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22/11/2020 The Beginnings of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Colonization of Spain and the USA Academic Psy...

22/11/2020 The Beginnings of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Colonization of Spain and the USA Academic Psychology taught in schools were predominantly Western Rizal and Mabini showed dissatisfaction regarding pejorative interpretation of Filipino behaviors by Filipino Psychology the Western Observers In 1960’s many Filipino intellectuals and scholars Sikolohiyang pilipino were already sensitive both to the inadequacy as well as the unfairness of the Western-oriented approaches to psychology. The Beginnings of Sikolohiyang Pilipino The Beginnings of Sikolohiyang Pilipino The Western approach in research is not being  Subsequently, the research included identifying enmeshed and bound by the culture indigenous concepts and approaches in Philippine 1970’s Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez returned to the psychology and developing creativity and Philippines from Northwestern University USA inventiveness among Filipinos. with a Ph.D. degree and lost no time in introducing the concept of Sikolohiyang Pilipino  From these researches, a two-volume (Filipino Psychology) bibliography on Filipino psychology and a locally He then, together with the chairman of the developed personality test: Department of Psychology at the University of  Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao the Philippines (U.P.), Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay  In 1975, Enriquez chaired the Unang Pambansang embarked on a research into the historical and Kumperensya sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino cultural roots of Philippine Psychology Indigenous psychology in the Philippines What is Filipino Psychology? When the US colonized the Philippines in the early 1900’s, it It is an Indigenous Psychology established the American educational system and language. With it came American psychology (Lagmay, 1984). The scientific study of the ethnicity, society and culture of a people and the application With the beginning of the nationalist movement, Filipino to psychological practice of indigenous psychologist in the 1960’s began confronting the issue of knowledge rooted in the people’s ethnic applicability of Western theories, concepts, and methods to heritage and consciousness. Filipino realities (Guthrie and Bulatao, 1963). The most important development in Filipino indigenous psychology was Virgilio G. Enriquez (1994). Pagbabangong-Dangal: Indigenous founding of the pambansangSamahan ng Sikolohiyang Psychology & Cultural Empowerment. Akademya ng Kultura at Pilipino (PSSP), or the National Association for Philippine Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Lungsod ng Quezon. Psychology. 1  22/11/2020 Sikolohiyang Pilipino (SP) What is Sikolohiyang Pilipino? Filipino Psychology, Virgilio Enriquez, 1970 Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored on Filipino thought and experience as understood from a Refers to the psychology born out of the experience, thought and orientation of the Filipinos, based on the full use of Filipino culture Filipino perspective (Enriquez, 1975). and language The approach is one of indigenization from within whereby the Sikolohiyang Pilipino is the scientific study of theoretical framework and methodology emerge from the experiences of the people from the indigenous culture psychology derived from the experience, ideas, It is based on assessing historical and sociocultural realities, and cultural orientation of Filipinos. understanding the local language, unraveling Filipino characteristics, and explaining them through the eyes of the native Filipino (Pe – Pua and Protacio – Marcelino, 2000) “Sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan, at oryentasyo ng Pilipino, batay sa kabuuang paggamit ng kultura at wikang Pilipino.” SP is an indigenous Asian psychology that It urged Filipino psychologist to confront social emphasizes identity and national consciousness, problems and national issues as well as to social awareness and involvement, psychology of utilize indigenous theories and methods. language and culture, and applications. The use of the Filipino language in SP as SP stressed the need for psychology to be ethical means of understanding Filipino culture was or respectful of the Filipino (makatao), to be integral, with language seen as reflecting relevant to Filipino social realities (makabuluhan), and to be culturally appropriate (angkop sa indigenous culture and promoting national kultura). culture. Who is Virgilio Enriquez? The search for the Filipino personality Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez The focus of local research on the Filipino – a.k.a Doc E. Itinuturing na Ama ng Sikolohiyang personality can be understood as a reaction to Pilipino the country’s colonial history, first with the Laking – Bulacan Spaniards, and then the Americans (Church, Nag-aral ng post-graduate studies sa ibang bansa 1987). There is a search for national identity Taong 1970s ng bumalik sa Pilipinas and a quest for national development. Established the Philippine Psychology Research and Training House (PPRTH) UP Department of Psychology Chair from 1977-1982 2  22/11/2020 Kapwa Unity of the self with others, is the central value that connects all the different Filipino values (Enriquez, 1978) What lies at the core of all Filipino values is the core value of kapwa, or shared identity. ENRIQUEZ’S KAPWA MODEL Pakikiramdam The English others is actually used in Heightened awareness and sensitivity, pivotal opposition to the self, and it implies the value of shared inner perception recognition of the self as a separate identity. Key interpersonal process that allows Filipinos to sense what the other is feeling and know when it In contrast, kapwa is a recognition of shared is appropriate to practice hiya, utangnaloob, and identity, Enriquez argues