Virtue Ethics PDF

Virtue Ethics By: Ma. Krystyne Chalice M. Tulod, RN DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Virtue Ethics – A moral theory that focuses on the development of virtuous character. Virtues – Engrained...

Virtue Ethics By: Ma. Krystyne Chalice M. Tulod, RN DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Virtue Ethics – A moral theory that focuses on the development of virtuous character. Virtues – Engrained dispositions as to act by standards of excellence. In virtue ethics, character is the key to the moral life, for it is from a virtuous character that moral conduct and values naturally arise. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Virtue ethics can be traced all the way back to the likes of Plato, Confucius, Mencius and Aristotle in particular. A resurgence is seen starting in the second half of the century and continuing into the present day. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Cardinal Virtues Wisdom Honesty Courage Compassion Hope Caring Justice Responsibility Faith Integrity Love Discernment Charity Trustworthiness Temperance Prudence DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Nursing is an essential method for the determination of moral behavior. Virtues are a tendency to act, sound and judge that emerges from the nature capacity through proper training and exercise. Practice develops a pattern of behaving in a noble manner. Excellence in character depends on inspiration, deliberation, sound judgment, self-control and practice. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Virtue Ethics in Nursing One of the aim of philosophy is to cultivate in gifted people their potential intellectual and moral qualities The Nightingale Pledge: promise purity, faith, love, loyalty, devotion, temperance, and trustworthiness Good character is cornerstone of good nursing Nurse will act according to principle DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Nursing and Virtue Ethics Steady, unchangeable character internal to one’s identity Virtues: fidelity, honesty, integrity, humility, respect, compassion, prudence, and courage. Vices: pride, greed, cruel, unkind, dishonest, impatient, unjust and untruthful Gives direction for action Presents an account of right action DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Four obligations respecting the patient's privacy and protecting confidentiality communicating honestly about all aspects of the patient's diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis conducting an ethically valid process of informed consent advocating for the patient's expressed interests or best interests. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Six virtues  professional competence  honesty and integrity  caring and compassion  fairness and justice  respect and self-respect  courage. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Core Values of a Professional Nurse DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Professional values are the guiding beliefs and principles that influence your work behavior. These values may change over time and around different life events, your core beliefs should stay the same. Nurse’s professional values are acquired during socialization into nursing from codes of ethics, nursing experiences, teachers and peers. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Importance of core values as a professional nurse Professional nursing values were defined as important professional nursing principles of human dignity, integrity, altruism, and justice that serve as a framework for standards, professional practice, and evaluation. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Core values include: Altruism: It's a concern for the welfare & well-being of others. In professional practice altruism is reflected by the nurse's concern for the welfare of pts. Other nurses & other health care practitioners DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Core values include: Autonomy: It's the right to self-determination. Professional practice reflects autonomy when the nurse respects pts rights to make decisions about their health care. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Core values include: Autonomy: It's the right to self-determination. Professional practice reflects autonomy when the nurse respects pts rights to make decisions about their health care. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Core values include: Human dignity: It's the respect for the inherent worth & uniqueness of individuals & populations. In professional practice, human dignity is reflected when the nurse values & respects all the patients. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Core values include: Integrity: It’s acting in accordance with an appropriate code of ethics. Integrity is reflected in professional practice when the nurse is honest & provides care based on an ethical framework that is accepted within the profession. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Core values include: Social Justice: It’s upholding moral, legal & humanistic principles. This value is reflected in professional practice when the nurse works to assure equal treatment under the law & equal access to quality health care. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Other Values in Professional Nursing: The values every nurse should work to, known as the 'six Cs’. Care Compassion Competence Communication Courage Commitment DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Core Values of Nurse Advocacy Three core values help form the basis of nursing advocacy: Preserving human dignity Patient equality Freedom from suffering DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Values Clarification: Goal: The goal of "values clarification" is for you to become fully conscious of their influence, and to explore and honestly acknowledge what you truly value at this time in your life. This promotes personal growth by fostering awareness, empathy and insight. Principle: No one set of values is right for everyone. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Value Process: 1. Choosing (Cognitive) Chosen beliefs are: Freely, without outside pressure From among alternatives After reflecting and considering consequences. 2. Prizing (Affective) Chosen beliefs are prized and cherished. 3. Acting (Behavioral) Chosen beliefs are: Affirmed to others Incorporated into one’s behavior Repeated consistently in one’s life. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Behaviors that may indicate unclear values: 1. Ignoring a health professional’s advice 2. Inconsistent communication or behavior DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Thank you B Y: MA. K RYS T YN E C H A L IC E M. T U L O D , R N DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Other Relevant Ethical Principles By: Ma. Krystyne Chalice M. Tulod, RN DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Other Relevant Ethical DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Principles 1.Principle of Double Effect 2.Principle of Legitimate Cooperation 3.Principle of Common Good and Subsidiarity Principle of Double Effect DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Principle of Double Effect is sometimes invoked when an action has two effects (hence 'Double Effect) one good and the other harmful. The principle allows the action as morally permissible in those circumstances in which the harmful effect is not intended, but is a side- effect of the action. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE 4  Principle of Double Effect For an action to be ethically legitimate or justified, it must satisfy 4 conditions as required by the principle. 5 DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  1. The act must be ethically good or at least indifferent. Criteria to be considered an act is good: An act directed toward the right ultimate end. Choose an effective means to achieve that goal. The intention should be honest. 6 DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE 2. The agent's intention is to achieve directly the beneficial effect and even if there is a resulting harmful effect. Simply, the good effect must be "primus in intentione". Thus, the unforeseen harmful effect, though necessary, is not the direct intention sought but only as a side effect of an action. If that which is directly intended is wrong, then the act is wrong. 7 DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE 3. The beneficial effect must happen first or at least at the same time as the harmful effect. The good effect should never be a result of the bad effect If evil happens first before the good, then it could be understood as using evil means to achieve the good. 8 DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE 4. The foreseen beneficial effects must be equal to or greater than the foreseen harmful effects. The beneficial effect of an act must be greater in value or at least equal to the harmful effect. 9 DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Example in healthcare nursing: Administering high-dose pain medication to a terminally ill patient Scenario: A nurse administers a higher dose of morphine to a terminally ill patient to alleviate severe pain, knowing that the medication could potentially suppress respiration and hasten death. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Conditions of the Principle of Double Effect Applied: 1. The action itself must be morally good or neutral. Administering pain relief is a morally good action because it is aimed at alleviating suffering. 2. The nurse must intend only the good effect. The intention is to relieve the patient’s pain, not to hasten death. The death is a foreseen but unintended consequence. 11 DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Conditions of the Principle of Double Effect Applied: 3. The bad effect must not be the means to the good effect. Pain relief is achieved through the medication’s action, not by causing death. 4. There must be a proportionally grave reason for permitting the bad effect. The patient’s severe pain justifies the risk of potentially shortening life, as providing comfort aligns with palliative care principles. 12 DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Conditions of the Principle of Double Effect Applied: Outcome: The nurse's action is considered ethically justifiable under the Principle of Double Effect, as the primary goal is the patient’s comfort and dignity, even though the risk of death is recognized. 13 DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Principle of Legitimate Cooperation DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Principle of Legitimate Cooperation To achieve a well-formed conscience, one should always judge it unethical to cooperate formally with an immoral act 15 DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Principle of Legitimate Cooperation But one may sometimes judge it to be an ethical duty to cooperate materially with an immoral act (that is, only indirectly intend its harmful effect) when only in this way can greater harm be prevented, provided: 1. Formal Cooperation: Intentionally endorsing or supporting an unethical act. This type of cooperation is always considered morally wrong. 