HEA1091 levels of organisation - basic chemistry of the cell SP 2023 V6.pptx

OFFICI AL Levels of organisation – Atoms, elements & compounds It’s easier for us if we call this topic: Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Sarah Perkin Overview OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Today we will take a look at:  Atoms & molecules  The periodic table  Atomic bonding  What makes...

OFFICI AL Levels of organisation – Atoms, elements & compounds It’s easier for us if we call this topic: Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Sarah Perkin Overview OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Today we will take a look at:  Atoms & molecules  The periodic table  Atomic bonding  What makes an organic molecule 2 OFFICI AL Relevance to practice Basic Chemistry for Bioscience An understanding of these chemical level of organization concepts  feeds into your understanding of key A&P concepts. 3 OFFICI AL Relevance to practice Basic Chemistry for Bioscience 4 OFFICI AL Relevance to practice Basic Chemistry for Bioscience  Chemistry is all around us - everything you, your pt, drugs are made from are made from atoms  Controls basic processes – your DNA, proteins etc are made up of atoms, bonded together  Diseases – involve processes at the molecular level  Drugs we can administer – interact with proteins on the surface of cells called receptors 5 OFFICI AL Next – lets focus on: Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Atoms 6 Atoms OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Atom = the smallest particle of a chemical element They are the foundation of matter. Matter is everything that makes up the universe. 3.2.1/3.2.2 Describe the differences between elements, compounds and mixtures. - Yo 7 uTube Atoms OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Let’s meet – The most basic atom: Hydrogen 8 Atoms OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Each type of atom is made from a pure substance called an element. Atom means – can’t be cut! Greek for: A- = not -tom = to cut 9 OFFICI AL Next – lets focus on: Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Elements 10 Elements OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Element = a pure substance made from only one type of atom. As you saw Helium is a particle made up of one atom of helium. So what is carbon? 11 Elements OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience What charges do each of these parts of an atom have: Proton + Neutron no charge Electron - 12 Elements OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Mini-wb In this example How many are there: Protons = Neutrons = Electrons = 13 Elements OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Mini-wb In this example How many are there: Protons = 3 Neutrons = 3 Electrons = 3 14 OFFICI AL Knowledge & understanding Mini-wb Ready for an Activity Basic Chemistry check for Bioscience Which of these are best described as: Atoms Elements Molecules Helium Hydrogen gas Water 15 OFFICI AL Knowledge & understanding Mini-wb Ready for an Activity Basic Chemistry check for Bioscience Which of these are best described as: Atoms - helium Elements – helium & hydrogen Molecules – hydrogen & water Helium Hydrogen gas Water 16 Knowledge check OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Which of these are: Atoms Elements Compounds 17 OFFICI AL Next – lets focus on: Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Molecules 18 Molecule OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience A particle with multiple atoms e.g. hydrogen gas is made from 2 hydrogen atoms Does a molecule have to be made from atoms of just the same element? No Water – is made from which 2 types of atoms 19 OFFICI AL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgD9yHSJ29I Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Molecules Time: 2.52  3.18 20 OFFICI AL Next – lets focus on: Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Ions 21 Ion OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience An atom or molecule that has an electrical charge Atomic number is the number of electrons = the charge 22 OFFICI AL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgD9yHSJ29I Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Intro to bonding Time: 0.00  0.24 23 OFFICI AL Next – lets focus on: Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Ionic Bonds 24 Ionic bonds OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Transfer of electrons Either donates or receives an electron Permanently! 25 OFFICI AL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgD9yHSJ29I Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Ionic – intro: Time: 0.24  0.43 26 OFFICI AL Next – lets focus on: Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Covalent Bonds 27 OFFICI AL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgD9yHSJ29I Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Covalent Intro: Time: 1.14  1.31 28 Covalent bonds OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Share electrons 29 Bonds OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Spot the difference 30 OFFICI AL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgD9yHSJ29I Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Covalent further: Time: 1.32  1.39 31 OFFICI AL Next – lets focus on: Basic Chemistry for Bioscience How do atoms bond? 32 Atoms OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Atomic structure Only the electrons in the outermost shell participate in bonding 33 OFFICI AL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgD9yHSJ29I Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Video clip: Time: 1.39  2.12 34 OFFICI AL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgD9yHSJ29I Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Some examples of bonds: Time: 2.12  2.42 35 OFFICI AL Next – lets focus on: Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Compounds 36 Compunds OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Here is a compound you are very familiar with: 37 Compounds Mini-wb In this example Oxygen has: Protons = 8 OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Neutrons = 8 Electrons = 8 Hydrogen has: Protons = 1 Neutrons = 0 (don’t worry about this, its mass no. – atomic no.) Electrons = 1 38 Compounds OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Mini-wb In this example Oxygen has: Protons = Neutrons = Electrons = Hydrogen has: Protons = Neutrons = Electrons = 39 OFFICI AL Next – lets focus on: Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Enzymes 40 Enzymes OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Every cell requires hundreds of biochemical reactions to survive and carry out its function. Nearly all of these are catalyzed by large globular proteins called enzymes. 41 Enzymes OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Specialist proteins Active site: Most enzymes are very large molecules but only a small part of them (a cleft on the surface) is involved in catalysis. This is called the active site and it may consist of just a few amino acids. 42 OFFICI AL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUncqL1ul8Q Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Enzymes: Time: 0.10  4.12 43 OFFICI AL Next – lets focus on: Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Acids & bases 44 pH basics OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range: 0 – 14 7 = neutral 7 = Alkaline (a base). pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen (H+) ions. 45 Acids & Bases OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience An acid = any hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance. A base = a substance capable of accepting a hydrogen ion from an 46 OFFICI AL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5Mq_cL9Bck Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Intro pH, acids & bases: Time: 0.07  1.08 47 OFFICI AL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5Mq_cL9Bck Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Continued… pH, acids & bases: Time: 1.08  2.35 48 OFFICI AL Basic Chemistry for Bioscience Any questions? 49