HCAP LU 3 - Introduction to Inflammation Activity PDF

Faculty of Nursing and Ancillary Healthcare HCAP LU 3 –Introduction to Inflammation Activity sheet Complete the following twelve (12) activities related to the Immune system: Nonspecific (Innate) Body Defences 1. Complete the following statements by inserting your answers in th...

Faculty of Nursing and Ancillary Healthcare HCAP LU 3 –Introduction to Inflammation Activity sheet Complete the following twelve (12) activities related to the Immune system: Nonspecific (Innate) Body Defences 1. Complete the following statements by inserting your answers in the answer blanks. The three major elements of the body’s nonspecific defence system are: the (1) __________________________, consisting of the skin and _________________________; defensive cells, such as (2) __________________________ and phagocytes; and a whole deluge of (3) __________________________. 2. Indicate the sites of activity or the secretions of the nonspecific defences by writing the correct terms in the answer blanks. 1. Lysozyme is found in the body secretions called __________________ and _______________. 2. Fluids with an acid pH are found in the __________________ and _________________. 3. Sebum is a product of the _______________________ glands and acts at the surface of the __________________________. 4. Mucus is produced by mucus-secreting glands found in the respiratory and __________________________ system mucosae. 3. The diagram below details the events involved in the inflammatory response. Assume the following events have already occurred: tissue injury and invasion of microbes, and release of inflammatory chemicals by mast cells. Each subsequent event is represented by a square with one or more arrows. (A) From the list below, write the correct number in each event square in the figure. (B) Colour-code and colour the structures that appear below the numbered list. 1. White blood cells are drawn to the injured area by the release of inflammatory chemicals. 2. Tissue repair occurs. 3. Local blood vessels dilate, and the capillaries become engorged with blood. 4. Phagocytosis of microbes occurs. Page 1 of 7  Faculty of Nursing and Ancillary Healthcare 5. Fluid containing clotting proteins is lost from the bloodstream and enters the injured tissue area. 6. Diapedesis occurs. ○ Monocyte ○ Neutrophil(s) ○ Endothelium of capillary ○ Epithelium ○ Macrophage ○ Microorganisms ○ Erythrocyte(s) ○ Subcutaneous tissue ○ Fibrous repair tissue 4. Match the terms in Column B with the descriptions of the nonspecific defences of the body in Column A. More than one choice may apply. Page 2 of 7  Faculty of Nursing and Ancillary Healthcare Column A Column B 1 Have antimicrobial activity A Acids 2 Provide mechanical barriers B Lysozyme 3 Provide chemical barriers C Mucosae 4 Entraps microorganisms entering D Mucus the respiratory passages 5 Part of the first line of defence E Protein-digesting enzymes F Sebum G Skin 5. Check (✓) all phrases that correctly describe the role of fever in body protection. ______ 1. Is a normal response to pyrogens ______ 2. Protects by denaturing tissue proteins ______ 3. Reduces the availability of iron and zinc required for bacterial proliferation ______ 4. Increases metabolic rate 6. Using the key choices, complete the crossword puzzle by answering each of the clues provided. Key Choices Chemotaxis Eosinophils Inflammatory chemicals Diapedesis Fibrin mesh Macrophages Edema Histamine Neutrophils Across 2. Results from accumulation of fluid leaked from the bloodstream. 5. First phagocytes to migrate into the injured area. 6. Cellular migration directed by a chemical gradient. 7. Leukocytes pass through the wall of a capillary. Down 1. Walls off the area of injury. 3. Phagocytic offspring of monocytes. Page 3 of 7  Faculty of Nursing and Ancillary Healthcare 4. Inflammatory chemical released by injured cells. Specific (Adaptive) Body Defences: 7. Complete the following statements relating to antigens by writing the missing terms in the answer blanks. Antigens are substances capable of mobilizing the (1). Of all the foreign molecules that act as complete antigens, (2) are the most potent. Small molecules are not usually antigenic, but when they bind to self-cell surface proteins, they may act as (3), and then the complex is recognized as foreign, or (4). 8. Using the key choices, select the term that correctly completes each statement. Insert the appropriate term or letter in the answer blanks. Page 4 of 7  Faculty of Nursing and Ancillary Healthcare Key Choices A. Antigen(s) D. Cellular G. Lymph nodes B. B cells E. Humoral H. Macrophages C. Blood F. Lymph I. T cells Immunity is resistance to disease resulting from the presence of foreign substances or (1) in the body. When this resistance is provided by antibodies released to body fluids, the immunity is called (2) immunity. When living cells provide the protection, the immunity is referred to as (3) immunity. The major actors in the immune response are two lymphocyte populations, the (4) and the (5). Phagocytic cells that act as accessory cells in the immune response are the (6). Because pathogens are likely to use both (7) and (8) as a means of getting around the body, (9) and other lymphatic tissues (which house the immune cells) are in an excellent position to detect their presence. 9. T cells and B cells exhibit certain similarities and differences. Check (✓) the appropriate spaces in the table below to indicate the lymphocyte type that exhibits each characteristic. Page 5 of 7  Faculty of Nursing and Ancillary Healthcare 10. Determine whether each of the following situations provides, or is an example of, active or passive immunity. If passive, write P in the blank; if active, write A in the blank. ______ 1. An individual receives polio vaccine. ______ 2. Antibodies migrate through a pregnant woman’s placenta into the vascular system of her foetus. ______ 3. A student nurse receives an injection of gamma globulin (containing antibodies to the hepatitis virus) after she has been exposed to viral hepatitis. ______ 4. This is a “borrowed” immunity. ______ 5. Immunological memory is provided. ______ 6. An individual suffers through chickenpox. 11. There are several important differences between primary and secondary immune response(s). If the following statements best describe a primary response, write P in the blank; if a secondary response, write S in the blank. ______ 1. The initial response to an antigen; gearing-up stage ______ 2. Lag period of several days before antibodies specific to the antigen appear in the bloodstream ______ 3. Antibody levels increase rapidly and remain high for an extended period ______ 4. Immunological memory established ______ 5. The second, third, and subsequent responses to the same antigen 12. Several populations of T cells exist. Match the terms in Column B to the descriptions in Column A. Place the correct term or letter response in the answer blanks. Page 6 of 7  Faculty of Nursing and Ancillary Healthcare Column A Column B 1 Binds with and releases chemicals A Helper T cell that activate B cells, T cells, and macrophages 2 Activated by recognizing both its B Cytotoxic T cell antigen and a self-protein presented on the surface of a macrophage 3 Turns off the immune response C Regulatory T cell when the “enemy” has been routed 4 Directly attacks and lyses cellular D Memory T cell pathogens 5 Initiates secondary response to a recognized antigen Page 7 of 7