2. Material Cooperation: Providing assistance or involvement in an act without sharing the intention behind the act. 16 DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Example in Nursing: Scenario: A nurse is working in a hospital where elective abortions are performed, but the nurse personally opposes abortion for moral or religious reasons. Application of the Principle of Legitimate Cooperation: 1.Formal Cooperation (Not Permissible): 1. If the nurse were to actively participate in the procedure (e.g., by assisting in the surgery or administering medications directly related to the procedure), it would be considered formal cooperation because the nurse would be sharing in the intent of the act. This type of cooperation is generally not ethically permissible under this principle. 17 DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Example in Nursing: Scenario: A nurse is working in a hospital where elective abortions are performed, but the nurse personally opposes abortion for moral or religious reasons. 2. Material Cooperation (Permissible Under Certain Conditions): If the nurse's role involves indirect support, such as managing patient admissions, scheduling, or ensuring proper documentation, this may be considered material cooperation. While the nurse is not directly participating in the act, their role may contribute to the process in a remote manner. This cooperation is ethically permissible only if: It is necessary to maintain employment or fulfill job responsibilities. The nurse ensures their actions do not imply approval of the act. The nurse's involvement is as remote as possible from the moral objection. 18 DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Principle of Common Good and Subsidiarity DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Principle of Common Good in Nursing This principle focuses on the well-being of all members of the community, ensuring that healthcare resources and actions contribute to the overall welfare and dignity of everyone, not just individuals. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Example: A nurse working in a public health setting advocates for equitable distribution of vaccines during a pandemic. Instead of prioritizing privileged groups, the nurse ensures vulnerable populations, such as the elderly or immunocompromised, are prioritized to promote the health and safety of the entire community. This action supports the common good by addressing the needs of society as a whole, rather than individual preferences. 21 DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Principle of Subsidiarity in Nursing This principle emphasizes that decisions should be made at the most appropriate and localized level, empowering individuals and smaller groups to take responsibility, while higher authorities support them only when necessary. 22 DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Example: A nurse manager in a hospital delegates decision-making to bedside nurses regarding patient care plans within their unit. For instance, the nurses are trusted to decide how to rotate their shifts to ensure patients’ needs are met while maintaining their work- life balance. The hospital administration steps in only when issues arise that the nursing staff cannot address independently, such as securing additional resources during a staffing shortage. This approach respects the nurses’ autonomy while providing necessary support. 23 DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE thank you By: Ma. Krystyne Chalice M. Tulod, RN DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  The purpose of this course is to define the ethical principles and codes of ethics under which the nurse must practice nursing as well to outline issues of jurisprudence that apply to the field of nursing, including laws that impact nursing and healthcare. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Rules, Principles that guide nursing decisions or conduct in terms of the rightness or wrongness of the decisions or actions. Serves the purpose of governing conduct to ensure the protection of individual’s rights. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Strictly speaking, morality is used to refer to what we would call Moral Standards and Moral Conduct. While ethics is used to refer to the formal study of those standards and conduct. For this reason, the study of ethics is also often called “MORAL PHILOSOPHY” DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Utilitarianism Deontology Teleology DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE - A theory that suggests actions are good or bad according to a clear set of rules. - Its name comes from the Greek word “deon”, meaning duty. - Actions that obey these rules are ethical, while actions that do not, are not. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE - This ethical theory is most closely associated with German philosopher, Immanuel Kant. - Most deontologists say there are two different kinds of ethical duties: perfect duties and imperfect duties. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  are inflexible.  do allow for some middle  “Do not kill innocent ground. people” is an example of a  “Learn about the world perfect duty. around you” is an imperfect  You can’t obey it a little – duty because we can all either you kill innocent spend different amounts of people or you don’t. time on education and each  There’s no middle ground. be fulfilling our obligation. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE - A nurse in a hospital is caring for a celebrity patient. A reporter offers the nurse a large sum of money to share information about the patient's medical condition. The nurse knows that revealing this information would bring public attention and possibly financial gain. However, the nurse is bound by the ethical duty of confidentiality, as outlined in the Code of Ethics for Nurses. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE - From Greek name “telos”, end, and “logos”, reason – explanation by references to some purpose, end, goal, or function. - Human conduct insofar as it is rational, is generally explained with reference to ends or goals pursued or alleged to be pursed. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Scenario: A Nurse and Patient Confidentiality A nurse in a hospital is caring for a celebrity patient. A reporter offers the nurse a large sum of money to share information about the patient's medical condition. The nurse knows that revealing this information would bring public attention and possibly financial gain. However, the nurse is bound by the ethical duty of confidentiality, as outlined in the Code of Ethics for Nurses. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Scenario: Allocating Limited Ventilators in a Pandemic During a severe pandemic, a hospital has only one ventilator left, but two patients critically need it: Patient A: A 70-year-old with multiple chronic illnesses. Patient B: A 30-year-old parent of two young children with a good chance of recovery. The healthcare team must decide who will receive the ventilator. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE - A specific teleological approach focused on maximizing overall happiness or minimizing overall suffering. - Its core idea is that whether actions are morally right or wrong depends on their effects. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE - Utilitarians believe that the purpose of morality is to make life better by increasing the good things (pleasure, happiness) and decreasing the bad things in the world (pain, unhappiness). DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Suggest that people suggests that people The notion that people choose actions that choose rules that when inherently know what is will in any given followed consistently right or wrong; circumstances will maximize the over determining what is not increase the over all- all good a matter of rational good. thought or learning DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE The greatest balance of The greatest happiness over good over evil pain The greatest happiness for the greatest number DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Scenario: Evacuation During a Flood A local government must decide how to allocate limited rescue resources during a massive flood. There are two affected areas: Area A: A small village with 10 elderly residents. Area B: A densely populated town with 100 residents, including families with children. The rescue team has the capacity to save only one area before the floodwaters rise further. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Principle of Bioethics By: Ma. Krystyne Chalice M. Tulod, RN DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Principle of stewardship and role of nurses as Stewa STEWARDESS rds  Is a person appointed in the place of another.  He/she takes charge of representing and protecting another’s interest , and sees to it that the service is carried out faithfully. O T H E R S STEWARDSHIP  NURSE LEADERS AS STEWARDS LEADERS ARE:  ORIENTED TO SELF Reflects the value of individualism perceive themselves as the decision makers and others as implementers  SYSTEM-ORIENTED LEADERS Reflects the value of collectivism priority the well-being of the organization, show respect to all members DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  NURSE LEADERS AS STEWARDS  In order for nurses to influence decision making at the point of service, there is a need to invigorate nursing leadership  Storch urges nurses to establish health care environments that promote value-based nursing practice by recognizing that – who one is- One’s moral character is essential Kowalski and Yoder-Wise identify character as a core characteristic of a leader  Parse writes that leadership is grounded in the leaders’ qualities DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE IN HEALTH CARE PRACTICE Principle of Refers to the execution of stewardship and responsibility of the health care practitioners to look after, provide role of nurses necessary health care services and as Stewards promote the health and life of those entrusted to their care. STATE-ORIENTED DEFINITIONS The function of the government is responsible for the welfare and interest of the population, especially the trust and legitimacy with which its activities are viewed by the general public DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Stewards, as well as practicing nurses who seek to preserve and NURSE LEADERS AS promote values at the point of STEWARDS service, may influence managers in their decision about who ought to receive what services and how and thus influence change in health care organization DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE ROLE OF NURSES AS STEWARDS  PERSONAL A nurse who exercises stewardship at the point of service in accordance with Maclntyre's theory of virtue ethics will facilitate nurse’s justification of their shared value priorities