Orthopedic and Neurological Tests PDF

Shoulder Tests ============== 1\. Empty Can Test (Jobe's) - Supraspinatus\ 2. Extended Rotation Lag Test - Infraspinatus + Teres Minor\ 3. Internal Rotation Test - Subscapularis\ 4. Impingement Tests for Supraspinatus Tendons:\ a) Neer's Test - Flex arm + stabilize shoulder\ b) Hawkins Test - Exter...

Shoulder Tests ============== 1\. Empty Can Test (Jobe's) - Supraspinatus\ 2. Extended Rotation Lag Test - Infraspinatus + Teres Minor\ 3. Internal Rotation Test - Subscapularis\ 4. Impingement Tests for Supraspinatus Tendons:\ a) Neer's Test - Flex arm + stabilize shoulder\ b) Hawkins Test - External rotation\ 5. Painful Arch Test (Liffoff Test) - Supraspinatus pain (0-15 degrees) or Acromioclavicular pain (all over)\ 6. Arm Drop Test - Supraspinatus - Unable to control\ 7. Apprehension Test - Resemble arm dislocations Carpal Tunnel Tests =================== 1\. Durkan Test - Carpal tunnel compression test\ 2. Phalen Test - Volar flexion against gravity\ 3. Tinel Test - Tapping over the carpal tunnel Spine Tests =========== 1\. Shober Test - Lumbar motility checking the flexion Hip Tests ========= 1\. Thomas Test - Hip flexor tightness\ 2. Trendelenburg Test - Unilateral or Bilateral (Waddling) Leg Length Assessment ===================== 1\. Apparent Leg Length Test - From midpoint to medial malleolus\ 2. True Leg Length Test - From ASIS to medial malleolus Knee Tests ========== 1\. Patellofemoral Grinding Test (Clarke's Test) - Patellofemoral dysfunction, diagnosing patellofemoral pain syndrome (Runner\'s Knee)\ 2. Effusion Tests:\ a) Bulge Test - Minor effusion\ b) Balloon Test - Major effusion\ c) Balloting Test - Large effusion\ 3. Ligament Stress Tests:\ a) Valgus (Abduction) Stress Test - MCL\ b) Varus (Adduction) Stress Test - LCL\ 4. Drawer Tests:\ a) Anterior Drawer Test - ACL\ b) Posterior Drawer Test - PCL\ 5. Lachman Test - ACL\ 6. McMurray Test - Medial and lateral meniscus **Shoulder Tests** 1. **Empty Can Test (Jobe's Test)** - **Purpose**: Assesses the **supraspinatus** for tears or tendinopathy. - **Procedure**: - Patient abducts arms to 90° in the scapular plane. - Thumbs point downward (like emptying a can). - Examiner applies downward pressure. - **Positive Result**: Pain or weakness indicates a **supraspinatus tear** or tendinopathy. 2. **External Rotation Lag Test** - **Purpose**: Tests **infraspinatus** and **teres minor**. - **Procedure**: - Examiner passively externally rotates the patient\'s arm. - Patient is asked to maintain this position. - **Positive Result**: Inability to maintain position indicates weakness or a **tear of infraspinatus/teres minor**. 3. **Internal Rotation Test** - **Purpose**: Tests **subscapularis** strength and function. - **Procedure**: - Patient places the back of their hand on the lower back. - Patient attempts to lift the hand away from the back (like a \"lift-off\" motion). - **Positive Result**: Inability to lift hand indicates **subscapularis tear** or weakness. 4. **Impingement Tests (for Supraspinatus Tendon)** - **Neer's Test** - **Purpose**: Detects **supraspinatus impingement**. - **Procedure**: - Examiner stabilizes the scapula. - Patient\'s arm is passively raised into forward flexion. - **Positive Result**: Pain during flexion indicates **impingement of the supraspinatus tendon**. - **Hawkins Test** - **Purpose**: Assesses **shoulder impingement**. - **Procedure**: - Patient\'s arm is flexed at 90° in front, elbow bent to 90°. - Examiner passively rotates the shoulder **internally**. - **Positive Result**: Pain during internal rotation suggests **supraspinatus impingement**. 5. **Painful Arc Test** - **Purpose**: Assesses for **rotator cuff** or **acromioclavicular (AC) joint pathology**. - **Procedure**: - Patient actively abducts their arm from 0° to 180°. - **Positive Result**: - Pain at **60-120°** indicates **supraspinatus pathology**. - Pain at the extremes of motion indicates **AC joint pathology**. 6. **Arm Drop Test** - **Purpose**: Detects a **supraspinatus tear**. - **Procedure**: - Patient abducts their arm to 90° and slowly lowers it. - **Positive Result**: Uncontrolled drop or inability to lower smoothly indicates a **supraspinatus tear**. 7. **Apprehension Test** - **Purpose**: Detects **shoulder instability** or risk of **dislocation**. - **Procedure**: - Patient\'s arm is abducted and externally rotated (as if throwing a ball). - Examiner applies gentle pressure to the back of the shoulder. - **Positive Result**: Patient shows fear, apprehension, or discomfort, indicating **anterior instability**. **Carpal Tunnel Tests** 1. **Durkan Test** - **Purpose**: Detects **carpal tunnel syndrome**. - **Procedure**: - Examiner presses thumbs over the carpal tunnel for 30 seconds. - **Positive Result**: Numbness, tingling, or pain in the distribution of the **median nerve**. 2. **Phalen Test** - **Purpose**: Detects **carpal tunnel syndrome**. - **Procedure**: - Patient presses the backs of their hands together with wrists flexed at 90° for 60 seconds. - **Positive Result**: Numbness, tingling, or pain in the fingers (median nerve distribution). 3. **Tinel Test** - **Purpose**: Detects **carpal tunnel syndrome**. - **Procedure**: - Examiner taps over the **median nerve** at the wrist. - **Positive Result**: Tingling, numbness, or \"electric shock\" sensation in the fingers. **Spine Test** 1. **Shober Test** - **Purpose**: Measures **lumbar spine flexion** (often for **ankylosing spondylitis**). - **Procedure**: - Mark 10 cm above and 5 cm below the lumbosacral junction. - Patient bends forward as far as possible. - Measure the new distance between the two points. - **Positive Result**: Less than 5 cm increase in distance indicates **reduced lumbar flexion**. **Hip Tests** 1. **Thomas Test** - **Purpose**: Detects **hip flexor tightness**. - **Procedure**: - Patient lies supine and pulls one knee to the chest. - The opposite leg should remain flat on the table. - **Positive Result**: If the opposite leg rises off the table, it indicates **hip flexor tightness**. 2. **Trendelenburg Test** - **Purpose**: Tests for **gluteus medius weakness**. - **Procedure**: - Patient stands on one leg for 30 seconds. - Examiner observes for a drop in the opposite hip. - **Positive Result**: Drop of the contralateral hip indicates weakness of the **gluteus medius**. - **Bilateral weakness** results in a **waddling gait**. **Leg Length Assessment** 1. **Apparent Leg Length Test** - **Purpose**: Detects **functional leg length discrepancy**. - **Procedure**: - Measure from **umbilicus** (midpoint) to **medial malleolus** of each leg. - **Positive Result**: Unequal lengths suggest **pelvic tilt** or leg length inequality. 2. **True Leg Length Test** - **Purpose**: Measures **true leg length** (bony discrepancy). - **Procedure**: - Measure from **ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine)** to **medial malleolus**. - **Positive Result**: Differences in measurement indicate a **true bony length difference**