5.1-5.5 Review: Agricultural Practices - PDF

5.1 review Factors that impact the type of agriculture grown 1.)​ The Physical Environment ​ Climate - Bioclimatic zones determine agricultural output. Includes amounts of precipitation. ​ Space/Landforms- Mtn. ranges, deserts ​ Soil/Nutrients 2...

5.1 review Factors that impact the type of agriculture grown 1.)​ The Physical Environment ​ Climate - Bioclimatic zones determine agricultural output. Includes amounts of precipitation. ​ Space/Landforms- Mtn. ranges, deserts ​ Soil/Nutrients 2.)​ Tropical & Subtropical ​ Shifting Cultivation ​ Plantation ​ Characteristics: -​ High temperatures, abundant rainfall, humidity, high amounts of vegetation 3.)​ Drylands/Desert ​ r ​ Livestock Ranching ​ Characteristics: -​ High temperatures, Little rainfall, Mountainous, Little vegetation 4.)​ Temperate (Mid-Latitude) ​ Mixed Crop & Livestock ​ Commercial Grain Farming ​ Commercial (Market) Gardening ​ Dairy ​ Mediterranean ​ Characteristics: -Seasonal changes between summers and winters, -Moderate temperatures, -Moderate rainfall  5.)​ Environmental Possibilism: The physical environment can impact the ways in which human society develops, however humans can utilize technology in order to combat natural limitations. ★​ Climate: Greenhouses ★​ Space/Landforms: Terrace Farming, Clearing Trees & Vegetation ★​ Soil/Nutrients: Fertilizers, Slash & Burn Agriculture ★​ Water/Precipitation: Irrigation, Draining Wetlands Economic Forces - The cost of land, labor and machinery. INTENSIVE EXTENSIVE ​ Large amount of labor and/or capital ​ Fewer inputs of labor and/or capital ​ Small plots of land - land is scarce or expensive ​ Large plots of land - land is plentiful, costs little ​ Usually located near areas with high population density ​ Usually located away from major population centers ​ Examples: Market Gardening, Plantation Agriculture, Mixed ​ Shifting Cultivation, Livestock Ranching, Nomadic Crop & Livestock, Mediterranean Herding, Commercial Grain Farming 1.)​ Subsistence agriculture ​ Farming that focuses on growing enough food to feed the farmer's family or community, with little surplus for sale or trade. 2.)​ Commercial agriculture  ​ Farming aimed at producing crops and livestock for sale in local, national, or international markets. Types of agriculture: 1.)​ Shifting Cultivation ​ Climate: Tropical ​ Where: Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia ​ Typ es of Crops: rice, maize (corn), millet and sorghum ​ Intensive or Exten sive: Extensive ​ Commercial or Subsistence: Subsistence Description: Farmers move from one field to another; aka slash-and-burn agriculture because farmers clear and fertilize the land by burning vegetation. When the soil loses fertility, the farmers move to a different plot of land and repeat. 2.)​ Nomadic Herding/Pastoral Nomadism ​ Climate: Drylands/Desert ​ Where: Northern Africa, Southwest Asia, Central Asia, East Asia ​ Types of Livestock: Cattle, Camels, Reindeer, Goats, Yaks, Sheep, Horses ​ Intensive or Extensive: Extensive ​ Commercial or Subsistence: Subsistence Description: Nomads move herds to different pastures and trade meat, milk, and hides. Rely upon animals for survival, not profit. 3.)​ Livestock Ranching ​ Climate: Drylands/Desert ​ Where: Western North America, Southeastern South America, Central Asia, Australia, South Africa ​ Types of Livestock: Cattle, Goats, Sheep ​ Intensive or Extensive: Extensive ​ Commercial or Subsistence: Commercial Description: Commercial grazing of livestock. Eventually they will be sent to feedlots and then be sent to slaughter. 4.)​ Commercial Grain Farming ​ Climate: Mid-Latitudes, too dry for mixed crop & livestock ​ Where: United States, Canada, Europe, Russia, Central Asia, China, South Asia ​ Types of Crops: Wheat ​ Intensive or Extensive: Extensive ​ Commercial or Subsistence: Commercial  Description: Crops are grown primarily for human consumption.Farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products, such as breakfast cereals and bread. 5.)​ Market Gardening/Commercial Gardening/Truck Farming ​ Climate: Warm Mid-Latitude ​ Where: Southeastern US, California, Southeastern Australia ​ Types of Crops: Fresh fruits and vegetables, lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, tomatoes ​ Intensive or Extensive: Intensive (reliant on migrant laborers & machinery) ​ Commercial or Subsistence: Commercial Description: Some of the fruits and vegetables are sold fresh to consumers, but most are sold to large processors for canning or freezing. 6.)