Head & Neck Manual Questions PDF
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Uploaded by JollyComposite9692
University of Nairobi
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This document is a collection of questions focused on the detailed anatomy of the head and neck, suitable for medical students. The chapter titles suggest a focus on the superficial and extracranial facial nerve, the orbit, the temporal bone and ear, and the oral and nasal cavities. This work is likely a study guide or practice set for exams.
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Chapter 1: The Face, Parotid Region, and Extracranial Facial Nerve Describe the Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System (SMAS) and state its surgical relevance. Use a diagram to illustrate the tension lines of facial skin. Describe the regional differences in the layers of the face an...
Chapter 1: The Face, Parotid Region, and Extracranial Facial Nerve Describe the Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System (SMAS) and state its surgical relevance. Use a diagram to illustrate the tension lines of facial skin. Describe the regional differences in the layers of the face and their surgical relevance. State why the facial artery is tortuous. State why facial cut wounds bleed profusely but heal faster. Use a diagram to illustrate the facial artery and its branches. Use a labeled diagram to illustrate the venous drainage of the face. Define the “danger area” of the face and state its anatomical basis. State the territory of drainage of the Submental, Submandibular, and Pre-auricular lymph node groups that drain the face. Use a diagram to illustrate the anatomical landmarks for mental, infraorbital, and supraorbital nerve blocks. Describe the sensory pathways for touch sensation from the inferior lip and vibration sensation from the temporomandibular joint. Name the structures that constitute the parotid bed. Describe the innervation of the parotid gland, including general sensory innervation, secretomotor innervation, and vasomotor innervation. Outline the anatomy of the facial nerve, including brainstem nuclei and their functional components, course and branches of each segment (intracranial, meatal, labyrinthine, tympanic, mastoid, extratemporal). Describe the Supranuclear control and anatomical basis for the differences in presentation between upper and lower motor neuron facial palsies. Describe the lacrimation pathway and state the anatomical basis for gustatory sweating. Name the muscle that surrounds the orbit and state its arterial supply, venous drainage, and lymphatic drainage. State the sensory innervation to the upper eyelid. Name the muscles that control the oral sphincter and their nerve supply. Outline the motor supply to the muscles of facial expression. List the nerves that supply the forehead. List the structures that cover the parotid gland. Outline the structures that emerge from the parotid gland. State the arterial supply and venous drainage of the parotid gland. State the neurovascular structures of the parotid gland from superficial to deep. What is Gustatory Sweating? List the detailed course of the facial nerve from its exit from the foramen as it enters the parotid gland. Chapter 2: Orbit and Eyeball Describe the margins and walls of the orbit. Name the contents of the foramina communicating with the orbit. State the relations of the orbit. Name the bones that form the orbital wall. What is Superior Orbital syndrome? What are the likely complications associated with an orbital floor blow-out fracture? State the parts, coverings, blood supply, and clinical significance of the optic nerve. State the attachments, innervation, and actions of the extraocular muscles. State the course, distribution, and clinical relevance of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves. Describe the autonomic and sensory innervation of the lacrimal gland, noting its clinical relevance. Describe the lacrimal apparatus and the flow of tears. Add notes on the clinical relevance of the lacrimal apparatus and tear flow. Describe the coverings, blood supply, and sensory innervation of the eyeball. Chapter 3: Temporal Bone and Ear What is the surgical significance of the Pterion? Review the relevant surface anatomy of the temporal bone and state its surgical significance. What are the surgical implications of the anatomy of the temporal bone? Discuss the anatomical considerations for temporal bone surgery. What is the clinical significance of the temporal fossa? What are the anatomical considerations for approaches to the temporal fossa? Name some external ear conditions. What is the anatomical basis of the different shapes of the human auricle? Discuss the anatomical considerations for surgery of the external ear. What is the anatomical basis for complications in surgeries of the external ear? Discuss the surgical relevance of the blood supply of the external ear. Use a diagram to illustrate the innervation of the auricle (lateral and posterior views). What is the anatomical basis for surgical options in conditions of the external ear? Outline the boundaries of the tympanic cavity on an open skull. State the surgical significance of the walls of the tympanum. Discuss the anatomical basis for clinical signs and symptoms of some middle ear conditions. What is the anatomical consideration for applying the tuning fork in testing for hearing loss? What is the anatomical consideration for surgical approaches to the middle ear? List the anatomical steps for a simple mastoidectomy. What is the anatomical basis for surgical options in middle ear conditions? State the surgical relevance/significance of the internal acoustic meatus. Discuss the anatomical considerations for surgery to the inner ear. Outline the anatomical steps for a cochlear implant. Chapter 4: Posterior Neck Triangles and Suboccipital Triangle With a labeled diagram, describe the organization of the fascial layers of the neck at the level of C7. Take note of the “danger spaces” of the neck. Describe the attachments, structures enclosed, and clinical significance of the investing fascia of the neck. Describe the pattern of blood supply to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezius muscle and briefly describe the surgical significance. Define Erb’s point and state its anatomical basis and utility in neck dissection. State the boundaries, contents, and clinical significance of the posterior triangle of the neck. Describe the lymphatic drainage of the neck and state its clinical significance. Describe the anatomical boundaries of the lymph node levels of the neck and state the surgical relevance of this. Describe the anatomical variations of the course of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior neck. Describe the clinical presentation of “shoulder syndrome” and state its anatomical basis. State the boundaries, contents, and clinical relevance of the inter-scalene triangle. State the anatomical boundaries and surgical relevance of CHASSAIGNAC’s triangle. State the most common site of fracture of the clavicle and provide the anatomical