for a Filipino pakikisama psychology that begins with the concept of Feeling for another (Mataragnon, 1987) shared inner self, or a self with others Similar to the concept of empathy, sensitivity, and (Conaco, 2007) awareness and describe as measuring (pagtantya) of the other Pakikiramdam is an active process involving Sikolohiyang Pilipino is thus a psychology of, great care and deliberation in one’s action for, and by Filipinos, a psychology that is toward another applicable to Filipino everyday life (San Juan, He/she hesitates to react immediately, pays 2006). The Philippines is considered to have close attention to subtle cues and nonverbal the strongest and most articulate indigenous behavior, and practices mental role – playing psychology in Asia (Sinha, 1997). Being sensitive to nonverbal cues Inclination for indirect communication (euphemism) 3  22/11/2020 Universality of Psychology The use of English as the medium of instruction in psychology made possible the speedy introduction of American – oriented psychology and values. Filipinos began learning not only a new psychology, but a new culture The scientific character of psychology is accepted USAPIN AT USAPANG SP by Sikolohiyang Pilipino, but its universality is questioned by the Filipino as it is being questioned elsewhere. When we are talking about Sikopil, we are talking about Indigenization from within? Looking for the indigenous psychology from within the culture itself and not just clothing a foreign body with a local dress Emphasized the major role of language as a tool for fairly and clearly bringing out and studying Filipino psychological constructs and social realities SIkopil to the taong – bahay, a committed person who has a role and meaning in the household, rather than just a temporary occupant of the house. TAO SA BAHAY / TAONG – BAHAY? 4  22/11/2020 Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas Lahat ng mga pag-aaral, libro (texbook), at sikolohiyang makikita sa Pilipinas, banyaga man o makapilipino. PINAGKAIBA NG … ang kabuuang anyo ng sikolohiya sa kontekstong Pilipino – KANLURANIN Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas Sikolohiya ng Pilipino Sikolohiyang Pilipino Sikolohiya ng Pilipino Sikolohiyang Pilipino Lahat ng mga pag-aaral, pananaliksik at mga Nilalayong anyo ng sikolohiya sa Pilipinas. konsepto sa sikolohiya na may kinalaman sa Sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan at mga Pilipino. orenyentasyong Pilipino (KKO) palasak na anyo; product of the Filipino cultural experience, refers to theories/research on the social cognition, and orientation psychology of the Filipino done by both local and foreign researchers (utang na loob, hiya) Development of indigenous personality measure Later, Enriquez defined it as Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao culturally sensitive in its assessment of the “the study of diwa (psyche), which in Filipino Filipino personality directly refers to the wealth of ideas referred – Lakas ng loob, mahirap kausapin, pikon, to by the philosophical concepts of “essence” mapagtimpi, pagkamausisa, malikhain and an entire range of psychological concepts from awareness to motives to behavior. 5  22/11/2020 Indigenous research method 5 levels of interaction Pakapa-kapa Level of interaction or relationship that exists – characterized by groping, searching and probing between the researcher and researched significantly determines the quality of the data into an unsystematized mass of social and cultural obtained in the research process data to obtain order, meaning, and directions for (pakikipagpalagayang – loob) research – Pagtatanong – tanong, pakikipagkwentuhan, ginabayang talakayan, nakikigaling pagmamasid, Research participants should always be treated pakikisama, pagdalaw – dalaw, panunuluyan by researchers as equal, if not superior whose sole function is to provide data (patanong – tanong, should be with respect) The primary ethical responsibility of researchers should be to the people and not to their institution or funding agency (if it will harm participants, stop!) Researchers cannot expect people to adjust to the method; the method should adjust to the people (pakikiramdam – sensitivity to how method will work) UNIVERSALITY OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO It is in their own mother tongue that a person can truly express their innermost sentiments, ideas, perceptions, and attitudes (if interpreters are needed, get one!) Through the discovery and use of indigenous Sikopil attempts not only to test hypotheses concepts and methods, Sikopil is contributing to based on western theories but rather to a truly universal psychology which is based on a new set of principles: diversity and equality generate its own set of hypotheses, theories, and body of knowledge. It has started that – Diversity because it is a psychology that is drawn from long process through its articulation and the experiences and particularities of various clarification of new concepts and methods countries and cultures. that have been considered meaningful not only for Filipinos but also for some other Asian – Equality because it respects these various cultures as well. psychologies equally valid, important, and relevant and does not attempt to impose its ideas to others. 6  22/11/2020 Limits of Western Concepts & Methods Issue Applicability of the Western theories and principles taught as well as the research concepts and methods used in the Philippine setting. ANG PAGLAGO NG SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO Timothy Church (1985) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City. Limits of Western Concepts & Methods Limits of Western Concepts & Methods The limits of Western social research The limits of applicability of Western methods in rural Philippines: The need for concepts, values and methods in the social innovation sciences to the concrete realities of Asian societies. Gloria D. Feliciano (1965) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, Metodo at Gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Augusto C. Espiritu (1968) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of Press: Quezon City. Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) (1990) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City. Sikolohiyang Pilipino Primary areas of protests of from a movement to an academic discipline Sikolohiyang Pilipino Principal emphasis in psychology It is against Identity and national consciousness a psychology that perpetuates the colonial Social awareness and involvement status of the Filipino mind Psychology of language and culture Applications & bases of Filipino psychology a psychology used for the exploitation of (health practices, agriculture, art, religion) the masses Virgilio G. Enriquez (1992). From colonial to liberation psychology: the imposition of psychologies developed in The Philippine experience. University of the Philippines Press. QC foreign countries 7  22/11/2020 Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino On psychological practice On Science – Humanism issue conceptualization of psychological practice utilizes scientific methodology in the study in a Philippine context (industriya vs. of psychological phenomena kabuhayan; klinika vs. kalusugan) concerned not only with the universal validity of psychological science but also in concerned with folk practices, indigenous utilizing such for the purpose of serving the techniques of healing, popular religio- interest of all mankind, affording protection political movements to the disadvantaged Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino On Mentalism - Behaviorism issue On Analysis – Wholeness Issue uses both phenomenological & behavioristic methodologically leans on the side of concepts, but lesser emphasis on individual analysis but interprets the result of analysis experience and greater emphasis on the with a bias for wholeness collective experience (social context, political implications, cultural meaning of the study) attaches greater importance to kamalayan, subsidiary importance to ulirat Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a ‘taong-bahay’ Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a call Metaphor for the exercise of care in the adoption of foreign theories… “uncritical rejection is Sikolohiyang Pilipino can be explained just as dangerous as uncritical acceptance through a metaphor: (a characteristic way of of Western theories” clarifying concepts) – difference between tao sa bahay (person in the house) and for example: psychological problems are taong-bahay (house person). the same anywhere however, the sources of such problems differ greatly 8  22/11/2020 Lines of filiations in Psychology: the Western tradition Philippine psychological thought Academic-scientific psychology: Academic-scientific psychology: Western Wilhelm Wundt, the German tradition Academic-philosophical psychology: Clergy University of the Philippines (1908) Ethnic psychology: Indigenous psychology and other American traditional schools Psycho-medical system: Religion - cohesive element and explanation. Academic-philosophical psychology: Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at Thomistic philosophy and psychology kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila. University of Santo Tomas (1611) Ethnic psychology Psychology: the Filipino tradition Native psychological thought Indigenous psychology: kinagisnan and Ethnic psychology katutubong sikolohiya. Kinagisnang sikolohiya Psychology of Filipinos - perceived ethnic the subconscious psychology imbedded in traits, as observed by foreigners or as felt the native language, art, music, culture and and expressed by Filipinos. religion (one has been born into; unaware). e.g. kaluluwa at ginhawa The practice of psychology by Filipinos – Zeus A. Salazar (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at techniques of enculturation, socialization. gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). University of the Philippines Press: Quezon City. Psychology: the Filipino tradition Psychology: the Filipino tradition Ethnic psychology Ethnic psychology Katutubong sikolohiya Psychology of Filipinos- based on mainly psychology worked out by Filipinos with Western system of thought e.g. Spanish: indigenous elements as basis (innate to the Pigafetta’s quite objective observation of Filipino) e.g. Kartilya of the Katipunan, Jose the Filipinos in the Visayas (impressed by Rizal, Hermano Pule, Isabelo de los Reyes. them); American: Worcester’s view of the Filipinos as distinct ethnic groups different from one another as Christian and non- Katutubong sikolohiya and Kinagisnang Christian (pagans and Moros). sikolohiya constitute Katutubong sikolohiya 9  22/11/2020 Psychology: the Filipino tradition Psychology: the Filipino tradition Ethnic psychology Ethnic psychology Practice of psychology by Filipinos: Psycho-medical system: religion as cohesive a. indigenous techniques of enculturation/ element and explanation. socialization, e.g. myths for social control, (1565) Babaylan or Catalonan techniques of or as affected by Christianity or Islam. healing; disease theory, causation, therapy. b. proto-clinical practice, e.g. tagapayo, manghuhula, ancient techniques of group (1650) Messianic movements therapy that are still present (alternating (1730) Herbolaryo chants during wakes, poetry, consensus). (1900) Espiritista Filipino psychological knowledge Filipino Language Filipino Language “Enriquez does his theorizing in Filipino and does his writing in Pilipino; merely as a heuristic device, a discovery procedure… use as a tool for identifying/rediscovering returning to the ‘deep structure’ of the indigenous concepts language… Enriquez worked in an area where Filipinos are most adept, where the language has a rich vocabulary of feeling e.g. study of diwa (psyche), refers to the and sentiment.” wealth of ideas implied by the philosophical concept of “essence” Andrew B. Gonzales (1982) in Indigenous Psychology: A book of readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City. Language, a Heuristic Tool Filipino, the Philippine lingua franca Methods: Ethnography, Language Analysis, The issue of national language has long Semantics, Introspection been resolved by the Filipino masses through their use and propagation of a Language provided the instrument to refine language based on the Manila lingua franca, the tools of research so as to discover Manila being the seat of government, the categories and subcategories which would business hub, melting pot, center of history. be lost to a Western English-speaking researcher… Virgilio G. Enriquez & Elizabeth P. Marcelino (1984). Neo-colonial politics and language struggle in the Philippines. Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City. 10  22/11/2020 Language & Knowledge Thinking & Language System of communication Interdependence of knowledge & language, summing-up our lived experiences i.e. the thinking process cannot work independently of language Social interaction expressing our thoughts and feelings Language is not a neutral system of signs nor is it value-free, i.e. it is partisan to the Spoken language values, perspectives, and rules of cognition from bodily gestures to linguistic acts of a particular class or society specialized speech apparatus primary medium of communication Language, history, and Psychological concepts and socio-economic-cultural life human behavior Specific historical features and socio- The formation of psychological concepts is economic-cultural conditions shape the the more important stage in the entire thinking and language of a people, giving process of understanding human behavior. distinctive meanings and value judgments to their words. These concepts lay the foundation for the Indigenous language, genuine vehicle of the formation of indigenous psychological innermost thoughts and intimate feelings of theories and models of analysis that a people bound by a common historical correspond more fully to the realities of the heritage and a specific socio-economic- life and culture of a society. cultural environment. Development of technical terminology in Development of technical terminology in Filipino Psychology Filipino Psychology System of affixation in the Filipino language Direct borrowing (saling-angkat) a resource for terminology development perception (L) persepsyon psicologia (S) sikolohiya The meaning changes because of the use of Surface assimilation (saling-paimbabaw) affixes (suffixes, prefixes, infixes, postfixes) reinforcement - reimporsment paki, mang, mapa, ika, ipang, ma, ka, maka Grammatical translation (saling-panggramatika) Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National social interaction – interaksyong sosyal Bookstore, Inc.: Manila 11  22/11/2020 Development of technical terminology in Development of technical terminology in Filipino Psychology Filipino Psychology Loan translation (saling-hiram) Parallel translation (salitang-tapat) defense mechanism relationship = pakikisalamuha mekanismong pananggalang Indigenous-concept oriented translation Word invention (salitang likha) (salitang taal) masturbation – mag-isang pagpaparaos kapwa: hindi ibang-tao, ibang-tao Abbreviated words (salitang daglat) Amalgamated translation (salitang sanib) STM short term memory mahay (Cebuano), nagmamahay PUP Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao Development of technical terminology in Development of technical terminology in Filipino Psychology Filipino Psychology Categorization of words and concepts Categorization of words and concepts Foreign concepts (konseptong banyaga) Semantic indigenization (pag-aandukha) home for the aged paniniyansing, tambayan (stand by) Superficial assimilation Semantic delimitation (pagtatakda) (paimbabaw na asimilasyon) gunita – recall, alaala – memory reinforcement – gantimpala, ‘may napala’ personality is personalidad not pagkatao Labeling (pagbibinyag) Indigenous concepts (katutubong konsepto) utang-na-loob - reciprocity saling-pusa (informal member) hiya - shame pagka-pikon (to be peeved) pakikisama - comradeship Kapwa Unity of the self with others, is the central value that connects all the different Filipino values (Enriquez, 1978) A core concept in Filipino Psychology KAPWA 12  22/11/2020 Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino Psychology The English others is actually used in The Filipino language provides a conceptual opposition to the self, and it implies the distinction in several levels and modes of social interaction (antas ng pagtutunguhan). recognition of the self as a separate identity. In contrast, kapwa is a recognition of shared Eight behaviorally recognizable levels under identity, Enriquez argues for a Filipino two general categories in Filipino were psychology that begins with the concept of identified (ibang-tao; hindi ibang-tao). shared inner self, or a self with others Carmen E. Santiago and Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang (Conaco, 2007) Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press: Quezon City. Kapwa, a core concept in Kapwa, the shared inner self Filipino Psychology Ibang-tao (outsider) Kapwa (English: both, fellow being, others) – pakikitungo (amenities, civility) others is used in opposition to the ‘self’ – pakikisalimuha (‘mixing’) implies the recognition of the ‘self’ – pakikilahok (joining, participating) ‘self’ as a separate identity – pakikibagay (conforming) Kapwa in Filipino – pakikisama (adjusting) a recognition of shared identity Hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us) an inner self shared with others – pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust) the ‘ako’ (ego) and the ‘iba sa akin’ (others) – pakikisangkot (getting involved) are one and the same in kapwa psychology – pakikiisa (full trust, oneness, fusion) Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino Psychology Surface values Pakikitungo, pakikipagkapwa are mutually Readily apparent attributes appreciated