HFC BIO 131 Chapter 10-12 Final Exam Review (WI23) PDF

**[Chapter 10 Final EXAM REVIEW]** 1. What is a heterotroph? Autotroph? **Heterotroph**: These organisms cannot produce their own food and must consume other organisms to obtain energy and nutrients. Examples include animals, fungi, and many bacteria. They rely on organic substances for their n...

**[Chapter 10 Final EXAM REVIEW]** 1. What is a heterotroph? Autotroph? **Heterotroph**: These organisms cannot produce their own food and must consume other organisms to obtain energy and nutrients. Examples include animals, fungi, and many bacteria. They rely on organic substances for their nutrition. **Autotroph**: These organisms can produce their own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals. Examples include plants, algae, and some bacteria. They use processes like photosynthesis or chemosynthesis to convert inorganic substances into organic food 2. What two types of symmetry do animals display? What are the differences in this symmetry? **Radial Symmetry**: Animals with radial symmetry have body parts arranged around a central axis. This means any longitudinal cut through the central axis divides the organism into similar halves. Examples include jellyfish and sea anemones. **Bilateral Symmetry**: Animals with bilateral symmetry have a left and right side that are mirror images of each other. This type of symmetry allows for a more streamlined and directional movement. Examples include humans, dogs, and butterflies. 3. What distinguishes the cnidarians from all the other animals? **Cnidocytes**: Specialized stinging cells used for defense and capturing prey. **Radial Symmetry**: Body parts arranged around a central axis. **Two Body Forms**: Polyp (sessile) and medusa (free-swimming). **Diploblastic**: Two primary tissue layers (ectoderm and endoderm). **Gastrovascular Cavity**: Single opening serving as both mouth and anus. 4. What are the three distinctive features of sponges? **Asymmetrical shape**: Sponges do not have a definite shape or symmetry. Unlike many other animals that have a symmetrical body plan (like bilateral or radial symmetry), sponges can have irregular and varied shapes. **Lack tissues**: Sponges are unique in that they do not have true tissues or organs. Their bodies are composed of loosely organized cells that perform various functions, but these cells are not organized into tissues or organs like in more complex animals. **Sessile**: Sponges are sessile, meaning they are fixed in one place and do not move around. They attach themselves to a solid surface, such as rocks or the ocean floor, and remain there for their entire lives. 5. What are the two distinct body forms of the cnidarians? How do they differ? **Polyp**: This is a sessile, cylindrical form that attaches to a substrate. Polyps are typically stationary and can reproduce asexually by budding. Examples include sea anemones and coral. **Medusa**: This is a free-swimming, bell-shaped form. Medusae are mobile and can reproduce sexually. Examples include jellyfish. **Differences**: Polyps are usually attached to a surface and remain stationary, while medusae are free-floating and can move through the water. 6. What is the most distinguishing feature of the cnidarians? Why is it important? **Cnidocytes**: The most distinguishing feature of cnidarians is their specialized cells called cnidocytes, which contain stinging structures known as nematocysts. These cells are used for capturing prey and defense. This feature is important because it allows cnidarians to immobilize their prey and protect themselves from predators 7. What type of digestive system does a cnidarian have? - **Gastrovascular Cavity**: Cnidarians have a simple digestive system consisting of a gastrovascular cavity. This cavity serves both digestive and circulatory functions. Food enters the cavity, where it is broken down by enzymes, and nutrients are absorbed. Waste products are expelled through the same opening. 8. What is the deadliest organism on Earth? The **sea wasp** is the deadliest organism on Earth: One animal contains enough poison to kill 60 people. 9. Name three phyla of worms. What are their body shapes? **Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)**: These worms have a flattened body shape. **Nematoda (Roundworms)**: These worms have a cylindrical, elongated body shape. **Annelida (Segmented Worms)**: These worms have a segmented body, with each segment containing similar sets of organs 10. What sensory structures do you find in the flatworm planarian? **Eyespots**: Planarians have eyespots that detect light intensity and direction. **Auricles**: These are sensory lobes on the sides of the head that help in detecting chemicals in the environment. 