Force and Pressure PDF

FORCE AND PRESSURE I n Class VII, you have learnt how a flick of the stick (Fig. 11.1). In all d objects move. Do you recall how we thes...

FORCE AND PRESSURE I n Class VII, you have learnt how a flick of the stick (Fig. 11.1). In all d objects move. Do you recall how we these situations the ball is either can decide whether an object is made to move faster or slower or its e moving faster than the other? What does direction of motion is changed. h the distance moved by an object in unit We often say that a force has been time indicate? You also know that a applied on a ball when it is kicked, T s moving object like a ball rolling on the i pushed, thrown or flicked. What is a l ground slows down. Sometimes it may force? What can it do to bodies on which R change its direction of motion. It is also it is applied? We shall seek answers to b possible that the ball may slow down E such questions in this chapter. and also change its direction. Did you u ever wonder what makes an object to 11.1 Force – A Push or a Pull C slow down or go faster, or change its p direction of motion? Actions like picking, opening, N re Let us recall some of our everyday shutting, kicking, hitting, lifting, experiences. What do you do to make flicking, pushing, pulling are often a football move? What do you do to used to describe certain tasks. Each © e make a moving ball move faster? How of these actions usually results in does a goalkeeper stop a ball? How some kind of change in the motion of b do fielders stop a ball hit by a an object. Can these terms be batsman? A hockey player changes replaced with one or more terms? Let o the direction of the moving ball with us find out. t t no (a) (b) (c) Fig. 11.1 : (a) A goal keeper saving a goal (b) A hockey player flicking a ball (c) A fielder stopping a ball Activity 11.1 Table 11.1 gives some examples of familiar situations involving motion of objects. You can add more such situations or replace those given here. Try to identify action involved in each case as a push and/or a pull and record your observations. One example has been given to help you. Table 11.1 : Identifying Actions as Push or Pull d S. Description of Action : (pushing/ pulling/picking/ Action can be No the situation hitting/lifting/ lowering/flying/ grouped as a e kicking/ throwing/shutting/ flicking ) Push Pull 1. Moving a book T Pushing Pulling Lifting — Yes s h Yes i placed on a table 2. Opening or R b l E shutting a door u 3. Drawing a bucket C of water from a p well 4. N re A football player taking a penalty © e kick 5. A cricket ball hit b by a batsman 6. Moving a loaded o cart 7. Opening a drawer t t o Do you notice that each of the actions can be grouped as a pull or a push or n both? Can we infer from this, that to move an object, it has to be pushed or pulled? I learnt in Class VI that a In science, a push or a pull on an magnet attracts a piece of object is called a force. Thus, we can iron towards it. Is attraction say that the motion imparted to objects also a pull? What about was due to the action of a force. When repulsion between similar poles of two magnets? Is it a does a force come into play? Let us pull or a push? find out. 128 SCIENCE 11.2 Forces are due to an Fig. 11.3 shows three situations that Interaction may be familiar to you. Can you decide who is pulling and who is pushing in Suppose a man is standing behind a stationary car (Fig.11.2). Will the car these cases? In Fig. 11.3 (a), both the move due to his presence? Suppose the girls appear to push each other while man now begins to push the car, that the pair of girls in Fig. 11.3 (b) are trying is, he applies a force on it. The car may to pull each other. Similarly, the cow begin to move in the direction of the and the man in Fig. 11. 3(c) appear to d applied force. Note that the man has to pull each other. The girls in the two e push the car to make it move. situations shown here are applying force T s h R l i E u b C p Fig.11.2 : A car being pushed by a man N re © e b t o Fig11.3 (a) : Who is pushing whom? Fig 11.3 (b) : Who is pulling whom ? o t n Fig 11.3 (c) : Who is pulling whom? FORCE AND PRESSURE 129 on each other. Is it also true for the man Have you ever seen a game of tug-of and the cow? war? In this game two teams pull at a From these examples, we can infer that rope in opposite directions (Fig. 11.5). at least two objects must interact for a force Members of both the teams try to pull to come into play. Thus, an interaction of the rope in their direction. Sometimes one object with another object results in a the rope simply does not move. Is it not force between the two objects. similar to the situation shown in Fig. 