and replaceable in taxonomic analysis, either exhibited by many Filipinos covers the entire lexical domain. Accommodative surface value Pakikipagkapwa, more theoretically fertile concept when analyzed semantically; – function to maintain or keep the status quo much deeper and profound in its between individuals and/or groups implications as it means accepting and Confrontative surface value dealing with the other person as an equal. – surface when Filipinos take active participation in a situation 13  22/11/2020 ASV are recognized as a triad, which emanates Studying the surface values led to the from the single trunk (CORE VALUE) identification of an underlying pre-condition: – they are not free-standing values one can easily – EX: a person without PAKIKIRAMDAM, cannot learn have PAKIKISAMA and UTANG NA LOOB or HIYA – you have to be INGRAINED with the CORE value kailangan para gumana ang SV's ng isang tao for the SURFACE values to – ang taong hindi nakikitaan ng mga SURFACE MANIFEST itself values ay tinatawag na MASAMANG TAO importance of language and it's use in the “WALA” denotes the absence of SURFACE Philippine context VALUES ang attribution ay directed towrads the – hindi napapakita ang surface; hindi nag-surface! inside of the person mas masaklap ang WALANG PAKIRAMDAM – – EX: ang masamang tao ay WALANG HIYA, WALANG MANHID UTANG NA LOOB, WALANG mas inner ang kakulangan; walang pivotal PAKIKISAMA value mas malala ang taong WALANG surface values may differ from sub-culture to PAKIKIPAGKAPWA sub-culture, but the core value remains the same for all Filipinos 1. walang pakisama – matututo din ang konsepto din ng ABNORMALITY ay iba ang 2. walang hiya – hindi naturuan ng mabuti ng turing para sa mga Pilipino magulang hindi tinitingnan bilang sakit ang 3. walang utang na loob – iiwasan abnormality 4. walang kapwa tao – napakasama na niya – EX: sira ang ulo, may sayad, na-baliw vs you have schizophrenia, I am depressed P 14  22/11/2020 Pakikiramdam: the pivotal aspect of kapwa refers to heightened awareness, sensitivity ‘feeling for another’ a kind of emotional a priori an active process involving great care and deliberation manifested in ‘hesitation to react, inattention to subtle cues, and non- verbal behavior in mental role-playing Rita H. Mataragnon (1987) in From colonial to liberation psychology: The Philippine Experience. Virgilio G. Enriquez (Ed) (1992) UP Press. Pakikiramdam: The Development of the pivotal aspect of kapwa Sikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge Pakiramdam is necessarily tied to the Major goals of Sikolohiyang Pilipino operation of all Filipino surface values: pakikisama, hiya, utang na loob pagsasakatutubo (indigenization) The improvisatory character of pagka-agham (science) pakikiramdam is operative in bahala na pagka-Pilipino (Filipino identity) lakas ng loob, pakikibaka The centrality of pakiramdam in behavioral Mario San Buenaventura (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, and interpersonal domains: pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila biro-lambing-tampo. The Development of Research Approaches Sikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge The project of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Experimental - adherence to predetermined set of procedures development of indigenous psychological Survey – conform to an informal agreement concepts with respondents utilization of indigenous research methods Participatory – negotiate issues jointly as creation of authentic and appropriate social they arise scientific psychology Indigenous – seek to enhance awareness as Steven Rood (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at one-with-the-other kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila 15  22/11/2020 Approaches in the development & Indigenous Research utilization of indigenous viewpoints Cross-Indigenous Psychology fuses the Indigenization from within modern and the traditional i.e. using basis: the indigenous scientific methods and ensuring that they direction: outwards are culturally appropriate. culture-as-source Sikolohiyang Pilipino utilizes and borrows Indigenization from without concepts from both the modern and basis: the exogenous traditional cultural systems. direction: inwards culture-as-target Indigenization from without Indigenization from within Content indigenization translation of imported materials Identification of indigenous concepts, methods, theories Theoretic indigenization Semantic elaboration Indigenous codification re-codification Indigenization as strategy Systematization/explication of implied theoretical frameworks Culture assimilation Application/use indigenous versions of imported systems Traditional Filipino indigenous Using the culture as source psychology and culture Indigenization from within Language ethnolingguistic groups, multilingual people necessarily implies the need for cultural Leisure revalidation laro, laruan, palaro (patintero, sipa, piko) Cuisine a demand for concepts and methods which adobo, bistik, dinuguan at puto, halo-halo are culturally appropriate, scientifically valid Law 16  22/11/2020 Traditional Filipino indigenous Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culture psychology and culture Religion Religion belief in a supreme being (Batlaya) underscores the importance of establishing close interpersonal relations with one’s respect for nature (spirits dwell in nature) family, relatives and fellowmen (kapwa) reverence for ancestry (bulol, anito, ninuno) highly-developed sense of values: courage, cleanliness, courtesy, control and the family Traditional Filipino indigenous Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culture psychology and culture Religion Manuscripts, memories, mummies lost bell of Balangica, baybayin (alibata), indigenous morality: profound concept of burial grounds in Sagada pagkamakatao Misa, mesa, mamimista, mamimis kita babaylan (priestess), dambana (shrine) Foreign words subsumed in the structure rituals and symbols for