11. What types of flatworms are disease causing parasites in humans? **Trematodes (Flukes)**: These parasitic flatworms cause diseases such as schistosomiasis, which can lead to severe health issues. **Cestodes (Tapeworms)**: These parasites live in the intestines of their hosts and can cause infections like taeniasis, leading to malnutrition and other complications. 12. What is the key evolutionary adaptation of the annelid? Why is this important? What is the difference in their circulatory and digestive system? **Segmentation**: This allows for greater flexibility and mobility, as each segment can move independently. It also enables the specialization of segments for different functions. **Importance of Segmentation** - **Flexibility and Mobility**: Enhances movement and adaptation. - **Specialization**: Improves functionality and survival **Circulatory System**: Annelids have a closed circulatory system, meaning blood is contained within vessels, allowing for efficient nutrient and oxygen transport. **Digestive System**: Annelids have a complete digestive system with a mouth and an anus, which allows for more efficient digestion and nutrient absorption. 13. What is a leech? How is it useful in today's society? How are earthworms useful? What type of roundworm (nematode) is found in dogs and cats that is harmful to them? How is this organism spread? **Leech**: Leeches are used in modern medicine for their anticoagulant properties, which help reduce blood clots and improve blood flow in reattached limbs. **Earthworms**: Earthworms aerate the soil and decompose organic matter, enriching the soil with nutrients, which is beneficial for agriculture. **Harmful Roundworm in Pets**: The heartworm (*Dirofilaria immitis*) is a common parasite of dogs and cats. Spread by mosquitoes, it can be deadly if untreated. 14. What is unique about the mollusk? What is their circulatory system? What is the role of the radula? Know about the bivalves. **Soft Body**: Mollusks have a soft body, often protected by a hard shell.  **Bilateral Symmetry**: Mollusks have a body plan that is symmetrical on both sides.  **Three Main Parts**: - **Muscular Foot**: Used for movement and anchoring. - **Visceral Mass**: Contains the internal organs. - **Mantle**: A layer of tissue that covers the visceral mass and can secrete a shell.  **Open Circulatory System**: Most mollusks have an open circulatory system where blood flows freely through cavities.  **External Shell**: Many mollusks have an external shell for protection.  **Gills**: Most mollusks use gills for respiration.  **Radula**: A file-like organ used for feeding by scraping or cutting food. **Bivalves** Bivalves are a class of mollusks that include clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops. They have two hinged shells (valves) that protect their soft bodies. Key features of bivalves include: - **Filter Feeding**: They feed by filtering small particles from the water using their gills. - **Sedentary Lifestyle**: Many bivalves are sessile or move very little, attaching themselves to surfaces or burrowing into the substrate. - **Lack of Radula**: Unlike other mollusks, bivalves do not have a radula. 15. What are the key features of the arthropod? Why are arachnids harmful? **Exoskeleton**: Arthropods have a hard exoskeleton made of chitin, providing protection and support. **Segmented Body**: Their bodies are divided into segments, each with specialized functions. **Jointed Appendages**: They have jointed limbs for movement. **Arachnids**: Arachnids, such as spiders and scorpions, can be harmful due to their venomous bites or stings. 16. Know the 4 of the 6 key features of the echinoderm. **Radial Symmetry**: Echinoderms exhibit radial symmetry as adults, meaning their body parts are arranged around a central axis. **Water Vascular System**: They have a unique water vascular system for movement and feeding. **Endoskeleton**: They possess an internal skeleton made of calcareous plates. **Regeneration**: Echinoderms can regenerate lost body parts, which is crucial for their survival. 17. What are the key features of chordates? Which of them are not classified as vertebrates? **Notochord**: A flexible rod that provides support. **Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord**: A nerve cord running along the back. **Pharyngeal Slits**: Openings in the throat region. **Post-Anal Tail**: A tail extending beyond the anus. **Non-Vertebrate Chordates**: Examples include tunicates and lancelets, which do not have a backbone. 