11.3 (b)? The team that pulls harder, 11.3 Exploring Forces d that is, applies a larger force, finally wins e Let us try to learn more about forces. the game. Activity 11.2 h Choose a heavy object like a table or a box, T i s which you can move only by pushing R l hard. Try to push it all by yourself. Can (a) you move it? Now ask one of your friends E b to help you in pushing it in the u same direction [Fig.11.4(a)]. Is it C easier to move it now? Can you p explain why? N re Next push the same object, but ask your friend to push it from the (b) opposite side [Fig.11.4 (b)]. Does the © e object move? If it does, note the direction in which it moves. Can you b guess which one of you is applying a Fig. 11.4 : Two friends pushing a heavy load larger force? (a) in the same direction, (b) in opposite direction t o o t n Fig. 11.5 : The rope may not move if the two teams pull at it with equal force 130 SCIENCE  What do these examples suggest Activity 11.3 about the nature of force? Forces applied on an object in the Take a rubber ball and place it on a same direction add to one another. Now level surface such as a table top or recall what happened when you and a concrete floor. Now, gently push your friend pushed the heavy box in the the ball along the level surface same direction in Activity 11.2. (Fig. 11.6). Does the ball begin to If the two forces act in the opposite move? Push the ball again while it is still moving. Is there any change d directions on an object, the net force acting on it is the difference between in its speed? Does it increase or e the two forces. What did you observe decrease? in Activity 11.2 when both of you were Next, place your palm in front of the h pushing the heavy box from opposite moving ball. Remove your palm as T s directions? soon as the moving ball touches it. i Does your palm apply a force on the R l ball? What happens to the speed of the ball now? Does it increase or E b Does it mean that the net decrease? What would happen if you u force on an object is zero if the let your palm hold the moving ball? C two forces acting on it in p opposite directions are equal? N re Recall that in the tug-of-war when two teams pull equally hard, the rope © e does not move in any direction. So, we learn that a force could be larger or smaller than the other. The b strength of a force is usually expressed by its magnitude. We have also to Fig. 11.6 : A ball at rest begins to move o when a force is applied on it specify the direction in which a force t acts. Also, if the direction or the You might recall similar situations. magnitude of the applied force changes, For example, while taking a penalty kick t its effect also changes. in football, the player applies a force on o In general, more than one force may the ball. Before being hit, the ball was be acting on an object. However, the at rest and so its speed was zero. The n effect on the object is due to the net applied force makes the ball move force acting on it. towards the goal. Suppose, the goalkeeper dives or jumps up to save 11.4 A Force can Change the the goal. By his action the goalkeeper tries to apply a force on the moving ball. State of Motion The force applied by him can stop or Let us now find out what happens when deflect the ball, saving a goal being a force acts on an object. scored. If the goalkeeper succeeds in FORCE AND PRESSURE 131 stopping the ball, its speed decreases to Activity 11.4 zero. These observations suggest that a Take a ball and place it on a level force applied on an object may change surface as you did in Activity 11.3. its speed. If the force applied on the Make the ball move by giving it a object is in the direction of its motion, push. Now place the ruler from your the speed of the object increases. If the geometry box in its path as shown force is applied in the direction opposite in Fig. 11.8. In doing so, you would apply a force on the moving ball. d to the direction of motion, then it results in a decrease in the speed of the object. Does the ball continue to move in e the same direction after it strikes the ruler? Repeat the activity and h try to obstruct the moving ball by T s placing the ruler such that it makes i different angles to its path. In each l I have seen R case note your observations about children competing with one the direction of motion of the ball b another in moving a rubber tyre E or a ring by pushing it after it strikes the ruler. u (Fig. 11.7). I now understand C why the speed of the tyre p increases whenever it is N re pushed. © e b (a) t o o t n Fig. 11.7 : To move a tyre faster it has to be pushed repeatedly (b) Fig. 11.8 : (a) A ball set in motion by pushing it along a level surface and (b) the Paheli is curious to know whether application of a force can only change direction of motion of the ball after it strikes the ruler placed in its path the speed of an object. Let us find out. 132 SCIENCE  Let us consider some more 11.5 Force can Change the examples. In a game of volleyball, Shape of an Object players often push the moving ball to their teammates to make a winning Activity 11.5 move. Sometimes the ball is returned Some situations have been given in to the other side of the court by Column 1 of Table 11.2 on page 134 pushing or smashing it. In cricket, a in which objects are not free to move. batsman plays his or her shot by Column 2 of the Table suggests the d applying a force on the ball with the manner in which a force can be bat. Is there any change in the e applied on each object while Column direction of motion of the ball in these 3 shows a diagram of the action. Try cases? In all these examples the speed h to observe the effect of force in as and the direction of the moving ball s many situations as possible. You can T change due to the application of a i also add similar situations using force. Can you give a few more R l available material from your examples of this kind? environment. Note your observations b A change in either the speed of an E in Columns 4 and 5 of the Table. object, or its direction of motion, or both, u is described as a change in its state of C What do you conclude from the motion. Thus, a force may bring a p observations noted in Table 11.2? change in the state of motion of an N re What happens when you apply a force object. on an inflated balloon by pressing it State of Motion between your palms? What happens © e to the shape of a ball of dough when it The state of motion of an object is is rolled to make a chapati? What described by its speed and the happens when you press a rubber ball b direction of motion. The state of rest is considered to be the state of zero placed on a table? In all these speed. An object may be at rest or examples you saw that the application o in motion; both are its states of of force on an object may change its t motion. shape. Having performed all the above t Does it mean that the application of activities, you would have realised that a force would always result in a change a force o in the state of motion of the object? Let
may make an object move from rest. us find out. n
may change the speed of an object It is common experience that many a time application of force does not result if it is moving. in a change in the state of motion. For
may change the direction of motion example, a heavy box may not move at of an object. all even if you apply the maximum force
may bring about a change in the that you can exert. Again, no effect of shape of an object. force is observed when you try to push
may cause some or all of these a wall. effects. FORCE AND PRESSURE 133  Table 11.2 : Studying the Effect of Force on Objects Description of How to apply Diagram Action of force situation force Change in Change in state of shape motion Yes No Yes No A lump of dough on Pressing it down d a plate with your hands Spring fixed to the By sitting on the seat of a bicycle seat h e A rubber band By hanging a R T l i s E b suspended from a weight or by hook/nail fixed on a pulling its free end C u wall N re p © e A plastic or metal By putting a weight scale placed at the centre of the b between two bricks scale While a force may cause one or more Generally, to apply a force on an object, o of these effects, it is important to your body has to be in contact with the t remember that none of these actions can take place without the action of a force. It is the muscular force that enables t us to perform all activities involving Thus, an object cannot move by itself, movement or bending of our body. In o it cannot change speed by itself, it Class VII you have learnt that in the cannot change direction by itself and process of digestion the food gets n its shape cannot change by itself. pushed through the alimentary canal. Could it be a muscular force that does it? You also know that lungs expand 11.6 Contact Forces and contract while we inhale and Muscular Force exhale air during breathing. Where are these muscles located which Can you push or lift a book lying on a make breathing possible? Can you list table without touching it? Can you lift a few more examples of the force a bucket of water without holding it? exerted by the muscles in our body? 134 SCIENCE object. The contact may also be with the we stop pedalling a bicycle, it gradually help of a stick or a piece of rope. When slows down and finally comes to a stop. we push an object like a school bag or A