good (benevolent of the Filipino language diwata) and evil (malevolent aswang) Traditional Filipino indigenous Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culture psychology and culture Names: Sinag Liwayway (T), Dawani Paros Medicine (B), Janatyan Ahaddas (Y), Hamili Ayo (C), lason vs. gamot, synthetic pesticides have Sudi Amor (I) gone semantic transformation- result of massive promotion during the Marcos’ Literature: Francisco Balagtas, Ka Amado Green Revolution project Theater and Film: Fernando Poe Jr. herbal medicine, medicinal plants, hilot, Tagalog movies shown in theaters from concepts attributing illness to displaced Batanes to Jolo organs that have to be massaged back into its correct position 17  22/11/2020 Traditional Filipino indigenous Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culture psychology and culture Music and Arts: Sarong Banggi (B), Ati Cu Methods: doing diagnosis Pung Singsing (P), Pamulinawen (I), Pobreng Alindahaw (C), Dandansoy (H), Salidumay (S); Kulilal Ensemble of Palawan, Kutyapi psychodiagnostician determine culturally- Artists of Maguindanao defined cause of affliction through patawas, pagbatbat/pag-usisa, pagpakot, pamulso. Rituals and Ceremonies: agimat (talisman), mutya (charm), gayuma (spell), anting- beliefs in sapi, matanda, nuno, dwende. anting (amulet); bulong (whisper); sapi (spirit possession) Traditional Filipino indigenous Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culture psychology and culture Meanings: Genetic diversity of indigenous plants e.g. varieties of rice grains nurtured Hiyang – (compatible, suited) in indigenous through centuries by indigenous people medical practice, it means compatibility of the treatment and medicine with the Herbal knowledge individual. e.g. pito-pito, herbal tea from seven leaves: bayabas, banaba, alagao, kulantro, mango, Lagnat laki (‘growing-up’ fever); Lugaw is pandan – use to detoxify the body. perceived as ‘food for the sick’ Philippine cultural studies Philippine cultural studies Perspectival and Interpretive Models pangkami (reactive relativist), assumes the utility of an alien frame of reference absolutist position - assumes the basic congruence of psychological phenomena pantayong pananaw (ethnocentric), assumes the absolutist indigenous perspective across humankind universalist position implied by the kapwa relativist position – assumes differences and cross indigenous orientation of across cultures, if not the uniqueness of Sikolohiyang Pilipino each one 18  22/11/2020 Philippine cultural studies Philippine cultural studies Universalist position Emic approach (phonemic) assumes that basic psychological processes the need to understand a culture from its are likely to be common features of human own perspective (using natural taxonomies) life everywhere, yet their manifestations are likely to be influenced by culture Etic approach (phonetic) the discovery of psychological universal Filipino intellectual tradition Filipino intellectual tradition Philosophical traditions and paradigms of Filipino philosophy of science incorporates science as neither Eastern nor Western the demands of empirical validation from reliability and validity to affirmability and authenticity. The West does not have a monopoly of Levels of validity & scientific standards scientific standards, in fact science evolved katatagan (replicability, reliability) from Eastern intellectual traditions katapatan (multiple operationism, validity) patibay (certification) Filipino intellectual traditions: the Ma’aram, patotoo (affirmability, attestability) si Pilosopong Tasyo patunay (authenticity) Filipino indigenous theories Filipino indigenous theories Filipino concepts and models of personality Filipino concepts and models of personality The five elements of the Ma’aram concept Three elements in Baltazar’s model: of pagkatawo (personhood): bait (sanity) ginhawa (vital principle) muni (reflection) buot (perception) isip (mind) hatol (judgment) dungan (sleep spirit) kalag (life spirit) 19  22/11/2020 Filipino indigenous theories Filipino indigenous theories Filipino concepts and models of personality Filipino social interaction theory Levels and modes of social interaction The four elements in Covar’s concept of rooted in Filipino collectivist culture which Filipino personhood: have been identified using ethnoscientific field methods. kaluluwa (spirit) budhi (conscience) Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino social katauhang panlabas, external appearance psychology. Pakikipagkapwa is accepting, katauhang panloob (innermost being) dealing with the other person as an equal. Filipino indigenous concepts Research Models Filipino concept of justice Models of data collection Tagalog, Ilongos, Cebuanos, Pampangos Self-orientation use a common word for justice, katarungan, Experimenter-orientation derived from the Visayan root tarong means straight, upright, appropriate, correct, and Reactive-orientation for right, we use karapatan, whose root is Mutual-orientation dapat signifying fitting, appropriate, correct i.e. justice is related to right Linda L. Viney (1988) in Pagbabangong-dangal: Indigenous psychology and cultural empowerment. Virgilo G. Enriquez (Ed.) Jose W. Diokno (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National 1994. Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Quezon City. Bookstore, Inc.: Manila Research Models Research Models Models of data collection Models of data collection Self-orientation Model: Experimenter-orientation Model: the data collector and contributors relate to the data collectors appear to influence while the other only to the extent of waiting until only the data contributors appear to be the other stops responding, e.g. laboratory- based studies of memory. Communication influenced, e.g. Asch’s person perception is not taking place between them through study; an imbalance of power in favor of socially shared interpretations or common data collectors who appear to define the constructs. experimental situation. 