18. Know the role of the electro-sensors, lateral line system and gills of the cartilaginous fish. What is distinct about the hag fish and lamprey? What is important about the operculum and swim bladder of the bony fish? **Electro-Sensors**: Detect electrical fields produced by other organisms, aiding in hunting. **Lateral Line System**: Senses vibrations and movement in the water, helping with navigation and prey detection. **Gills**: Extract oxygen from water. **Hagfish and Lamprey**: These jawless fish have unique feeding mechanisms and lack true vertebrae. **Operculum**: A bony flap covering the gills in bony fish, aiding in respiration. **Swim Bladder**: Helps bony fish maintain buoyancy. 19. Know the difference between aquatic and terrestrial amphibians. Where do reptiles reproduce? (Think of a location) What is important about the amniotic egg of the reptile? Know one example of a reptile listed in the book. **Aquatic Amphibians**: Live in water and have gills for respiration. **Terrestrial Amphibians**: Live on land and have lungs for respiration. **Reptile Reproduction**: Reptiles typically reproduce on land, laying eggs in protected environments. **Amniotic Egg**: Provides a protective environment for the developing embryo, with membranes for gas exchange and waste removal. **Example of Reptile**: The American alligator. 20.What are the two distinct features of mammals? What are endotherms? What is unique about the marsupial and the eutherians? **Mammary Glands**: Produce milk to nourish young. **Hair/Fur**: Provides insulation and protection. **Endotherms**: Mammals are endotherms, meaning they regulate their body temperature internally. **Marsupials**: Give birth to underdeveloped young that continue to develop in a pouch. **Eutherians**: Have a complex placenta that nourishes the developing fetus. **[Chapter 11 Study Guide for Final Exam]** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Chapter 11** | **Topic** | **Number of | | | | Questions** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **Section 1** | Know the definitions | 1 **Anatomy**: The | | | of anatomy and | study of the | | | physiology. | structure and | | | | relationships between | | | | body parts. | | | | | | | | **Physiology**: The | | | | study of the | | | | functions and | | | | processes of the body | | | | and its parts. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 2** | What are the four | 2 **Epithelial | | | types of tissue and | Tissue**: Covers body | | | the function? | surfaces and lines | | | | body cavities. | | | | Functions include | | | | protection, | | | | absorption, | | | | filtration, and | | | | secretion. | | | | | | | |  **Connective | | | | Tissue**: Supports, | | | | protects, and binds | | | | other tissues. Types | | | | include bone, | | | | cartilage, adipose | | | | (fat), and blood. | | | | | | | |  **Muscle Tissue**: | | | | Responsible for | | | | movement. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Know the different | 1 **Bone (Osseous | | | types of connective | Tissue)**: | | | tissue | | | | | - **Function**: | | | | Provides | | | | structural | | | | support, protects | | | | internal organs, | | | | and facilitates | | | | movement by | | | | serving as | | | | attachment points | | | | for muscles. | | | | | | | | - **Structure**: | | | | Composed of a | | | | hard matrix of | | | | calcium salts and | | | | collagen fibers, | | | | making it strong | | | | and rigid. | | | | | | | | **Cartilage**: | | | | | | | | - **Function**: | | | | Provides flexible | | | | support and | | | | reduces friction | | | | between bones in | | | | joints. | | | | | | | | - **Types**: | | | | | | | | - **Hyaline | | | | Cartilage**: | | | | Found in the | | | | nose, | | | | trachea, and | | | | at the ends | | | | of long | | | | bones. It | | | | provides | | | | smooth | | | | surfaces for | | | | joint | | | | movement. | | | | | | | | - **Elastic | | | | Cartilage**: | | | | Found in the | | | | ear and | | | | epiglottis. | | | | It is more | | | | flexible due | | | | to a higher | | | | content of | | | | elastic | | | | fibers. | | | | | | | | - **Fibrocartil | | | | age**: | | | | Found in | | | | intervertebra | | | | l | | | | discs and the | | | | menisci of | | | | the knee. It | | | | is very | | | | strong and | | | | can withstand | | | | heavy | | | | pressure. | | | | | | | | **Adipose Tissue | | | | (Fat)**: | | | | | | | | - **Function**: | | | | Stores energy in | | | | the form of fat, | | | | insulates the | | | | body, and | | | | cushions and | | | | protects organs. | | | | | | | | - **Structure**: | | | | Composed of | | | | adipocytes (fat | | | | cells) that store | | | | lipids. | | | | | | | | **Blood**: | | | | | | | | - **Function**: | | | | Transports | | | | nutrients, gases | | | | (oxygen and | | | | carbon dioxide), | | | | hormones, and | | | | waste products | | | | throughout