car or a scooter also comes to rest once lift a bucket of water, where does the its engine is switched off. Similarly, a force come from? This force is caused boat comes to rest if we stop rowing it. by the action of muscles in our body. Can you add some more such The force resulting due to the action of experiences? muscles is known as the muscular In all these situations no force d force. appears to be acting on the objects, yet their speed gradually decreases and e Animals also make use of muscular they come to rest after some time. What force to carry out their physical activities causes a change in their state of motion? h and other tasks. Animals like bullocks, Could some force be acting on them! horses, donkeys and camels are used to T s Can you guess the direction in which i per for m various tasks for us. In the force must be acting in each case? R l per for ming these tasks they use The force responsible for changing the muscular force (Fig. 11.9). b state of motion of objects in all these E Since muscular force can be applied examples is the force of friction. It is the only when it is in contact with an object, u force of friction between the surface of C it is also called a contact force. Are the ball and the ground that brings the p there other types of contact forces? Let moving ball to rest. Similarly, friction N re us find out. between water and the boat brings it to a stop once you stop rowing. Friction The force of friction always acts on © e Recall some of your experiences. A ball all the moving objects and its direction rolling along the ground gradually slows is always opposite to the direction of down and finally comes to rest. When motion. Since the force of friction arises b t o o t n Fig.11.9 : Muscular force of animals is used to carry out many difficult tasks FORCE AND PRESSURE 135 due to contact between surfaces, it is Does the magnet on the rollers begin also an example of a contact force. You to move when the other magnet is brought will learn more about this force in near it? Does it always move in the Chapter 12. direction of the approaching magnet? You may be wondering whether it is What do these observations suggest? Does essential for the agent applying a force it mean that some force must be acting on an object to be always in contact with between the two magnets? it. Let us find out. You have learnt in Class VI that like d poles of two magnets repel each other and 11.7 Non-contact Forces unlike poles attract each other. Attraction e or repulsion between objects can also be Magnetic Force seen as another form of pull or push. Do h Activity 11.6 you have to bring the magnets in contact T s for observing the force between them? A i Take a pair of bar magnets. Place magnet can exert a force on another R l the longer side of one of the magnets magnet without being in contact with it. b over three round shaped pencils or The force exerted by a magnet is an E wooden rollers as shown in example of a non-contact force. u Fig.11.10. Now bring one end of the Similarly, the force exerted by a C other magnet near the end of the magnet on a piece of iron is also a non- p magnet placed on the rollers. Make contact force. N re sure that the two magnets do not touch each other. Observe what Electrostatic Force happens. Next, bring the other end © e Activity 11.7 of the magnet near the same end of the magnet placed on the rollers Take a plastic straw and cut it into b (Fig.11.10). Note what happens to nearly two equal pieces. Suspend one the magnet placed on the rollers of the pieces from the edge of a table every time another magnet is with the help of a piece of thread (Fig. o brought near it. 11.11). Now hold the other piece of t straw in your hand and rub its free end with a sheet of paper. Bring the t rubbed end of the straw near the o suspended straw. Make sure that the two pieces do not touch each other. n What do you observe? Next, rub the free end of the suspended piece of straw with a sheet of paper. Again, bring the piece of straw that was rubbed earlier with paper near the free end of the Fig.11.10 : Observing attraction and repulsion suspended straw. What do you between two magnets observe now? 136 SCIENCE  Objects or things fall towards the earth because it pulls them. This force is called the force of gravity, or just gravity. This is an attractive force. The force of gravity acts on all objects. The force of gravity acts on all of us all the time without our being aware of it. Water begins to flow towards the ground as d soon as we open a tap. Water in rivers flows downward due to the force of e gravity. h Fig.11.11 : A straw rubbed with paper attracts Gravity is not a property of the earth