HBS Review PDF

2.2.1 -​ Overall functions of the different glands and organs of the endocrine system -​ Pineal gland: Regulates sleep/wake cycles and secretes the hormone melatonin -​ Hypothalamus: Releases hormones to help with reproduction, thyroid, regulation, growth, emotions, water levels i...

2.2.1 -​ Overall functions of the different glands and organs of the endocrine system -​ Pineal gland: Regulates sleep/wake cycles and secretes the hormone melatonin -​ Hypothalamus: Releases hormones to help with reproduction, thyroid, regulation, growth, emotions, water levels in the body, and our response to stress. -​ Pituitary gland: Releases several hormones that relate to growth, metabolism, reproduction, stress or trauma responses, lactation, water balance, and child birth. -​ Thyroid gland: Plays a major role in growth and development of the human body & metabolism. -​ Thymus: Makes white blood cells up until puberty, when all the t-cells you need have been made. Also releases hormones that control the pituitary gland. -​ Adrenal gland: Releases hormones that help regulate the body’s response to stress as well as metabolism, blood pressure, and the immune system. -​ Pancreas: Creates enzymes to break down sugars, fats, and starches as well as hormones that regulate blood sugar, appetite, stomach acid, and when to empty your stomach. -​ Ovaries: Produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone which regulate reproduction and menstruation. -​ Know vocab words -​ Difference between endocrine gland and exocrine gland An endocrine gland releases hormones directly into the bloodstream without ducts, while an exocrine gland secretes substances through ducts onto the body surface or into a body cavity. If the endocrine system has a problem it can mess up the other systems as well. For example, too much thyroid hormone makes your metabolism speed up, causing a faster and higher blood pressure impacting your heart & blood vessels. -​ Feedback loops how the insulin glucagon ties in ​ ​ ​ ​ 2.2.3 -​ Target cell -​ The beginning -​ Know pictures of glands -​ Procedure 1,2,3 -​ Calculating change ​ ​ ​ 2.2.4 Patients symptoms (error in communication) what disease  -​ Hypocalcemia which is a deficiency of calcium in the bloodstream it is a condition in which the blood has little to no calcium also caused by lack of vitamin D. Symptoms: Muscle cramps Confusions muscle weakness tingling in lips & fingers Fatigue irritability dry and scaly scalp brittle nails Depression Abnormal heart rhythm Seizures. It can affect people of all ages, even infants. An issue with your parathyroid hormone (PTH) which is the calcium source that helps regulate calcium levels in your blood. Treatments: eating foods rich in calcium and vitamin D. Addison’s disease: Autoimmune disease where adrenal glands becomes damaged and doesn't produce cortisol Symptoms Fatigue muscle weakness low mood or irritability loss of appetite increased thirst craving salty foods Diarrhea and vomiting abdominal pain darker skin complexion Depression image distortion. Adrenal glands are damaged which reduces the level of hormones it produces No cure but there are treatments for help like medications like steroids and or hormone replacement therapy, and avoiding high sugar foods. You can generally live a normal life Error in communication: Affected by the adrenal gland It is an autoimmune disease where it attacks yourself like cortisol and aldosterone Hypopituitarism The causes are most likely due to a brain tumor, inheritance, and a lack of blood flow to the brain during birth. The uninteractive pituitary gland fails to produce enough hormones. Error in communication: When not enough of the growth hormone produced and sent through the body it can struggle to properly grow to its full size and function of its potential. Symptoms Frequent urination changes in body fat stunted growth excessive thirst Diagnostic tests: Blood testing to measure the level of hormones produced by the pituitary gland Stimulation/Dynamic testing, MRI, CT scans Treatments: Hormone replacement therapy, Radiation therapy, and External or Internal beam radiation therapy, Transsphenoidal surgery. Endocrinology challenge: Pituitary tumor or Pituitary adenoma The causes are mostly unknown, some of them though are from hereditary disorders and some due to changes in genes. Not cancerous and size of tumors can affect different things and also hormone levels can be affected. Symptoms: Gradual enlargement of his body tissue changing shape weight gain Error in communication: The size of the tumor pushing on other things Diagnostic tests: Urine test, MRI scan, CT scan, Vision scan Treatment: Dopamine and steroids, Surgery, Radiation therapy, and pituitary hormone replacement. You can live more of a normal life. Traumatic brain injury: These are mostly affected to the pituitary & pineal glands caused after extreme or repetitive force to the head usually in car accidents and sports. Symptoms Trouble sleeping often tired Gained 15 pounds within a few months on a healthy diet dry skin and sensitivity. Error in communication: Pituitary gland produces thyroid hormone which regulates the metabolism. Didn’t finish this one… Diagnostic tests: Blood tests, urine tests, MRI scan, and CT scan Treatments: Hormone replacement therapy, get medication, Rehabilitation therapy, and Lifestyle adjustments, symptom management, and regular endocrinologist visits. Thymic hyperplasia A congenital or acquired condition that can lead to other thymus related diseases. Myasthenia Gravis A chronic autoimmune disorder where the antibodies destroy the communication between nerves and muscles. Symptom: Shortness of breath Difficulty swallowing/chewing Problems with vision Loss of appetite Droopy eyelids Slurred speech Chest pain Difficulty making facial expressions Diagnosis test done: chest CT scan, MRI, nerves test, blood tests Thymus function: helps the development of your immune system and as you get older it backs off and gets replaced with fat cells. The thymus gland becomes inflamed and bigger. Error of communication occurs when the thymus gives incorrect instructions causing it to create immune cells incorrectly. This causes the thymus to produce antibodies that target acetylcholine receptors. CT scan would pick up an enlarged thymus.It can be treated if they correctly identify it and can live without your thymus gland. Graves Disease: Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that impacts the function of the thyroid gland, leading to excess hormone production. Symptoms: Weight loss, Increased appetite, Rapid/irregular heartbeat, Nervousness, irritability, Trouble sleeping, Shaky hands, Bulging eyes, Muscle weakness, Sweating/bad heat regulation, Frequent bowel Movement, Fatigue, and an enlarged thyroid gland Diagnosis tests: Blood test, radioactive iodine uptake, thyroid scan, thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin, and an ultrasound. Error of communication: The body's immune system mistakenly producing antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland to overproduce thyroid hormones, causing hyperthyroidism; essentially, the immune system is sending the wrong signal to the thyroid, leading to excessive hormone production.