20  22/11/2020 Research Models Research Models Models of data collection Models of data collection Reactive-orientation Model: Mutual-orientation Model: the participants in the data collection are reacting to what is currently taking place the data collector and contributor give between them, e.g. verbal conditioning something to, and gain something from the research; yet the capacities of both data data collection, e.g. Piaget’s early research contributors and collectors to construe are assumed to be unimportant and are on conservation. Indigenous psychology ignored. research uses this model as the cultural researcher is a culture bearer himself. Research Models Santiago-Enriquez Research Model Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model Scale of the Researcher Scale of the Researcher Iskala ng Mananaliksik Iskala ng Mananaliksik Scale of the Relationship or Interaction between the Researcher and the Researchee These are methods used by the researcher Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at in generating data that are tried and tested Kalahok and are culturally sensitive and appropriate in doing research with Filipinos. Carmen E. Santiago & Virgilio G. Enriquez (1975) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia E. Pe-Pua (Ed.). UP Press. Santiago-Enriquez Research Model Santiago-Enriquez Research Model Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model Scale of the Relationship or Interaction Levels of Relationship between the Researcher and the Researchee Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at There are eight levels of interaction which Kalahok range from the relatively uninvolved civility of pakikitungo to the total sense of identification in pakikiisa. These eight The level of interaction between the levels of interaction can be divided into two researcher and the researchee significantly categories: the ibang-tao (outsider) and the determines the quality of data obtained. hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us). 21  22/11/2020 Santiago-Enriquez Research Model Santiago-Enriquez Research Model Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model Levels of Relationship Ibang-tao category (outsider) Levels of Relationship pakikitungo (amenities, civility) Hindi ibang-tao category (one-of-us) pakikisalimuha (interaction) pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust) pakikilahok (participation, joining) pakikisangkot (active involvement) pakikibagay (conforming) pakikisama (adjusting, being along with) pakikiisa (full trust) Filipino indigenous research methods Filipino indigenous research methods Collective indigenous method Approaches & Techniques partakes of the characteristics of: a community dialogue Pakapa-kapa (‘groping,’ a field method) focused group discussion Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions) natural cluster interview Pakikiramdam (shared sensitivities) group attestation Pakikialam (concerned interference) puts premium on: Pakikilahok (participation) cultural appropriateness Pakikisangkot (integral involvement) an ordinary get-together Pagdalaw-dalaw (casual but repeated visits) Sikolohiyang Pilipino research Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques approaches and techniques Pakapa-kapa Pakapa-kapa an approach characterized by groping, implies an exploration into cultural, social searching, probing into an unsystematized or psychological data without the chains of mass of social and cultural data to be able overriding theoretical framework borrowed to obtain order, meaning, and directions for from observations outside the focus of research. investigation. Carmen E. Santiago (1975) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, can be related to unobtrusive techniques at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Press because the actual procedures for collecting information may range from observation, Amaryllis T. Torres in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Press documentation, intervention, participation. 22  22/11/2020 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques approaches and techniques Panunuluyan approach Panunuluyan approach interaction techniques, levels of relationship mula paninimbang hanggang malalimang pakikipagpalagayang-loob. Panunuluyan: ang kontekstong pisikal at teknolohikal. Erlinda Nicdao-Henson (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). UP Press: QC. Josefina B. San Juan & Resurrecion Soriaga (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon & Ma. Assumpta Pakikipagkapwa: ang batayang panlipunan David (Ed.) (1985) National Bookstore Inc.: Manila. ng pakikipanuluyan. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques approaches and techniques Panunuluyan approach Panunuluyan approach Makataong pakikipag-ugnayan: pagdalaw, paninirahan, pananahanan, pakikisuno. Pakikiramdam, paggamit ng damdamin, mata at pandinig upang maintindihan o Pakikibagay: pakikitulog at pakikikain. mabasa ang ibig ipahiwatig ng kausap na ipinahahayag sa pamamagitan ng kilos, parinig at matalinhagang salita (talas ng Pakikiramdam at paninimbang: paraan at pakiramdam). batayan ng pakikipagpalagayang-loob. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques approaches and techniques Panunuluyan approach Panunuluyan approach Pakikiramdam could serve as a personality disposition, as a situational behavior, as a coping mechanism; closely related to many Paninimbang: damdamin at isipan (sentido general psychological concepts such as komon) ang pinaiiral dito at anuman ang empathy and sensitivity. namasid, nadama, o napakiramdaman ay aangkupan ng tugong-kilos, subalit iniisip Rita Mataragnon (1982) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon and Ma. Assumpta David (Ed.) (1985). ang kahalagahan at kabutihang maidudulot National Bookstore Inc.: Manila ng katugunang ito (pagtutumbas). 