T s another straw but repels it if it has alone. In fact, every object in the i also been rubbed with a sheet of universe, whether small or large, l paper. R exerts a force on every other object. This force is known as the b A straw is said to have acquired E gravitational force. electrostatic charge after it has been u rubbed with a sheet of paper. Such a 11.8 Pressure C straw is an example of a charged body. p The force exerted by a charged body You have learnt in Class VII that strong N re on another charged or uncharged body winds during a storm or a cyclone can is known as electrostatic force. This blow away even the roof-tops. You also learnt that winds and cyclones are © e force comes into play even when the bodies are not in contact. The caused by the differences in air pressure. Is there any relation between electrostatic force, therefore, is another b pressure and force? Let us find out. example of a non-contact force. You will Try to push a nail into a wooden learn more about electric charges in plank by its head. Did you succeed? Try o Chapter 15. now to push the nail by the pointed end t C. Gravitational Force (Fig. 11.12). Could you do it this time? t You know that a coin or a pen falls to the o ground when it slips off your hand. The leaves or fruits also fall to the ground n when they get detached from the plant. Have you ever wondered why it is so? When the coin is held in your hand it is at rest. As soon as it is released, it begins to move downwards. It is clear that the state of motion of the coin undergoes a change. Can this happen without a force acting on it? Which is this force? Fig. 11.12 : Pushing a nail into a wooden plank FORCE AND PRESSURE 137 Try cutting vegetables with a blunt and a sharp knife. Which is easier? Do you get the feeling that the area over which the force is applied (for example, the pointed end of the nail) plays a role is making these tasks easier? The force acting on a unit area of a surface is called pressure. d pressure = force / area on which it acts e At this stage we consider only those h forces which act perpendicular to the s surface on which the pressure is to T i be computed. R l Note that the area is in the b denominator in the above expression. Fig. 11.13 : A porter carrying a heavy load E So, the smaller the area, larger the Do liquids and gases also exert u pressure on a surface for the same force. pressure? Does it also depend on the C The area of the pointed end of the nail p area on which the force acts? Let us is much smaller than that of its head. find out. N re The same force, therefore, produces a pressure sufficient to push the pointed 11.9 Pressure exerted by end of the nail into the wooden plank. © e Liquids and Gases Can you explain now why shoulder bags are provided with broad straps and Activity 11.8 b not thin strap? And, why the tools meant for cutting and piercing always Take a transparent glass tube or a have sharp edges? plastic pipe. The length of the pipe/ o tube should be about 15 cm and its t diameter should be 5-7.5 cm. Also t take a piece of thin sheet of a good I now understand why quality rubber, say, a rubber o porters place on their heads balloon. Stretch the rubber sheet a round piece of cloth, when tightly over one end of the pipe. n they have to carry heavy Hold the pipe at the middle, keeping loads (Fig. 11.13). By this it in a vertical position (Fig.11.14). they increase the area of Ask one of your friends to pour some contact of the load with water in the pipe. Does the rubber their head. So, the pressure on their head is reduced sheet bulge out? Note also the and they find it easier to height of the water column in the carry the load. pipe. Pour some more water. 138 SCIENCE  Observe again the bulge in the sheet fixed to the glass tube bulge rubber sheet and the height of the this time? Pour some more water in water column in the pipe. Repeat the bottle. Is there any change in this process a few more times. Can the bulge of the rubber sheet? you see any relation between the amount of the bulge in the rubber sheet and the height of the water column in the pipe? e d T s h R l i E u b Fig.11.15 : A liquid exerts pressure on the walls C of the container N re p Fig.11.14 : Pressure exerted by water at the Note that the rubber sheet has been bottom of the container depends on fixed on the side of the container and the height of its column not at the bottom. Does the bulging of © e the rubber sheet in this case indicate Activity 11.9 that water exerts pressure on the sides of the container as well? Let us b Take a plastic bottle. You can take investigate further. a discarded water or soft drink o bottle. Fix a cylindrical glass