basis. Describe the “CORNERS OF CONSTERNATION” and state its surgical relevance. State the boundaries, contents, and surgical significance of the suboccipital triangle. State the communications and their importance of the suboccipital venous plexus. Chapter 5: Infrahyoid Anterior Neck Triangles Describe the anatomical position, parts, and muscular & ligamentous attachments of the hyoid bone. State the anatomical basis of congenital torticollis. State the cutaneous innervation to the skin of the anterior part of the neck. State the components, attachments, innervation, and actions of the “strap muscles”. Describe the position, relations, and blood supply to the thyroid gland. Describe and state the surgical significance of the tubercles of Zuckerkandl. State the origin, course, and distribution of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Describe its relationship to Berry’s ligament. State the anatomical basis for the following complications of thyroidectomy: hoarseness of voice, reduced pitch of voice, hypocalcemia. State the normal number and position of the parathyroid glands. Mention 2 ectopic sites of the parathyroid glands. Discuss the pharyngeal apparatus and state the embryologic basis of common neck masses. State the innervation and function of the carotid body and carotid sinus. Describe the anatomical boundaries and surgical relevance of FARABEUF’s TRIANGLE. Describe the origin, extents, relations, and surgical significance of the common carotid artery. Describe the origin, course, and termination of the external carotid artery. Add notes on its branches (and variations in the origins of the branches). Describe the formation, tributaries, and termination of the internal jugular vein. Describe the extents, course, relations, and distribution of the cervical part of the vagus nerve. State the functional components associated with the cervical part of the vagus nerve. Describe the surgical anatomical considerations when performing CRICOTHYROTOMY and TRACHEOSTOMY. Using a well-labeled diagram, describe the formation and distribution of the ansa cervicalis. Using a well-labeled diagram, state the surface landmarks for the cervical vertebrae (to aid in anterior approaches to the spine). Chapter 6: Temporal, Infratemporal, and Submandibular Regions Review the differences in the adult vs. newborn skull. Name the foramina (and their contents) located in the sphenoid bone and temporal bone. State the origin, insertion, innervation, blood supply, and actions of the temporalis muscle. Outline the boundaries and contents of the infratemporal fossa. State the origin, insertion, innervation, blood supply, and actions of the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles. State the origin, course, and distribution of the mandibular nerve. State the origin, course, parts, distribution, and surgical relevance of the maxillary artery. Outline the boundaries, contents, and surgical significance of the pterygopalatine fossa. State the articulating surfaces, stability factors, relations, blood supply, and innervation of the temporomandibular joint. State the insertion, innervation, and relations of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. Name the components of the styloid apparatus. Outline the position, parts, relations, and blood supply to the submandibular gland. Describe the pattern of parasympathetic innervation to the sublingual and submandibular glands. State the origin, course, and distribution of the hypoglossal nerve. State the territory of drainage of the submandibular and submental lymph nodes. Add notes on the clinical significance of the drainage of the submandibular and submental lymph nodes. With the aid of a diagram, outline the relation of the hyoglossus muscle to the lingual nerve and hypoglossal nerve. List the branches of the external carotid artery in the submandibular triangle. List the surgical approaches that can be used to approach the submandibular gland and their anatomical considerations for each approach. State the possible complications of sublingual gland excision and their anatomical basis. Chapter 7: Oral & Nasal Cavities Review the relevant surface anatomy of the mandible for planning surgery. State the anatomical considerations for lip augmentation. Discuss the surgical relevance/significance of the oral vestibule. Review the relevant anatomy of the oral cavity proper in relation to surgical conditions of the oral cavity. State the anatomical basis of signs and symptoms in clinical conditions of the oral cavity. Explain the anatomical basis of the choice of diagnostic tests & investigations in conditions of the oral cavity. List the anatomical considerations for surgical approaches to the oral cavity. Explain the anatomical basis for surgical options in the oral cavity. List the anatomical steps for surgical procedures in the oral cavity. What is the anatomical basis for complications of surgery in the oral cavity? Revise the venous drainage of the nose and state its clinical significance. Revisit the lymphatic drainage and lymph node groups of the face and scalp. Review the relevant anatomy of the external nose in relation to surgical nasal procedures. State the anatomical basis of signs and symptoms in clinical conditions of the external nose. Explain the anatomical basis of the choice of diagnostic tests & investigations in conditions of the external nose. List the anatomical considerations for surgical approaches for nasal reconstruction. Explain the anatomical basis for surgical options in external nose jobs. List the anatomical steps for surgical procedures in rhinoplasty. State the anatomical basis for complications of surgery of the external nose. On a hemi-face section with turbinates that have been cut out and meatuses are exposed, study the features presented in each meatus and identify the characteristic features of each meatus. Review the relevant anatomy of the nasal cavity in relation to nasal cavity conditions. State the anatomical basis of signs and symptoms in clinical conditions of the nasal cavity. Explain the anatomical basis of the choice of diagnostic tests & investigations in conditions of the nasal septum. List the anatomical considerations for surgical approaches to the nasal cavity. Explain the anatomical basis for surgical options in nasal turbinate surgery. List the anatomical steps for surgical procedures in septoplasty. State the anatomical basis for complications of surgery of the nasal cavity. Discuss the relevant anatomy of each of the paranasal sinuses with respect to surgical conditions. State the anatomical basis of signs and symptoms in clinical conditions of each of the paranasal sinuses. Explain the anatomical basis of the choice of diagnostic tests & investigations in conditions of the paranasal sinuses. List the anatomical considerations for surgical approaches to each paranasal sinus. Explain the anatomical basis for surgical options in paranasal sinus surgery. List the anatomical steps for functional endoscopic sinus surgery. State the anatomical basis for complications of FESS. Review the branches of the external and internal carotid arteries and