within professional settings such as the Nursing code of ethics DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  SOCIAL Health care has been identified as one public priority- and nurses play a central role in delivering health care Nurses advocate for health promotion, educate patients and the public on the prevention of illness and injury, provide care and assist in cure, participate in rehabilitation, and provide support. No other health care professional has such a broad and far-reaching role DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  ECOLOGICAL The nursing profession is well positioned to tackle the challenges of waste reduction within hospital systems The healthcare sector generates a massive amount of waste, contributing to environmental issues, such as air and water pollution Nurses have the ability to use their trusted skill sets and lead the way for sustainable, healthy communities and environments which they serve DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  BIOMEDICAL BIOETHICS is a branch of applied ethics that refers the discipline dealing with the ethical implications of biological research and applications especially in the medicine. It involves issues relating to the beginning and end of human life DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Scenario: A nurse leader in a hospital recognizes that a decision regarding patient care policies disproportionately affects a marginalized group. The nurse NURSE LEADERS AS advocates for equitable resource STEWARDS distribution and engages the team to revise the policy. Application: Demonstrates a system- oriented leadership style, prioritizing organizational well-being and promoting collective respect. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Scenario: A nurse notices excess use of disposable medical supplies leading to significant waste. They initiate a Stewardship in sustainability program to educate staff about waste reduction and improve Health Care inventory management. Application: Aligns with the ecological responsibility of nurses to promote sustainable health practices and environmental stewardship. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Scenario: During a healthcare resource shortage, a nurse helps develop criteria to prioritize patient care Ethical Decision- based on medical need and prognosis, reflecting ethical stewardship Making principles. Application: Upholds bioethical values by ensuring decisions are value-based and justifiable, as emphasized in the role of nurses as stewards. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Scenario: A nurse organizes community workshops on preventing Advocating for lifestyle-related diseases like diabetes and hypertension. Public Health Application: Highlights the social role of nurses as stewards by advocating health promotion and disease prevention. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Thank you DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Virtue Ethics By: Ma. Krystyne Chalice M. Tulod, RN DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Confidentiality Refers to respecting and protecting patient information. Ensures that all personal, medical, and sensitive data are not disclosed without the patient’s consent unless legally or ethically mandated. Vital for maintaining trust between healthcare professionals and patients. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Confidentiality Application Nurses must safeguard patients’ private information shared during care. Example: Avoid discussing patient information in public spaces (e.g., elevators or hallways) and ensure electronic records are secure. When confidentiality may need to be breached (e.g., reporting communicable diseases or abuse), nurses must follow proper legal protocols. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Scenario: Confidentiality Case: A nurse posts a photo on social media with a caption: “Busy shift today with lots of new moms and babies!” The photo does not show any patients but includes identifiable parts of the hospital. Ethical Analysis: Confidentiality: Even though no specific patient information is revealed, the photo could indirectly identify the hospital or the patients. Sharing such content violates privacy policies. Non-Maleficence: This action might harm the hospital’s reputation or the patients’ trust in the facility. Fidelity: The nurse fails to uphold professional standards of maintaining patient and institutional confidentiality DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Veracity Truth-Telling and Right to Information: Refers to the obligation to be honest and provide accurate information to patients. Ensures that patients are well-informed to make decisions about their care. Balances the right of patients to know with the professional judgment of when and how to deliver information sensitively. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Veracity (Truth-Telling and Right to Information) Application: Nurses are expected to provide clear, accurate, and honest information to patients. Example: If a patient asks about their prognosis, nurses must provide truthful information while considering their readiness and emotional state. In situations where full disclosure may cause harm (therapeutic privilege), nurses collaborate with the healthcare team to decide the best approach. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Scenario: Veracity Case: A nurse is caring for a patient newly diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. The patient’s family asks the nurse not to disclose the diagnosis, fearing the patient will become depressed. Ethical Analysis: Veracity: The nurse has a duty to inform the patient about their condition to ensure informed decision-making. Beneficence: Balances the need to disclose with sensitivity, ensuring the patient receives the news in a supportive environment. Fidelity: Respecting both the patient’s rights and the family’s concerns requires careful communication. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPROD Fidelity Represents loyalty, faithfulness, and keeping commitments to patients. Healthcare providers must fulfill promises and act in the best interest of their patients. Includes maintaining confidentiality and upholding professional standards. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Fidelity Application: Nurses uphold promises to patients, such as following through on care plans or advocating for their needs. Example: If a nurse promises to return at a specific time, they must do so or inform the patient if delayed to maintain trust. Fidelity also includes loyalty to the nursing profession, such as adhering to ethical codes and institutional policies. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Scenario: Fidelity Case: A nurse promises a pediatric patient they will bring their favorite stuffed animal from the playroom after the patient’s procedure. The nurse forgets due to a busy shift. Application: Fidelity: The nurse apologizes and makes it a priority to bring the toy as promised, ensuring trust with the young patient. Justice: Even small promises matter, especially for vulnerable populations like children, to ensure equitable care and attention. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Justice Emphasizes fairness and equality in the distribution of healthcare resources. Involves ensuring that all patients are treated equitably regardless of their socioeconomic status, race, gender, or other factors. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Justice Application Nurses ensure fair allocation of time, attention, and resources, especially in resource-limited settings. Example: In triage during emergencies, prioritizing patients based on the severity of their condition rather than personal biases. Advocating for vulnerable populations (e.g., low-income or minority groups) to ensure equitable access to care. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Scenario: Justice Case: In a community health clinic with limited COVID-19 vaccines, nurses must decide which patients should receive the vaccine first. Application: Justice: The decision is based on established guidelines prioritizing high-risk groups (e.g., elderly, immunocompromised) rather than personal preferences. Non-Maleficence: Prevents harm by protecting those most vulnerable to severe illness. Beneficence: Promotes the well-being of the population by maximizing the vaccine’s impact DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Beneficence Focuses on promoting the well-being of patients. Encourages actions that benefit the patient, improve their health, and enhance their quality of life. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Beneficence Application: Nurses act to promote the patient’s best interests, often going beyond basic duties. Example: Encouraging a patient to adhere to their medication regimen or supporting mental health by fostering a caring and empathetic environment. Includes taking proactive measures to prevent illness, such as patient education about healthy lifestyles. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Scenario: Balancing Autonomy with Beneficence Case: A patient with diabetes decides to stop insulin therapy, saying, “I’m tired of all these injections.” Application: Autonomy: The nurse respects the patient’s right to make decisions about their body. Beneficence: Provides information on the potential consequences of stopping insulin and explores alternative solutions, like using less invasive delivery methods. Non-Maleficence: Ensures the patient understands the risks to minimize harm while respecting their decision. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Non-Maleficence The principle of "do no harm.“ Obliges healthcare providers to avoid causing harm to patients, whether through action or inaction. Guides professionals in weighing the risks and benefits of interventions to minimize harm. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Non-Maleficence Application: Nurses avoid actions or omissions that might cause unnecessary harm to patients. Example: Double-checking medication dosages to prevent errors, or advocating against invasive procedures that might have more risks than benefits. Nurses must continuously assess whether the benefits of an intervention outweigh its potential risks. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Scenario: End-of-Life Care and Ethical Principles Case: A terminally ill patient opts for palliative care instead of aggressive treatment, but their family insists on continuing all possible interventions. Application: Autonomy: Advocates for the patient’s right to make decisions about their own care. Fidelity: Supports the patient’s choices while addressing family concerns respectfully. Beneficence and Non-Maleficence: Focuses on providing comfort and dignity rather than causing unnecessary suffering through invasive treatments. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Thank you BY: MA. KR YST YN E C H AL IC E M. T U L O D , R N DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPROD Philippine Patients’ Bill of Rights  (1) Right to Appropriate Medical Care and Humane Treatment Every person has a right to health and medical care corresponding to his state of health, without any discrimination and within the limits of the resources, manpower and competence available for health and medical care at the relevant time. The patient has the right to appropriate health and medical care of good quality. In the course of such care, his human dignity, convictions, integrity, individual needs and culture shall be respected.  If any person cannot immediately be given treatment thatis medically necessary he shall, depending onhis state of health, either be directed to wait for care, or be referred or sent for treatment elsewhere, where the appropriate care can be provided. If the patient has towaitfor care, heshall be informed of the reason for the delay.  (2) Right to Informed Consent The patient has a right to a clear, truthful and substantial explanation, in a manner and language understandable to the patient, of all proposed procedures, whether diagnostic, preventive, curative, rehabilitative or therapeutic, wherein the person who will perform the said procedure shall provide his name and credentials to the patient, possibilities of any risk of mortality or serious side effects  Informed consent shall be obtained from a patient concerned if he is of legal age and of sound mind. In case the patient is incapable of giving consent and a third party consent is required, the following persons, in the order of priority stated hereunder, may give consent: i. spouse; ii. son or daughter of legal age; iii. either parent; iv. brother or sister of legal age, or v. guardian If a patient is a minor, consent shall be obtained from his parents or legal guardian.  (3) Right To Privacy and Confidentiality.- The privacy of the patients must be assured at all stages of his treatment. The patient has the right to be free from unwarranted public exposure, except in the following cases: a) when his mental or physical condition is in controversy and the appropriate court, in its discretion, orders him to submit to a physical or mental examination by a physician; b) when the public health and safety so demand; and c) when the patient waives this right.  a) when such disclosurewill benefit public healthand safety; b) when itis in the interestof justice and upon the order of a competent court; and c) when the patients waives in writing the confidential nature of such information; d) when it is needed for continued medical treatmentor advancementof medical science  (4) Right to Information.- In the course of his/her treatment and hospital care, the patient or his/her legal guardian has a right to be informed of the result of the evaluation of the nature and extent of his/her disease  The patient or his legal guardian has the rightto examine and be givenan itemized billof the hospital and medical services rendered in the facility or by his/her physician and other health care providers, regardless of the manner and sourceof payment.Heis entitled to a thorough explanation of such bill  (5) The Right To Choose Health Care Provider and Facility.- The patient is free to choose the health care provider to serve him as well as the facility except when s/he is under the care of a service facility or when public health and safety so demands or when the patient expressly or impliedly waives this right.  He also has the right to seek for a second opinion and subsequent opinions, if appropriate, from another health care provider/practitioner.  (6) Right to Self-Determination.- The patient has the right to avail himself/her self of any recommended diagnostic and treatment procedures. Any person of legal age and of sound mind may make an advance written directive for physicians to administer terminal care when he/she suffers from the terminal phase of a terminal illness  (7)Right to Religious Belief. -The patient has the right to refuse medical Treatment or procedures which may be contrary to his religious beliefs, subject to the limitations described in the preceding subsection  (8) Right to Medical Records.- The patient is entitled to a summary of his medical history and condition, He has the right to view the contents of his medical records, except psychiatric notes and other incriminatory information obtained about third parties, with the attending physician explaining contents thereof  (9)Right to Leave.- The patient has the right to leave a hospital or any other health care institution regardless of his physical condition: Provided, That a) he/she is in formed of the medical consequences of his/her decision; b) he/she releases those involved in his/her care from any obligation relative to the consequences of his decision; c) his/her decision will not prejudice public health and safety.  (10)Right to Refuse Participation in Medical Research.- The patient has the right to be advised if the health care provider plans to involve him in medical research, including but not limited to human experimentation which may be performed only with the written informed consent of the patient.  (11) Right to Correspondence and to Receive Visitors - The patient has the right to communicate with relatives and other persons and to receive visitors subject to reasonable limits prescribed by the rules and regulations of the health care institution.  (12) Right to Express Grievances.