tube, Activity 11.10 t a few cm long near its bottom as shown in Fig. 11.15. You can do so Take an empty plastic bottle or a t by slightly heating one end of the cylindrical container. You can take glass tube and then quickly a used tin of talcum powder or a o inserting it near the bottom of the plastic bottle. Drill four holes all n bottle. Make sure that the water around near the bottom of the does not leak from the joint. If there bottle. Make sure that the holes are is any leakage, seal it with molten at the same height from the bottom wax. Cover the mouth of the glass (Fig. 11.16). Now fill the bottle with tube with a thin rubber sheet as you water. What do you observe? did in Activity 11.8. Now fill the Does the water coming out of the bottle upto half with water. What do holes falls at the same distance from you observe? Why does the rubber the bottle? What does this indicate? FORCE AND PRESSURE 139  Do you recall what happens to the air in the bicycle tube when it has a puncture? Do these observations suggest that air exerts pressure on the inner walls of an inflated balloon or a tube? So, we find that gases, too, exert pressure on the walls of their container. d 11.10 Atmospheric Pressure e You know that there is air all around h us. This envelop of air is known as the atmosphere. The atmospheric air T i s extends up to many kilometres above R l the surface of the earth. The pressure exerted by this air is known as E b atmospheric pressure. We know that Fig. 11.16 : Liquids exert equal pressure at the pressure is force per unit area. If we u same depth C imagine a unit area and a very long p cylinder standing on it filled with air, Can you now say that liquids exert N re then the weight of the air in this cylinder pressure on the walls of the container? is the atmospheric pressure (Fig. 11.17). Do gases also exert pressure? Do But, how large or small is the they also exert pressure on the walls of © e atmospheric pressure? Let us get an their containers? Let us find out. idea about its magnitude. b o I have seen fountains of water t coming out of the leaking joints or holes in pipes supplying t water. Is it not due to the pressure exerted by water on the o walls of the pipes? n When you inflate a balloon, why do you have to close its mouth? What happens when you open the mouth of an inflated balloon? Suppose you have Unit area a balloon which has holes. Would you be able to inflate it? If not, why? Can we say that air exerts pressure in all Fig. 11.17 : Atmospheric pressure is the weight directions? of air in a column of unit area 140 SCIENCE Activity 11.11 Take a good quality rubber sucker. It looks like a small rubber cup (Fig. If the area of my head 11.18). Press it hard on a smooth were 10 cm × 10 cm, how plane surface. Does it stick to the much weight of air would I be carrying on my head? surface? Now try to pull it off the surface. Can you do it? The weight of air in a column of the d height of the atmosphere and area e 10 cm × 10 cm (Fig. 11.19) is as large as 1000 kg. The reason we are not h crushed under this weight is that the pressure inside our bodies is also equal T i s to the atmospheric pressure and cancels l the pressure from outside. E R b C p u N re © e Fig.11.18 : A rubber sucker pressed on a sur- face. b When you press the sucker, most of the air between its cup and the surface o escapes out. The sucker sticks to the t sur face because the pressure of atmosphere acts on it. To pull the sucker t off the surface, the applied force should o be large enough to overcome the atmospheric pressure. This activity n might give you an idea about the magnitude of atmospheric pressure. In fact, it would not be possible for any human being to pull the sucker off the surface if there were no air at all between the sucker and the surface. Does it give you an idea how large the atmospheric Fig. 11.19 : Pressure of atmosphere on your pressure is? head FORCE AND PRESSURE 141  Did you know? Otto von Guericke, a German scientist of 17th century, invented a pump to extract air out of the vessel. With the help of this pump, he demonstrated dramatically the force of the air pressure. He joined two metallic hemispheres of 51 cm diameter each and pumped air out of them. Then he employed eight horses on each hemisphere to pull them apart (Fig. 11.20). So great is the force of air pressure that the hemispheres could not be pulled apart. e d T s h R l i E b Fig. 11.20 : Horses pulling the hemispheres u C N re p © e b t o o t n 142 SCIENCE KEYWORDS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT ATMOSPHERIC
Force could be a push or a pull. PRESSURE
A force arises due to the interaction between CONTACT FORCE two objects.