23  22/11/2020 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques approaches and techniques Panunuluyan approach Panunuluyan approach Pagsasakatuparan Pamamaraan pagbati at pagpapakilala panimulang pagsasanay pag-aayos ng mga dala-dalahan paglalakbay at pakikisuno pakikipagpalagayan paghimpil sa pook pagtulong-tulong pagtingin-tingin sa maaaring panuluyan pagpalit-palitang paggamit ng mga metodo paghanap ng tulay paggawa ng pananaliksik pagdalaw sa pakikipanuluyan pamamaalam at pasasalamat Sikolohiyang Pilipino research Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques approaches and techniques Panunuluyan approach Pagtatanong-tanong Method Suliraning etikal pagsasabi ng layunin ng pananaliksik Pagtatanong-tanong, Filipino word for “asking questions,” the repetition of pagkasangkapan sa pagkakaibigan ‘tanong’ to ‘tanong-tanong’ indicates pagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng pananaliksik seriousness of purpose, one is truly paghingi ng pahintulot determined to get answers to ones questions. pagtanaw ng utang na loob/pamemerwisyo pagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalian Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (1989). International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 13, pp 147-163. Pergamon Press: USA Sikolohiyang Pilipino research Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques approaches and techniques Pagtatanong-tanong Method Pagtatanong-tanong Method Major Characteristics Preparation: pagtatanong-tanong is part of everyday casual interaction, researcher must – Participatory in nature plan very well for certain conditions, consider convenience and comfort of – Equality of status informants, their language, norms, values, – Appropriate and adaptive and background (history, within/between – Integrated with other indigenous methods group differences, activities, policies). 24  22/11/2020 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques approaches and techniques Procedure of pagtatanong-tanong Principles of pagtatanong-tanong Get to know the people, place, lifestyle The level of the relationship that exists Greet informants, give credentials (name the go-between) between the researcher and the informant Go tell them the purpose of the study significantly influences the quality of data Give an estimate of the expected length of the obtained (Santiago-Enriquez Model). session Guide questions are used when necessary The language of the respondent is used in Goodbye and thank you is not abrupt the conduct of pagtatanong-tanong. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques approaches and techniques Principles of pagtatanong-tanong Principles of pagtatanong-tanong The use of pakikiramdam as ‘feeling for The issue of reliability: consistency of another’ (cultural sensitivity), through this response can be checked by repeating the the researcher knows when to ask or avoid question in a different way. questions, interprets a ‘yes’ for a ‘no’. The problem of investigator bias and data The equality of status is maintained, as it is contamination can be solved by having a dialogue (informant is a kausap or person more than one person do the pagtatanong- spoken with) not an interview. tanong. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques approaches and techniques Principles of pagtatanong-tanong Pakikipagkwentuhan Method Repeated sampling from as many Kuwentuhan is an occasion for exchange of informants as possible can produce commonalities of lexical domain which can information, ideas, insights, and opinions then constitute a ‘construct.’ also it is a sharing of beliefs, thoughts, and experiences. Familiarity with the language, values, cultural norms, will optimize accuracy and Roberto E. Javier Jr. (2004). Methodological Properties Pakikipagkwentuhan. DLSU-URCO Research Project Report. of relevance of interpretations. 25  22/11/2020 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques approaches and techniques Pakikipagkwentuhan Method Pakikipagkwentuhan Method Oral (pasalita) Pakikipagkwentuhan is an informal, free, as Written (pasulat) well as a social process of exchanging information, thoughts, and knowledge that Transmitted (pasalin-salin) through time is part of human daily activities. Request (paki – paghingi ng pahintulot) Grace O. Oteza (1997). Pakikipagkwentuhan: Isang pamamaraan ng sama-samang pananaliksik, pagpapatotoo, at pagtulong sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino. PPRTH Occasional Papers Series 1997, No. 1. Sikolohiyang Pilipino research Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques approaches and techniques Procedure of pakikipagkwentuhan Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan initially make visits (padalaw-dalaw) before may pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhan living-in the community (panunuluyan) may ‘paki’ ang kalahok sa kwento introduce yourself to the community may pakinabang sa kwentuhan invite yourself to community gatherings initiate a conversation when in a natural libangan cluster linangan ng kaalaman invest time in story sharing sessions lunas sa karamdaman Sikolohiyang Pilipino research Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques approaches and techniques Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan collective orientation (pananaliksik na sama-sama) with a topic to talk about but without a contains the process of validation theme (may pakay pero walang paksa) (pagpapatotoo) construction of social reality (pagbubuo) worth or value of story produced from the cluster as unit of analysis kwentuhan session (kwenta ng kwento) (pagsali sa likas na umpukan) 26  22/11/2020 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniques approaches and techniques Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan Ginabayang Talakayan Method Validity: trustworthiness not truth collective discussion technique (mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa makatotohanan) ‘sama-sama’ orientation Reliability: certification not consistency (process of pakikipagkwentuhan-indicator) (pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay) 27