- The patient has the right to express complaints and grievances about the care and services received without fear of discrimination or reprisal and to know about the disposition of such complaints. (13)Right to be Informed of His Rights and Obligations as a Patient Every person has the right to be informed of his rights and obligations as a patient. Virtue Ethics By: Ma. Krystyne Chalice M. Tulod, RN DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  Ethics – philosophical ideals of right and wrong behavior. Ethics is not religion or law Nurses have a duty to practice ethically and morally Tells us how human beings should behave, not necessarily what they do. Not a religion, not law, but both of these can be the basis of ethical decisions that you make. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  DEFINITON Ethical issues are concerned with the motive behind a behaviour It is the part of philosophy that deals with the rightness or wrongness of human behaviour Ethics usually refers to a standardized code as a guide to behaviour DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  There are a number of principles that serve as the foundation for ethical decision making in nursing/midwifery care In some situations, two or more principles conflict with each other as such, making a decision under these circumstances become very difficult DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE  There are a number of principles that serve as the foundation for ethical decision making in nursing care. In some situations, two or more principles conflict with each other as such, making a decision under these circumstances become very difficult DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Understanding Autonomy in Nursing Ethics Definition: Respecting a patient's right to make their own decisions. Importance: Central to patient-centered care and ethical nursing practices. Key principles: Informed consent, respect for personal decisions, and promoting independence. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Applications of Autonomy in Nursing Ensuring informed consent during treatment planning. Advocating for patient choices in care settings. Balancing autonomy with beneficence and nonmaleficence. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Scenario: Autonomy A terminally ill patient refuses aggressive treatment despite family opposition. Ethical response: Respect the patient's decision while providing supportive care. Takeaway: Autonomy ensures dignity and self- determination. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Understanding Patient’s Rights Ensuring informed consent during treatment planning. Advocating for. Balancing autonomy patient choices in care settingswith beneficence and nonmaleficence. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Applications of Patient’s Rights in Nursing Educating patients about their rights during care. Protecting patient confidentiality and privacy. Respecting a patient’s decision to accept or decline treatment. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Scenario: Patient’s Rights in Action Scenario: A patient requests full access to their medical records, raising concerns about a treatment plan. Ethical response: Provide access to records, explain the plan, and respect the patient’s informed decisions. Takeaway: Upholding patient’s rights fosters trust and transparency. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Applications of Autonomy in Nursing Ensuring informed consent during treatment planning. Advocating for patient choices in care settings. Balancing autonomy with beneficence and nonmaleficence. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Understanding Informed Consent Definition: The process by which a patient voluntarily agrees to a proposed medical treatment or procedure. Importance: Ensures patient autonomy and ethical healthcare practices. Key principles: Full disclosure, comprehension, competence, and voluntary agreement. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Applications of Informed Consent in Healthcare Providing detailed information about treatment options and risks. Ensuring patient comprehension through clear communication. Respecting patient autonomy and allowing refusal of treatment. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Scenario: Informed Consent in Action Scenario: A patient with a chronic illness is presented with multiple treatment options. Ethical response: Provide detailed explanations of risks and benefits for each option. Takeaway: Ensure the patient fully comprehends and makes an informed decision. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Understanding Proxy/Legally Acceptable Representative Definition: An individual authorized to make healthcare decisions on behalf of a patient. Importance: Ensures decision- making for patients unable to express their wishes. Key considerations: Legal authority, patient’s best interests, and ethical principles. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Applications of Proxy Decision-Making in Healthcare Acting on behalf of incapacitated patients. Making informed decisions aligned with the patient’s wishes. Collaborating with healthcare providers to uphold patient autonomy. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Scenario: Proxy Decision-Making in Action Scenario: A patient in a coma requires immediate medical intervention, and the proxy must decide. Ethical response: The proxy consults medical experts and considers prior directives. Takeaway: Proxies must prioritize the patient’s values and preferences. DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE Thank you B Y: M A. KR YSTYN E C H A LI C E M. TU LO D , R N DO NOT UPLOAD/ SHARE OR REPRODUCE