Force has magnitude as well as direction. ELECTROSTATIC
A change in the speed of an object or the FORCE direction of its motion or both implies a change d FORCE in its state of motion. e
Force acting on an object may cause a change FRICTION in its state of motion or a change in its shape. h
A force can act on an object with or without GRAVITATIONAL T s being in contact with it. FORCE i
Force per unit area is called pressure. R l GRAVITY
Liquids and gases exert pressure on the walls b of their containers. E MAGNETIC FORCE
The pressure exerted by air around us is u MUSCULAR FORCE C known as atmospheric pressure. p NON-CONTACT N re FORCE PRESSURE © e PULL b PUSH Exercises t o t 1. Give two examples each of situations in which you push or pull to change the state of motion of objects. o 2. Give two examples of situations in which applied force causes a change in n the shape of an object. 3. Fill in the blanks in the following statements: (a) To draw water from a well we have to ——— at the rope. (b) A charged body ———— an uncharged body towards it. (c) To move a loaded trolley we have to ———— it. (d) The north pole of a magnet ———— the north pole of another magnet. FORCE AND PRESSURE 143  4. An archer stretches her bow while taking aim at the target. She then EXERCISES releases the arrow, which begins to move towards the target. Based on this information fill up the gaps in the following statements using the following terms: muscular, contact, non-contact, gravity, friction, shape, attraction (a) To stretch the bow, the archer applies a force that causes a change in its ——. (b) The force applied by the archer to stretch the bow is an example of — d —— force. (c) The type of force responsible for a change in the state of motion of the e arrow is an example of a ———— force. (d) While the arrow moves towards its target, the forces acting on it are h due to ———— and that due to ———— of air. T i s 5. In the following situations identify the agent exerting the force and the l object on which it acts. State the effect of the force in each case. R (a) Squeezing a piece of lemon between the fingers to extract its juice. b (b) Taking out paste from a toothpaste tube. E (c) A load suspended from a spring while its other end is on a hook fixed u to a wall. C (d) An athlete making a high jump to clear the bar at a certain height. N re p 6. A blacksmith hammers a hot piece of iron while making a tool. How does the force due to hammering affect the piece of iron? 7. An inflated balloon was pressed against a wall after it has been rubbed © e with a piece of synthetic cloth. It was found that the balloon sticks to the wall. What force might be responsible for the attraction between the balloon b and the wall? 8. Name the forces acting on a plastic bucket containing water held above o ground level in your hand. Discuss why the forces acting on the bucket do t not bring a change in its state of motion. 9. A rocket has been fired upwards to launch a satellite in its orbit. Name t the two forces acting on the rocket immediately after leaving the launching pad. o 10. When we press the bulb of a dropper with its nozzle kept in water, air in n the dropper is seen to escape in the form of bubbles. Once we release the pressure on the bulb, water gets filled in the dropper. The rise of water in the dropper is due to (a) pressure of water (b) gravity of the earth (c) shape of rubber bulb (d) atmospheric pressure 144 SCIENCE  Extended Learning — Activities and Projects 1. Make a 50 cm × 50 cm bed of dry sand about 10 cm in thickness. Make sure that its top surface is levelled. Take a wooden or a plastic stool. Cut two strips of graph paper each with a width of 1 cm. Paste them vertically on any leg of the stool - one at the bottom and the other from the top. Now gently put the stool on the sand bed d with its legs resting on the sand. Increase the size of sand bed if required. Now put a load, say a school bag full of books, on the seat e of the stool. Mark the level of sand on the graph strip. This would h give you the depth, if any, to which the legs of stool sink in sand. Next, turn the stool upside down so that now it rests on its seat on T s the sand bed. Note the depth to which the stool sinks now. Next, l i put the same load on the stool and note the depth to which it sinks R in the sand. Compare the pressure exerted by the stool in the two b situations. E 2. Take a tumbler and fill it with water. Cover the mouth of the tumbler C u with a thick card similar to that of a postcard. Hold the tumbler p with one hand while keeping the card pressed to its mouth with your other hand. Turn the tumbler upside down while keeping the N re card pressed to its mouth. Make sure that the tumbler is held vertical. Gently remove the hand pressing the card. What do you © e observe? Does the card get detached allowing the water to spill? With a little practice you will find that the card continues to hold water in the tumbler even after it is not supported by your hand. b Also try this activity by using a piece of cloth to hold the tumbler in an upside down position (Fig. 11.21). t o o t n Fig. 11.21 FORCE AND PRESSURE 145  3. Take 4-5 plastic bottles of different shapes and sizes. Join them together with small pieces of glass or rubber tube as shown in Fig. 11.22. Keep this arrangement on a level surface. Now pour water in any one of the bottles. Note whether the bottle in which water is poured gets filled first or all the bottles get filled up simultaneously. Note the level of water in all the bottles from time to time. Try to explain your observations. e d T s h R l i E b Fig. 11.22 u For more information on force and pressure visit: C
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