Understanding Movement Control PDF - Chapter 2

C H A P T E R 2 Understanding Movement Control Chapter 2 Understanding Movement Control  Objectives Understand factors associated with movement preparation. Identify theories of attention and understand how arousal levels affect performance....

C H A P T E R 2 Understanding Movement Control Chapter 2 Understanding Movement Control  Objectives Understand factors associated with movement preparation. Identify theories of attention and understand how arousal levels affect performance. Understand sensory contributions to movement and balance. Differentiate between short-term, long-term, and working memory.  Motor Control Abridged review of the CNS **The CNS (brain and spinal column) is the command center of the body and integrates incoming sensory information, processing, and outgoing messages. The Brain – 3 lbs., 100 billion cells, Quadrillion synapses, Einstein’s brain was smaller than average, uses 20-25% of our energy expenditure. **Adult brains can grow new neurons.  Abridged review of the CNS- cont. Brain – Neocortex: Neo = “new”, Cortex = “outer shell”. Controller of the controllers. 4 lobes (Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital). – Frontal lobe: Several divisions with different motor functions (activate muscles, planning, coordination). – Parietal: Receives sensory information from skin, tongue; processes sensory info from eyes and ears. – Occipital: Processes info from retinas, color, depth perception, motion). – Temporal: Combines visual and auditory info. – Thalamus (command center) below the cortex: Relays all sensory information.  CNS - continued Cerebellum “little brain”– also an important part of motor activity. – Higher level motor coordination and allows learning to occur with practice. – 3 areas Vestibulocerebellum – error correction, balance(vestibular and visual feedback) Spinocerebellum- locomotion and coordinated trunk activity Neocerebellum – interacts with prefrontal area and cortical areas.  **Movement Preparation Important considerations when preparing any motor response: Sensory information – Providing stimuli and information to prepare. Reaction time Attention Arousal  Speed **Reaction time (RT) – Time between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of a motor response – Indicates the speed at which one makes a decision **Movement time – Time from the initiation of the movement until it has been completed **Response time – Reaction time + Movement time Figure 2.1  **Stimulus–Response Alternatives Simple reaction time – (e.g., stop sign) Choice reaction time – (e.g., traffic light – Yellow, Red, Green, Green arrow, flashing yellow arrow) Hick’s law (Hick-Hyman Law) – paraphrased, the more decisions one has, the slower their decision time will be, i.e. reaction time.  **Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) Delay in RT occurring when two stimuli that each require a different response are presented in quick succession; processing a response to the first stimulus delays the ability to process a response to the second stimulus Sport example: play fake see figure 2.3 in textbook https://youtu.be/ySIgGYXu5zg Figure 2.2  Try This: Ruler Test Simple reaction time: one ruler – Temporal anticipation Choice reaction time: two rulers –Temporal anticipation –Event anticipation Ruler Test Data Chart  Attention Concepts **Capacity: attentional capacity is not limitless **Selectivity: attention is selected either intentionally or incidentally **Focus: attention is wide or narrow and internal or external https://youtu.be/THJgaznSBu8  Theories of Attentional Capacity Single-channel filter theories – Tasks are accomplished in serial order – The system can process only one task at a time Multiple-resource theories – Several attention mechanisms, each with limited capacity – If tasks require a common mechanism they will be difficult to perform simultaneously  Figure 2.4 “Bottleneck”  **Attentional Capacity Attentional capacity is critical to understanding the importance of automaticity of performance. As some skills become automatized, the individual can attend to other aspects of the environment. https://youtu.be/j9A7RPPPlFs Figure 2.5  Cocktail Party Phenomenon 1. Focus on one message 2. Focus on both messages Compare. How well were you able to recall the messages?  **Focus of Attention Direction: the location of the focus – Internal, within the individual – External, in the environment Width: the amount or expanse of information attended to by the individual – Narrow, attending to one or two cues (e.g.lineman) – Broad, attending to the entire visual field (e.g. quarterback)  Attentional Styles Four attentional styles emerge 1. Internal broad 2. Internal narrow 3. External broad 4. External narrow Figure 2.6  Arousal vs. Anxiety **Arousal: a general physiological and psychological activation, varying on a continuum from deep sleep to intense excitement **Anxiety: a negative emotional state in which feelings of nervousness, worry, and apprehension are associated with activation or arousal of the body to too high a level  Anxiety **State anxiety: level of anxiety at a single point(specific event or context) in time. E.g. in a game, test, while driving in heavy traffic. Relatively common in most people. **Trait anxiety: a predisposition for anxiety in threatening situations. Broader level of anxiety. E.g. Part of one’s personality with varying levels in individuals, phobias, easily panicked. Example: a relatively calm individual (trait anxiety is low) may experience high anxiety in certain circumstances (state anxiety) such as during a final exam  **Inverted-U Hypothesis Performance tends to increase as arousal increases but only up to a certain point. Once arousal surpasses the individual's optimal arousal level, performance tends to drop off. Arousal at too low of a level tends to result in underperformance. Figure 2.7  Sensory Contributions: Exteroception **Exteroception provides information about the external environment related to the body – Vision – Audition  **Sensory Contributions: Proprioception(Interoception) Proprioception provides information about the state of the body itself, including the sense of movement and the relationship of body parts to one another – Vestibular apparatus – Joint receptors – Cutaneous receptors – Muscle spindles – Golgi tendon organs Figure 2.8  Memory The ability to recall things, which allows us to benefit from experience **Sensory memory – Less than 4 secs, there are 3 senses used: 1. iconic(vision) 2. echoic(hearing)3. haptic(touch) **Short-term memory – Stored for only 20-30 seconds unless rehearsed **Working memory – Temporarily stores recently presented material – Retrieves information from long-term storage to influence current problem solving, decision making, and movement production **Long-term memory (semantic, procedural, episodic) – Memories that are relatively permanent Figure 2.9  Summary There are many factors involved in understanding movement control including reaction time, attention, arousal, sensory contributions, and memory Attention is critical for effective decision making and motor performance and has limited capacity and is selective Exteroception (vision and audition) and proprioception (vestibular apparatus, joint receptors, muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and cutaneous receptors) provide sensory contributions necessary for movement and balance In order to store information into long-term memory, it must be selected from the sensory register, temporarily stored in short-term memory, and rehearsed