Licence plete method, iii) Return part card method is) Tagontar nettod ⅴ) Home interview method. d) Traffic flow studies characteries *basic paftic manoeures are diverging, merging & crossing. - D - M - C - weaving = small angle cross, - diverging & maging & - diverding at same place. e) Traffic cepacity study f) Parking study g) Accident studies or the ton ffic fire #Bidge: 1) - Deck type - Through type 3) AN - semi through - type