the | | | | body. It also | | | | plays a crucial | | | | role in the | | | | immune response | | | | and clotting. | | | | | | | | - **Components**: | | | | | | | | - **Red Blood | | | | Cells | | | | (Erythrocytes | | | | )**: | | | | Carry oxygen | | | | from the | | | | lungs to the | | | | rest of the | | | | body and | | | | bring carbon | | | | dioxide back | | | | to the lungs | | | | for | | | | exhalation. | | | | | | | | - **White Blood | | | | Cells | | | | (Leukocytes)* | | | | *: | | | | Fight | | | | infections | | | | and play a | | | | role in the | | | | immune | | | | response. | | | | | | | | - **Platelets | | | | (Thrombocytes | | | | )**: | | | | Involved in | | | | blood | | | | clotting to | | | | prevent | | | | excessive | | | | bleeding. | | | | | | | | - **Plasma**: | | | | The liquid | | | | component of | | | | blood, | | | | containing | | | | water, salts, | | | | proteins, and | | | | other | | | | substances. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Know the differences | 2 **Skeletal | | | between the muscle | Muscle**: | | | tissue and where you | | | | will find them (organ | - **Function**: | | | structure) | Responsible for | | | | voluntary | | | | movements, such | | | | as walking, | | | | running, and | | | | lifting objects. | | | | | | | | - **Structure**: | | | | Composed of long, | | | | cylindrical | | | | fibers that are | | | | multinucleated | | | | and striated | | | | (having a striped | | | | appearance). | | | | These muscles are | | | | attached to bones | | | | by tendons. | | | | | | | | - **Location**: | | | | Found throughout | | | | the body, | | | | attached to the | | | | skeleton. | | | | | | | | **Cardiac Muscle**: | | | | | | | | - **Function**: | | | | Responsible for | | | | the involuntary | | | | contractions of | | | | the heart, which | | | | pump blood | | | | throughout the | | | | body. | | | | | | | | - **Structure**: | | | | Composed of | | | | branched, | | | | striated fibers | | | | with a single | | | | nucleus per cell. | | | | These fibers are | | | | connected by | | | | intercalated | | | | discs, which | | | | allow for | | | | synchronized | | | | contractions. | | | | | | | | - **Location**: | | | | Found exclusively | | | | in the walls of | | | | the heart. | | | | | | | | **Smooth Muscle**: | | | | | | | | - **Function**: | | | | Responsible for | | | | involuntary | | | | movements, such | | | | as the | | | | contraction of | | | | blood vessels, | | | | the movement of | | | | food through the | | | | digestive tract | | | | (peristalsis), | | | | and the | | | | regulation of | | | | airflow in the | | | | respiratory | | | | system. | | | | | | | | - **Structure**: | | | | Composed of | | | | spindle-shaped, | | | | non-striated | | | | fibers with a | | | | single nucleus | | | | per cell. | | | | | | | | - **Location**: | | | | Found in the | | | | walls of hollow | | | | organs, such as | | | | the intestines, | | | | blood vessels, | | | | bladder, and | | | | uterus. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 3** | Know the definition | 1 **Homeostasis**: | | | of homeostasis. | The maintenance of a | | | | stable internal | | | | environment despite | | | | changes in external | | | | conditions. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Understand the | 1-2 Involves negative | | | temperature model of | feedback mechanisms | | | homeostasis in | to regulate body | | | regards to negative | temperature. For | | | feedback | example, sweating to | | | | cool down or | | | | shivering to warm up. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | You should know what | 1 **The skin** | | | the largest organ in | | | | the body is. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 4** | What is peristalsis? | 1 **Peristalsis**: | | | | The wave-like muscle | | | | contractions that | | | | move food through the | | | | digestive tract. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Where do you find | 2 **Microvilli**: | | | microvilli? Why are | Found in the small | | | they important | intestine. They | | | | increase surface area | | | | for absorption of | | | | nutrients. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Where is bile stored? | 1 **Bile Storage**: | | | | Bile is stored in the | | | | gallbladder. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 5** | What are the 4 steps | 1. 