​ Plantation Agriculture ​ Climate: Tropical ​ Where: Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, South & Southeast Asia ​ Types of Crops: Commodity & speciality crops such as cacao, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, tea, coconuts & cotton. ​ Intensive or Extensive: Intensive (reliant on cheap labor from former colonies) ​ Commercial or Subsistence: Commercial Description: A plantation specializes in one crop that is transported for sale on the global market. 7.)​ Mixed Crop & Livestock ​ Climate: Cold & Warm Mid-Latitude ​ Where: Midwestern United States & Canada, Central Europe ​ Types of Crops: Corn, grains, & soybeans grown to feed to cattle & pigs. ​ Intensive or Extensive: Intensive (reliant on high amounts of capital & labor) ​ Commercial or Subsistence: Commercial Description: Most money comes from the sale of livestock rather than crop outputs. 8.)​ Mediterranean ​ Climate: Mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers, coastal ​ Where: Southern Europe & Northern Africa Pacific Coast of the US, Chile, South Africa, Southern Australia ​ Types of Crops: Grapes, olives, dates, figs ​ Intensive or Extensive: Intensive (land is scarce, hilly, labor intensive) ​ Commercial or Subsistence: Commercial Description: Orchards are common, crops produced for the global market. 9.)​ Dairy Farming ​ Climate: Mid-Latitudes ​ Where: Northern United States, Canada, Europe, Russia, China, India, Brazil ​ Intensive or Extensive: Intensive (cows need to be milked 2x a day; machinery)  ​ Commercial or Subsistence: Commercial Description: Dairy farmers typically sell their milk to wholesalers who later distribute it to retailers. Retailers then sell it to consumers in shops or at home. 1.​ The physical environment and climate conditions, such as the Mediterranean climate and tropical climates influence agricultural practices. 2.​ Intensive farming practices include market gardening, plantation agriculture, and mixed crop/livestock systems. 3.​ Extensive farming practices include shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and ranching. Special Crops such as tropical crops or mediterranean crops can be replicated but pose conflict to econmies of scale! -While replication may take place it can not take place at the scale to result in profit. -Locations can be used to grow these specilized crops. In areas that these crops are not originated from. This however comes at the expense of the local food crops. First Video summary: -Crops are best grown in climates and soils that support that crop -Humans can make modifications inorder to grow crops that maay normally be unsuitable for that crop. What to understand? -Know when and how to understand how and where humans have mofivied earth inorder to make agriculture easier 5.2 Review Rural survey methods Metes and Bounds: ​ Great Britain to N. America ​ Utilization of landmarks and physical features to establish boundary lines. ​ Results in irregular shaped plots of land. Long Lot: ​ France & Spain to N. America ​ Long strips of land that start at a river or lake with the intention of providing all landowners with equal access to the resources (soil & water) and transportation. Township and Range: ​ Pioneered by Thomas Jefferson  ​ Rectangles and grid system. ​ Each township is 6 miles x 6 miles ​ Keep track of land sales and purchases, utilize a uniform survey method. Rural survey methods ​ Metes and bounds (Used to survey short distances and landmarks Long lot ​ Maintaing a relationship to a river Township and range ​ Survery methods vs landmarks ​ Grid system Rural Settlement Patterns Clustered: Throughout European history, rural residents lived in groups of homes in close proximity to one another. ​ Farmland and pasture surround the settlement ​ Share resources & community ​ Have to walk to farmland ​ Metes and Bounds Survey Methods Dispersed: Major characteristic is that settlements are isolated and dispersed over the land area. ​ US government promoted westward expansion by giving farmers land (usually 160 acres) if they agreed to live and farm on it. ​ Reflective of individual values and ownership of land. ​ Township & Range Survey Methods Linear: Settlement is organized along a LINE - typically associated with transportation system or physical feature like a river or coast. ​ Long Lot Survey Methods  1.​ Specific agricultural practices shape different rural land-use patterns. 2.​ Rural settlement patterns are classified as clustered, dispersed, or linear. 3.