HCM-340 Managerial Epidemiology and Population Health Exam 2 Study Guide PDF

**HCM-340 Managerial Epidemiology and Population Health** Exam 2 Study Guide **Exam Format:** The exam will be 41 questions. 35 questions will be multiple-choice/true-false, worth 2 points each and will cover all notes from Unit II. 6 questions will be calculation-based questions worth 5 points ea...

**HCM-340 Managerial Epidemiology and Population Health** Exam 2 Study Guide **Exam Format:** The exam will be 41 questions. 35 questions will be multiple-choice/true-false, worth 2 points each and will cover all notes from Unit II. 6 questions will be calculation-based questions worth 5 points each. There will also be a few bonus questions that will be short-answer. The information in your PowerPoint notes and the Guided Practice from lab 2 should be your primary focus when studying. You will be provided with the Formula Sheet from D2L to assist you, but no other notes will be allowed. A calculator will be available once you begin the exam.. **Chapter 6** - ***[What is epidemiology?]*** The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events in specified populations and how to control the problems of such events - ***[What does mortality measure? ]*** Death - ***[What does morbidity measure?]*** Sickness, illness, disability - ***[Who is the father of epidemiology? ]*** Hippocrates - ***[Who is considered the father of modern epidemiology?]*** John Snow - ***[What are the differences between endemic, and pandemic?]*** **Epidemic,** : Higher than expected disease incidence observed; typically short-lived - Infectious diseases - Workplace, environmental, or lifestyle conditions **Endemic** : Period of time when the expected incidence of disease is observed within a geographic area - Regularly/constantly occurring - Trackable/discernable pattern **Pandemic**: Exponential disease growth affecting several countries and populations - Widespread/international - High infection rate - Typically, a new pathogen - Minimal immunity in the population - ***[What are the different types of surveillance?]*** **Passive** - More common **Active** - Collection of data through interviews (seek out cases) **Population-Based** - Monitoring data for an entire population **Sentinel** - Focused on monitoring data for specific sub-populations or for specific diseases - ***[How are diseases reported? ]*** Physician County HD. State HD - CDC ***[How quickly do diseases get reported?]*** Different severity levels for reporting: - Within 3 hrs - Within 24 hrs - Within 7 days - Potential threats of bioterrorism = 3 hrs - ***[Quarantine]*** Separates and restricts the activities of people who have been exposed to a communicable disease Purpose -- prevent the spread before symptoms appear - ***[. Isolation]*** Separates those who have become ill from those who are healthy Purpose -- prevent the spread of disease from infected individuals to healthy individuals **Chapters 7** - ***[What W questions does descriptive epidemiology answer?]*** *What:* health issue of concern *Who:* person variables *Where*: place variables *When:* time variables *ANALYTIC* *Why/how:* causes, risk factors, modes of transmission - ***[Two fundamental assumptions of epidemiology]*** Disease is not randomly distributed Disease has causal and preventive factor - ***[What are the three variables in descriptive epidemiology? ]*** Person, Place, & Time variable - ***[What is the most important person variable?]*** Age - ***[What are secular trends?]*** long-term disease trends over several decades - Determine disease impact on a population - Plan appropriate services/resources - Can show if immunity is/has developed - ***[What are count? ]*** Simplest way to measure disease frequency Raw number of cases reported - ***[Can counts be used to make cross-population comparisons?]*** - ***[What is the 3-step epidemiological approach?]*** 1. Counting cases/ health events 2. Dividing by a denominator 3. Comparing rates over time or population **Chapter 8** - ***[Incidence vs prevalence -- what does each measure and how can each go down?]*** **Incidence** : Measures the frequency of disease over a specified period of time in a population Incidence can go down by slowing or preventing disease through intervention **Prevalence** The number of cases of a disease in a specific population at a particular time point Prevalence changes when people are cured or die - ***[Why do we measure frequency of death? ]*** 1. Incidence: amount of new cases 2. Prevalence: amount of existing or current case - ***[What can age and cause-specific mortality tell us?]*** Mortality rate limited to a particular age group Can help to show trends in disease severity and/or track on-set Measures frequency of death according to the cause of death Mortality rate from a specified cause for a population (ie. heart disease, COVID, diabetes, lymphoma\...) Helps to gauge public health efforts/education about diseases with higher deathrates - ***[What is standardization?]*** A set of techniques used to remove the effects of differences in age or other confounding factors when comparing two or more population - Know how to calculate the rates listed on your formula sheet. **Chapter 9** - ***[What is the purpose of analytic epidemiology? ]*** To investigate the causes and risk factors of diseases and health events To test hypotheses generated from descriptive epidemiology ***[Risk vs. Causation ]*** **Risk**: chance an event will occur **Causation**: something that makes something else happen Act or event that initiates or allows for a sequence of events that result in effect May be a singular act/event or a group of acts/even - ***[What is the most important guideline in Hill's Guidelines for Temporality?]*** Temporal Relationship- most important casuality - ***[Risk Association]*** Association: presence of a statistical relationship between the presence or absence of a risk factor and the presence or absence of disease Risk: probability that an individual will develop the disease or condition over some fixed period of time Use measures to establish strength of association (determine likelihood of causality) Measure association through Relative Risk with Case-Control Studies Odds Ratio with Cohort Studies - ***[What studies do we use Odds Ratio for? Relative Risk?]*** **Odd Ratio** To measure risks w observation tells researchers the odds of getting disease from exposure vs not being expose **Relative Risk** Measure used to compare the risk of a certain event (such as developing a disease) occurring in two different groups. Measure of incidence - Know how and when to calculate Odds Ratio vs. Relative Risk - What does an odds ratio greater than 1 mean? Less than 1? - What does a relative risk greater than 1 mean? Less than 1? **Unit II exam will be given during class on Thursday, October 10^th^ on D2L. You must be in class to take the exam. Reminder -- there are 4 exams, including the final, but only your top three exams are kept. You will be given the calculation questions on paper and will enter your final answer into D2L for grading.**