2 ​**Ingestion** | | | to processing food? | (eating) | | | | | | | | 2. ​**Digestion** | | | | (mechanical and | | | | chemical) | | | | | | | | 3. ​**Absorption** | | | | (primarily by | | | | cells lining the | | | | small intestine) | | | | | | | | 4. ​**Elimination** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What are the | - 1 **Mechanical | | | different types of | digestion** is | | | digestion? | the use of | | | | physical | | | | processes to | | | | break down food | | | | into smaller | | | | pieces. | | | | | | | | - **Chemical | | | | digestion** is | | | | the use of | | | | enzymes to | | | | perform | | | | hydrolysis, | | | | chemical | | | | reactions that | | | | use water to | | | | break bonds | | | | within large | | | | molecules. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 6** | What are the 4 | 1 **Essential | | | essential nutrients | nutrients** are those | | | your body needs? | that cannot be | | | Define essential | produced by the body | | | nutrient. | itself. | | | | | | | | Components on the | | | | plate are as follows. | | | | Minerals: Minerals | | | | are elements required | | | | to maintain health. | | | | Some, such as | | | | calcium, are required | | | | in relatively large | | | | amounts. Just one cup | | | | of broccoli provides | | | | the daily requirement | | | | of calcium. Other | | | | minerals, such as | | | | iron, are required in | | | | tiny quantities. Rice | | | | is a good source of | | | | iron, which is | | | | required to build | | | | molecules of | | | | hemoglobin, the | | | | oxygen-carrying | | | | molecule found in red | | | | blood cells. Too | | | | little iron can | | | | result in anemia. | | | | Vitamins: A vitamin | | | | is an organic | | | | (carbon-containing) | | | | nutrient required in | | | | your diet, but only | | | | in very small | | | | amounts. All vitamins | | | | are necessary to your | | | | health: lack of any | | | | vitamin in the diet | | | | leads to disease. | | | | Some vitamins (C and | | | | the B-complex | | | | vitamins) are water | | | | soluble, while others | | | | (A, D, E, and K) are | | | | fat soluble. Sugar | | | | snap peas and lemon | | | | are rich in vitamin | | | | C, which is required | | | | for the production of | | | | connective tissue. A | | | | lack of vitamin C in | | | | the diet causes the | | | | disease scurvy. | | | | Essential fatty | | | | acids: Your cells use | | | | many kinds of fatty | | | | acids to make fats | | | | and other lipids. | | | | Some fatty acids can | | | | be produced from | | | | scratch by the body. | | | | Those that cannot, | | | | the essential fatty | | | | acids, must be | | | | obtained from food. | | | | For example, many | | | | fish are rich in | | | | linoleic acid, an | | | | omega-6 fatty acid | | | | used to make the | | | | phospholipid | | | | molecules of cell | | | | membranes. In | | | | industrialized | | | | nations, deficiencies | | | | in essential fatty | | | | acids are rare. | | | | Essential amino | | | | acids: All proteins | | | | are built from 20 | | | | different kinds of | | | | amino acids. Eight of | | | | these are essential | | | | amino acids that must | | | | be obtained from the | | | | diet because human | | | | cells cannot make | | | | them. Infants require | | | | a ninth. Different | | | | foods contain | | | | different essential | | | | amino acids. Many | | | | animal proteins | | | | (meat, fish and | | | | dairy) contain all | | | | the essential amino | | | | acids, but most plant | | | | proteins have only a | | | | subset. However, a | | | | combination of plant | | | | proteins (such as | | | | grain plus legume) | | | | can provide all the | | | | essential amino | | | | acids. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Which vitamins are | 1 **Water-Soluble | | | water soluble vs. fat | Vitamins**: Vitamin C | | | soluble? | and B-complex | | | | vitamins. | | | | | | | | **Fat-Soluble | | | | Vitamins**: Vitamins | | | | A, D, E, and K. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Lack of vitamin C | 1 **Lack of Vitamin | | | causes what disease? | C**: Causes scurvy. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 7** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What is malnutrition | - **1 Obesity** | | | and obesity? | | | | | - Contributes | | | | to type 2 | | | | diabetes, | | | | cancer, and | | | | cardiovascula | | | | r | | | | disease. | | | | | | | | - **Malnutrition** | | | | | | | | Is caused by a diet | | | | that lacks sufficient | | | | calories or essential | | | | nutrients. Most | | | | common is protein | | | | deficiency. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Difference between | 1 **Anorexia vs. | | | anorexia and bulimia | Bulimia**: Anorexia | | | | involves | | | | self-starvation, | | | | while bulimia | | | | involves binge eating | | | | followed by purging. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What is acid reflux, | 1-2 can you make it | | | constipation and | short and detail | | | gallstones? | | | | | Of course! Here\'s a | | | What are the | concise yet detailed | | | recommendations for | explanation of the | | | eating right? 2 | common digestive | | | | issues: | | | | | | | | **Acid Reflux** | | | | | | | | - **Definition**: | | | | Stomach acid | | | | flows back into | | | | the esophagus. | | | | | | | | - **Symptoms**: | | | | Heartburn, | | | | regurgitation, | | | | sour taste. | | | | | | | | - **Causes**: Weak | | | | lower esophageal | | | | sphincter, | | | | obesity, | | | | pregnancy, | | | | certain | | | | foods/drinks. | | | | | | | | - **Management**: | | | | Lifestyle | | | | changes, | | | | medications, | | | | surgery in severe | | | | cases. | | | | | | | | **Constipation** | | | | | | | | - **Definition**: | | | | Infrequent or | | | | difficult bowel | | | | movements. | | | | | | | | - **Symptoms**: | | | | Hard, dry stools, | | | | straining, | | | | incomplete | | | | evacuation. | | | | | | | | - **Causes**: Low | | | | fiber diet, | | | | dehydration, lack | | | | of exercise, | | | | certain | | | | medications. | | | | | | | | - **Management**: | | | | Increase fiber, | | | | hydrate, | | | | exercise, | | | | laxatives if | | | | needed. | | | | | | | | **Gallstones** | | | | | | | | - **Definition**: | | | | Solid particles | | | | in the | | | | gallbladder. | | | | | | | | - **Symptoms**: | | | | Severe upper | | | | right abdominal | | | | pain, nausea, | | | | vomiting, | | | | jaundice. | | | | | | | | - **Causes**: | | | | Imbalance in bile | | | | substances, | | | | obesity, rapid | | | | weight loss. | | | | | | | | - **Management**: | | | | Dietary changes, | | | | medications, | | | | gallbladder | | | | removal surgery. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 8** | Why is the epiglottis | 1-2 **Epiglottis**: | | | important? Define | Prevents food from | | | breathing. Know the | entering the trachea | | | difference between | during swallowing. | | | inhalation and | | | | exhalation | **Breathing**: The | | | | process of inhaling | | | | oxygen and exhaling | | | | carbon dioxide. | | | | | | | | **Inhalation vs. | | | | Exhalation**: | | | | Inhalation is the | | | | intake of air, and | | | | exhalation is the | | | | release of air. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Where does gas | 1 **Gas Exchange**: | | | exchange occur? | Occurs in the alveoli | | | | of the lungs. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Clinical: emphysema, | - 2 **Emphysema** | | | asthma, upper resp | is often caused | | | infection | by long-term | | | | exposure to | | | | tobacco smoke or | | | | air pollution. | | | | | | | | - **Bronchitis** is | | | | most caused by a | | | | viral infection | | | | of the | | | | bronchioles. | | | | | | | | - **Upper | | | | respiratory | | | | infections** (U R | | | | I s) can be | | | | caused by either | | | | viruses or | | | | bacteria. | | | | | | | | - **Asthma** is a | | | | long-term | | | | inflammation of | | | | the airway. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 9** | Define artery, vein, | 1 **Artery, Vein, | | | capillary. Why are | Capillary**: Arteries | | | valves important? | carry blood away from | | | | the heart, veins | | | | carry blood to the | | | | heart, and | | | | capillaries are small | | | | vessels where gas | | | | exchange occurs. | | | | | | | | **Valves**: Prevent | | | | backflow of blood. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Know the difference | - 1 The **pulmonary | | | between the pulmonary | circuit** | | | and systemic circuit. | shuttles blood | | | | from the heart to | | | | the lungs. | | | | | | | | - The **systemic | | | | circuit** | | | | shuttles blood | | | | from the heart to | | | | the rest of the | | | | body. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What risk are | - 1 | | | increased due to high | **Hypertension** | | | blood pressure? | (high blood | | | | pressure) | | | | increases the | | | | risk of heart | | | | attack, heart | | | | disease, and | | | | stroke. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What is anemia? | - 1 **Anemia** | | | | occurs when the | | | | blood doesn't | | | | carry enough | | | | oxygen. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 10** | Know how the blood | - 1 Blood enters | | | circulates in the | the heart at the | | | heart | **atria**, which | | | | pumps it a short | | | | distance to the | | | | **ventricles**. | | | | | | | | - The ventricles | | | | then pump it out | | | | of the heart to | | | | the rest of the | | | | body. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Define diastole vs | - 1 In | | | systole. | **diastole**, the | | | | heart muscles | | | | relax. | | | | | | | | - In **systole**, | | | | the heart | | | | contracts. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | How does the nerve | 1 **Nerve Impulse | | | impulse travel in the | Travel**: Electrical | | | heart? | impulses travel | | | | through the heart to | | | | coordinate | | | | contractions. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What causes a heart | 1 **Heart Attack**: | | | attack? | Occurs when blood | | | | flow to a part of the | | | | heart is blocked. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 11** | What is the | - 1 Blood consists | | | composition of blood? | of many small | | | Know the cells | molecules and | | | function. | several types of | | | | cells dissolved | | | | in a liquid | | | | called | | | | **plasma**. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - **Red blood | | | | cells** transport | | | | oxygen using | | | | hemoglobin. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - **White blood | | | | cells** fight | | | | infections. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What occurs in the | 1 **Clotting | | | clotting process? | Process**: Involves | | | | platelets and | | | | clotting factors to | | | | prevent excessive | | | | bleeding. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 12** | How is the lymphatic | 1 **Lymphatic System | | | system different from | vs. Blood**: The | | | blood? | lymphatic system | | | | transports lymph, a | | | | fluid containing | | | | infection-fighting | | | | white blood cells. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What is the | 1 **B and T Cells**: | | | difference between | B cells produce | | | the B and T cells and | antibodies, and T | | | memory cells | cells destroy | | | | infected cells. | | | | Memory cells remember | | | | past infections. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 13** | Be able to name an | - 1 **Autoimmune | | | example of each | diseases** occur | | | (autoimmune, | when the immune | | | immunodeficiency). | system's | | | | self-recognition | | | | breaks down. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - rheumatoid | | | | arthritis | | | | | | | | - type 1 diabetes | | | | | | | | - multiple | | | | sclerosis | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - **Immunodeficienc | | | | y | | | | Example**: | | | | HIV/AIDS. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Why are vaccinations | 1 **Vaccinations**: | | | important? | Important for | | | | preventing infectious | | | | diseases. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 15** | What is the role of | 2 **Role of the | | | the kidney? Know | Kidney**: Filters | | | steps 1-5 of the | waste from the blood | | | nephron (kidney) | to form urine. | | | | | | | | **Steps of the | | | | Nephron** | | | | | | | | 1. **Filtration**: | | | | | | | | - **Location**: | | | | Glomerulus. | | | | | | | | - **Process**: | | | | Blood is | | | | filtered, | | | | forming | | | | filtrate in | | | | the Bowman\'s | | | | capsule. | | | | | | | | 2. **Reabsorption**: | | | | | | | | - **Location**: | | | | Proximal | | | | convoluted | | | | tubule. | | | | | | | | - **Process**: | | | | Essential | | | | substances | | | | are | | | | reabsorbed | | | | into the | | | | bloodstream. | | | | | | | | 3. **Secretion**: | | | | | | | | - **Location**: | | | | Distal | | | | convoluted | | | | tubule. | | | | | | | | - **Process**: | | | | Additional | | | | waste and | | | | excess ions | | | | are secreted | | | | into the | | | | filtrate. | | | | | | | | 4. **Excretion**: | | | | | | | | - **Location**: | | | | Collecting | | | | duct. | | | | | | | | - **Process**: | | | | Final urine | | | | is collected | | | | and | | | | transported | | | | to the | | | | bladder. | | | | | | | | 5. **Concentration** | | | | : | | | | | | | | - **Location**: | | | | Loop of | | | | Henle. | | | | | | | | - **Process**: | | | | Water and | | | | salts are | | | | reabsorbed to | | | | concentrate | | | | urine. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 16** | What is ovulation? | 1 **Ovulation**: The | | | | release of an egg | | | | from the ovary. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Know the process of | - This is the | | | oogenesis and | process of | | | spermatogenesis ??? | **spermatogenesis | | | | ** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - 1 Within the | | | | testes, diploid | | | | cells divide via | | | | meiosis to | | | | produce haploid | | | | **sperm cells** | | | | (23 chromosomes). | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - **Process of | | | | oogenesis** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Within an ovary, | | | | hormones | | | | coordinate | | | | **oogenesis**, | | | | the development | | | | of a mature | | | | haploid egg | | | | called an **ovum | | | | (**plural, | | | | **ova**). | | | | | | | | - A woman is born | | | | with many | | | | **primary | | | | oocytes**, a | | | | diploid cell that | | | | has been paused | | | | in meiosis 1 | | | | since before | | | | birth | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 17** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Know specific | 2 | | | definitions for | **Fertilization**: | | | fertilization, | Union of sperm and | | | cleavage, blastocyst, | egg. | | | gastrulation, labor | | | | and zygote | **Cleavage**: Rapid | | | | cell division of the | | | | zygote. | | | | | | | | **Blastocyst**: | | | | Early stage of the | | | | embryo. | | | | | | | | **Gastrulation**: | | | | Formation of germ | | | | layers. | | | | | | | | **Labor**: Process | | | | of childbirth. | | | | | | | | **Zygote**: | | | | Fertilized egg. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 18** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What is impotence? | 1 **Impotence**: | | | | Inability to achieve | | | | or maintain an | | | | erection. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What is ectopic | 1 **Ectopic Pregnancy | | | pregnancy vs. | vs. Miscarriage**: | | | miscarriages? | Ectopic pregnancy | | | | occurs outside the | | | | uterus, while | | | | miscarriage is the | | | | loss of a pregnancy. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **2** | Be able to name one | - **STDs**: | | | STD for each type | | | | (bacteria, virus, | - **Bacterial** | | | protest and fungi) | : | | | | gonorrhea. | | | | | | | | - **Viral**: | | | | Herpes. | | | | | | | | - **Protozoan** | | | | : | | | | Trichomoniasi | | | | s. | | | | | | | | - **Fungal**: | | | | Candidiasis. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Section 19** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | What's found in the | 1 **Central vs. | | | central vs peripheral | Peripheral Nervous | | | nervous system? | System**: Central | | | | includes the brain | | | | and spinal cord, | | | | while peripheral | | | | includes all other | | | | neural elements. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **[Chapter 12 Final Exam Review]** 1. **Define ecology** **Ecology: The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.** 2. **Name the levels of ecology and define biosphere.** **Levels of Ecology**: Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Global ecology **Biosphere**: The global sum of all ecosystems, where life exists on Earth. 3. **What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors?** - **Biotic Factors**: Living components of an ecosystem (e.g., plants, animals, bacteria). - **Abiotic Factors**: Non-living components of an ecosystem (e.g., temperature, water, sunlight). 4. **List examples of abiotic factors.** Temperature Water Sunlight Soil Air 5. **What is the difference between competition and mutualism?** **Competition**: Interaction where organisms vie for the same resource, which is limited (e.g., food, space). **Mutualism**: Interaction where both organisms benefit (e.g., bees pollinating flowers). 6. **Name the four types of interspecific interactions that are beneficial and harmful. Understand the differences.** **Mutualism**: Both species benefit. **Commensalism**: One species benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed. **Parasitism**: One species benefits at the expense of the other. **Competition**: Both species are harmed by the interaction. 7. **List the causes of biodiversity loss.** Habitat destruction Climate change Pollution Overexploitation Invasive species 8. **What effect does invasive species have on the ecosystem?** **Invasive species can outcompete native species, leading to reduced biodiversity and altered ecosystem functions.** **Invasive species are an increasingly grave threat to biodiversity.** **-The invader may have no natural predators and can thus multiply unchecked, causing the extinction of competitors or prey species.** 9. **What happens to energy as it moves through the trophic levels?** **Energy decreases as it moves up trophic levels due to energy loss as heat and metabolic processes.** 10. **What are three problems that have caused human impact on the environment?** **Human impact: Forest destruction, Freshwater shortages, Declining species** 11. **What is the greenhouse effect?** **Greenhouse gases are airborne chemicals that capture and hold heat within Earth's atmosphere.** 12. **Name four examples that effect global climate change.** Carbon dioxide emissions Deforestation Methane emissions Industrial pollution