Mammography & Radiology Techniques PDF

## Types of Mammography ### Methods Three of the most common types of mammogram methods are film-screen, digital and 3D digital mammograms. ## What is mammography made of? Mammography images are created by a process of x-rays passing through breast tissue and interacting with a digital detector. Th...

## Types of Mammography ### Methods Three of the most common types of mammogram methods are film-screen, digital and 3D digital mammograms. ## What is mammography made of? Mammography images are created by a process of x-rays passing through breast tissue and interacting with a digital detector. The anode in the x-ray tube used for mammography is made of **molybdenum, or rhodium**, rather than tungsten which is commonly used in general x-ray tubes. ## What kVp and mAs is used in mammography? Statistical analysis of imaging performance characteristics found for mammography units operated at **25 and 26 kVp**. The data relating to mAs show that the required value at 26 kVp is about 15% lower than that at 25 kVp. The range of mAs used to generate a phantom image is from ~70 to ~120 mAs. ## How much radiation is in mammogram? Modern machines use low radiation doses to get breast x-rays that are high in image quality. On average, the total dose for a typical mammogram with 2 views of each breast is about **0.4 millisieverts**, or mSv. ## What is mammography parts and functions? The essential mammography components include **an x-ray generator, an image detector, and a breast compression paddle**. The x-ray generator and image detector are set at a fixed distance and are oriented orthogonally to one another, but the entire unit can be rotated to obtain the required mammographic views. ## What is a heel xray called? A calcaneus x-ray, also known as the **calcaneus series or calcaneus radiograph**, is a set of two x-rays of the calcaneus. ## What is heel effect in radiology physics? Anode heel effect refers to **the lower field intensity towards the anode in comparison to the cathode due to lower x-ray emissions from the target material at angles perpendicular to the electron beam**. ## What is heel effect in radiography? In radiography, the "heel effect" **causes less X-ray fluence and higher mean radiation energy in the anode direction due to the absorption of low-energy photons by the anode heel**. ## What is anode angle? The anode angle is **the angle between the vertical and the target surface** with most x-ray tubes having an anode angle of 12-15 degrees. A smaller angle results in a smaller effective focal spot. The whole anode is not included in x-ray production. ## Heel effect In X-ray tubes, the heel effect, or, more precisely, the anode heel effect is a variation of the intensity of X-rays emitted by the anode depending on the direction of emission along the anode-cathode axis. ## Is tomography a 3D? "3D CT Scanner" is the abbreviation for Computed Tomography 3D Scanner, **a system that uses X-rays to determine the exact size of objects in three-dimensional space**. The roots of this technology date back to the late 19th century. ## Is tomography a PET scan? **A positron emission tomography scan is known as a PET scan**. PET scan is a type of test that may be used in cancer treatment. It can be done along with a CT scan. If so, doctors call it a PET-CT scan. ## Why is iodine used in CT scan? Radiologists use ICCM **to make the images clearer and therefore to allow the most accurate answer to be given to your doctor**. Some types of tests and procedures, such as CT angiograms, cannot be carried out without ICCM. ## Is tomography a radiology? Tomography is **a radiologic technique** for obtaining clear X-ray images of deep internal structures by focusing on a specific plane within the body. Structures that are obscured by overlying organs and soft tissues that are insufficiently delineated on conventional X rays can thus be adequately visualized. ## What contrast is used for tomography? What kinds of contrast are available? There are three broad kinds of contrast available: IV, PO, and PR (rectal). IV contrast is either gadolinium for MRI or **iodinated contrast** for CT. PO contrast for all ER and inpatient CT scans is dilute iodinated contrast (same agent used for IV contrast in CT). ## What is tomography and its uses? Computed tomography is commonly referred to as a CT scan. **A CT scan is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the inside of the body.** It shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, organs, and blood vessels. ## Complete answer: Let us take a situation where an electron is moving from one plate of the X-ray tube to another plate and the plates are separated by the voltage difference of V. Then the energy acquired by the electron will be $E = eV$ --- equation (1), Now when this electron will strike on the second plate then the emission of the X-rays will take place. To get the X-ray of minimum wavelength the ray must strike the second plate with its maximum energy, and the maximum energy of the X-ray will be, $E = \frac{hc}{\lambda}$ ----- equation (2) Now equating equation (1) and equation (2), we get $eV = \frac{hc}{\lambda}$ ⇒ $\lambda = \frac{hc}{eV}$