​ Rural survey methods include metes and bounds, township and range, and long lot. 5.3 and 5.4 review Key vocabulary: Domestication is the long term process through which humans selectively breed, protect, and care for individuals taken from populations of wild plant and animal species to create genetically distinct species, known as domesticates. First Agricultural Revolution: This revolution included the domestication of plants and animals Fertile Crescent: Area in Southwest Asia that includes the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates; the earliest center for domestication of seed plants Indus river valley: It was a vital water source during the early years of human civilization because few other sources of water existed in the region. Columbian Exchange: The interaction and widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, disease, and ideas between the americas. Heaths Crops that had their hearth in Fertile Crescent ​ Wheat, barley, rye, oats, grapes, apples, and olives Crops that had their hearth in Indus River Valley ​ Rice, wheat Crops that had their hearth in Asia  ​ Rice, soybeans, and sugarcane. Crops that had their hearth in Africa ​ Peanuts, yams, coffee, barley, wheat, rice Crops that had their hearth in Americas ​ Maize(corn), tomatoes, beans, and squash Hearths Crops Latin America Squash, pepper, cassava, cotton, lima bean, maize, potato, sweet potato Sub-Saharan Africa Yam, sorghum, cowpea, african rice, coffee, finger millet Southwest Asia Barley, lentil, bread wheat, oats, broad bean, olive, rye East Asia Rice, soybean, chestnut, walnut Southeast Asia Mango, taro, coconut, pigeon pea, Slender millet First Agricultural Revolution ​ Fertile Cresent was located in Western Asia and North Africa ​ The Neolithic Revolution was a transition in society that resulted in the birth of agriculture ​ Nomadic societies move around frequently in search of new land, while sedentary societies do not Result: People could now grow food in bigger quantities and more efficiently, leading to individuals living together in bigger groups The First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic Revolution, ~10,000 BCE) marked the transition from nomadic hunting and gathering to settled farming. This led to: ​ ​ Permanent Settlements: People built villages, leading to the rise of civilizations. ​ ​ Population Growth: A steady food supply allowed populations to increase. ​ ​ Social Hierarchies: Specialization in jobs emerged as not everyone needed to farm. ​ ​ Technological Advancements: Farming tools and irrigation systems developed. ​ ​ Environmental Changes: Deforestation and land cultivation altered ecosystems. The Columbian Exchange was a widespread transfer of staple foods and animals which made interaction of culture between Old World, Americas and Africa. -Adoption of new foods/animals into each place as well as adoption of new cultural aspects that reshaped the world as we know today. Silk road connected parts of Europe to Asia causing trade of many different agricultural crops as well as their seeds. With this, these seeds were planted in other areas and caused new crops to grow in new places. The migration of people diffuse different agricultural products and techniques by when people move they take their cultural with them and items. The Second Agricultural Revolution took place from the 17th to 19th centuries, primarily in Europe (Britain, Netherlands) and later spread to North America. It coincided with the Industrial Revolution, leading to major changes in farming practices. Innovations that changed the agricultural landscape during the Second Revolution ​ Seed Drill (Jethro Tull, 1701): Planted seeds in rows, increasing efficiency. ​ Steel Plow (John Deere, 1837): Made plowing faster and more effective. ​ Mechanical Reaper (Cyrus McCormick, 1831): Harvested crops efficiently, reducing labor needs. ​ Crop Rotation (Four-Field System): Improved soil fertility and increased food production. ​ Selective Breeding (Robert Bakewell, 18th century): Improved livestock quality and meat yields. Enclosure Movement. The Enclosure Movement (16th–19th century) in Britain involved: ​ Privatization of Common Lands: Wealthy landowners fenced off shared land. ​ Increased Agricultural Productivity: Larger, more efficient farms formed. ​ Displacement of Small Farmers: Many moved to cities, fueling urbanization. ​ Shift to Commercial Farming: Farming became more profit-driven, producing for markets instead of just local consumption. Reasons how the enclosure movement and the second agricultural revolution changed society ​ Urbanization: Displaced farmers moved to cities, working in factories. ​ Population Growth: Increased food production supported a larger population. Industrial Workforce Growth: More laborers became available for factories, driving the Industrial Revolution. Economic Shift: Farming became commercialized, benefiting large landowners while many small farmers lost their land. ​ Results in technological innovations: ​ New technologies such as the seed drill, steel plow, mechanical reapers, and others increased agricultural productivity. The development of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, also led to increased crop production. Results in agricultural productivity: ​ Increases in productivity and improvement in the transport of food led to better diets, increased population, longer life expectancy, and more non-farm workers in factories. Rural societies shifted from subsistence farming to cash crops. However, the overuse of pesticides and herbicides had negative impacts on the environment. 5.5 review Key vocabulary: Green Revolution: The Green Revolution was a period of increased agricultural productivity that occurred in the mid-20th century, primarily in developing countries. Crossbreeding: the cross-breeding of plants of different varieties in order to produce a new plant with desirable traits from both parent varieties Hybrid: Hybrid wheat varieties are genetically modified or selectively bred strains of wheat that combine the traits of different parent plants to improve yield. Double-cropping: The growing of two crops per growing season to double the harvest Multi cropping: Multiple cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops in the same piece of land during a single growing season. Cassava: Crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants Sorghum: Sorghum is a large stout grass that grows up to 8 feet tall. Endemic: An endemic disease is commonly found within a certain area, but not commonly found outside that area. Environmental contamination: Pollution of the environment occurs when humans contaminate the air, water, or land. Soil salinization: Salinization occurs when soil in an arid climate has been made available for agricultural production using irrigation. Soil salinity: Soil salinity refers to the concentration of soluble salts present in the soil Green revolution When: 1950s-1960s Diffusion: Research of MDCS spread to developing countries in Latin America & Asia Causes: ​ Massive population growth occurred in the 20th century - mostly in developing regions of the world. ​ Norman Borlaug - Researcher who traveled to Mexico to improve agricultural and biotechnological techniques to feed the growing population of the world. Characteristics: ​ Development of higher-yielding, disease resistant, faster-growing varieties of grains (rice, corn, wheat). ​ Hybrids & Genetically Modified Organisms ​ Double Cropping: Growing more than one crop per year ​ Increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation techniques and machinery in developing countries. Positive Results: Higher yields on the same amount of cultivated land. ​ Increased yields -> surplus -> sustain population growth -> begin exporting crops -> more wealth -> better farming technology -> more crops ​ Led to self-sufficiency in developing regions like Latin America, South Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia. ​ Lower food prices - increased access Negative Results Environmental Consequences ​ Mass use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides -> runoff in local water systems -> impact ecosystems, habitats, pollute water, poison animals ​ Intensive double cropping system and aggressive irrigation -> soil erosion and salinization. ​ More machinery -> more use of fossil fuels -> air, sound & water pollution ​ Loss of biodiversity Gender Consequences ​ In many developing countries before the Green Revolution, women were in charge of the farming labor. ​ The development of new technologies and techniques was communicated to male heads of households. ​ Women are excluded from learning or having decision-making power due to their lack of economic and social equality. This contributes to further gender inequality. Poor Success in Africa ​ Harsh and diverse environmental conditions, droughts, soil fertility, etc. ​ Lack of infrastructure and reliable transportation networks. ​ The genetic research that resulted in GMOs and hybridization did not include African crops such as sorghum, millet, cassava, yams, and cowpeas. ​ Lack of government investment to kick start the process.