DNA and RNA PDF

GROUP 5 DNA AND RNA  DISCUSS General Info of DNA and RNA Discovery of DNA and RNA Differentiate What is DNA? WHAT DOES IT STANDS FOR?  Deoxyribo nucleic Acid What does dNA look like? What does dNA look like? What is RNA? WHAT DOES IT STANDS FOR? ribOnucleic Acid What...

GROUP 5 DNA AND RNA  DISCUSS General Info of DNA and RNA Discovery of DNA and RNA Differentiate What is DNA? WHAT DOES IT STANDS FOR?  Deoxyribo nucleic Acid What does dNA look like? What does dNA look like? What is RNA? WHAT DOES IT STANDS FOR? ribOnucleic Acid What does rNA look like? What does rNA look like? Discovery of DNA and RNA  THE DISCOVERY Friedrich Miescher In 1869, Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher identified DNA in the nuclei of human white blood cells. He named it "nuclein" Albrecht Kossel In 1881, German biochemist Albrecht Kossel discovered the nitrogenous bases in DNA and changed the name from "nuclein" to "DNA"  THE DISCOVERY Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins They used X-ray crystallography to study DNA's structure, which helped Watson and Crick with their discovery. James Watson and Francis Crick In 1953, they concluded that the DNA molecule appears as a three-dimensional double helix.  THE DISCOVERY Richard Altmann In 1889, Altmann described nuclear substances in the cell nucleus, which were later identified as RNA. Phoebus Levene In 1909, Levene determined that RNA is made up of ribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases. DNA AND RNA COMPARISON  Typically DOUBLE- stranded, forming a double helix structure. “MORE STABLE” Usually SINGLE-stranded, though it can form secondary structures through internal base pairing. “LESS STABLE” Thymine base(G–C–A–T) long-term genetic storage Uracil base various functions in gene expression.  DNA DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is a long molecule made up of monomers called nucleotides. STRUCTURE PHOSPHATE BASE Deoxyribonucleic Acid Sugar macro-molecule [ stores the genetic material ] DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR  DISCUSS DNA COMPONENTS DOUBLE HELIX PACKAGING The twisted ladder shape is called a double helix. How does DNA work? The 4 letters of DNA make up codons. These chemicals are repeated in various orders over and over. These codons make up genes. These genes tell cells how to make a protein that controls everything in the cell.  NITROGEN BASES Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine  Nucleotide The backbone of DNA is formed by alternating sugar and phosphates held together by a strong bond. The rungs of the ladder are formed by the four nitrogen bases and are held together by weak hydrogen bonds.  Let's Practice! One strand of DNA has the base sequence TACGATTGA What is the complementary strand of DNA? Answer! TACGATTGA ATGCTAACT  RNA STRUCTURE ribonucleic Acid SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE STRAND  DISCUSS RNA COMPONENTS THREE TYPES OF RNA FUNCTIONS THREE NUCLEOTIDE PARTS: 1. Phosphate group - sugar-phosphate backbone 2. Ribose - RNA sugar 3. Nitrogen bases: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Urasil (U) THREE TYPES OF RNA mRNA tRNA rRNA MESSENGER RNA mRNA LOCATION: Starts in the nucleus and then moves to a ribosome. FUNCTION: Delivers a copy of DNA code to a ribosome Once the ribosome has the mRNA instruction, it can then build a protein in the process called “Transitions” TRANSFER RNA tRNA LOCATION: Cytoplasm FUNCTION: Transfer Amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome Ribosomes will link the Amino Acids together to form a protein in a process called “Translation” RIBOSOME RNA rRNA FUNCTION: Main components of ribosomes. rRNA bonds with special proteins to form a ribosome Ribosome: Orgarelle that builds proteins. TRANSCRIPTION FROM DNA RNA TO  DISCUSS TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS STEPS ENZYME AND FACTORS  Transcription What is transcription? - is the process where a cell makes a copy of a specific part of its DNA into RNA. This RNA carries the instructions from the DNA out of the nucleus and to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The ribosomes then use this RNA to make proteins, which are essential for the cell's functions. Essentially, transcription translates DNA's instructions into a form that can be used to build proteins.  Overview of the Process Initiation - RNA polymerase binds to the the promoter region of DNA to begin transcription. Elongation - RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, adding RNA nucleotides to build the mRNA strand. Termination - Transcription ends when RNA polymerase reaches the stop signal, and the mRNA is released.  STEP 1: INITIATION - is the beginning of transcription. It occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. This signals the DNA to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the DNA strands. The enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mRNA with a complementary sequence of bases.  STEP 2: ELONGATION is the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand. RNA polymerase reads the unwound DNA strand and builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs. There is a brief time during this process when the newly formed RNA is bound to the unwound DNA. During this process, an adenine (A) in the DNA binds to an uracil (U) in the RNA.  STEP 3: TERMINATION is the ending of transcription, and occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. The mRNA strand is complete, and it detaches from DNA. PROMOTER REGION  ENZYMES AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TRANSLATION the process which converts the genetic information in mRNA into a OF functional protein, a process vital RNA for cell function and life. TO PROTEIN  DISCUSS TRANSLATION PROCESS STEPS RIBOSOMES AND tRNA  Translation What is Translation?  Translation Translation is the biological process in which the genetic code in mRNA (messenger RNA) is read and translated into a sequence of amino acids to form a protein.  Translation This is a critical step in gene expression where the information in a gene is used to synthesize a functional product, usually a protein.  Translation CENTRAL DOGMA: Translation follows transcription in the central dogma of molecular biology: DNA -> RNA -> Protein  Translation IMPORTANCE: Proteins produced through translation are essential for cellular functions, including metabolism, structural support, signaling, and immune response.  Process Location: EUKARYOTIC CELLS translation occurs in the cytoplasm, specifically at the ribosomes, which may be free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.  Process Location: PROKARYOTIC CELLS translation occurs simultaneously with transcription in the cytoplasm due to the absence of nucleat membrane.  Process Components Involved: mRNA : encodes the sequence of amino acids tRNA: brings the appropriate amino acids to the ribosomes Ribosomes: serve as the site where mRNA is decoded Amino acids: the building blocks that are linked together to form a protein  Steps Three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination  Initiation 1. mRNA Binding 2. Initiator tRNA Binding 3. Ribosome Assembly  Elongation 1. Codon Recognition 2. Peptide Bond Formation 3. Translocation ready for the next tRNA carrying new amino acids. This cycle repeats, elongating the peptide chain one amino acid at a time  Termination 1. Stop Codon Recognition 2. Release Factors 3. Disassembly Ribosomes: The Machinery of Translation Structure of Ribosomes Ribosomes are composed of two sub units, each made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins Small sub unit Large sub unit Ribosomes: The Machinery of Translation Three Functional Site A (Aminoacyl) Site P (Peptidyl) Site E (Exit) Site Ribosomes: The Machinery of Translation Functions of Ribosomes: Decoding Catalyzing Coordination mRNA: Reactions: and Accuracy: ribosomes move ribosomes facilitate the The ribosome’s structure along the mRNA, formation of peptide ensures that translation reading codons and bonds between amino proceeds with high ensuring the correct acids, which is the core fidelity, maintaining the tRNA matches with chemical reaction of integrity of the protein each codon. translation. being synthesized.  tRNA: The Adapter Molecule Structure of tRNA Anticodon Loop Amino Acid attachment site Shape  tRNA: The Adapter Molecule Functions of tRNA: Amino acid Codon Bridge between Delivery: Recognition: mRNA & Protein: tRNA transports the The anticodon of tRNA tRNA acts as a physical correct amino acids ensures that the correct link between the genetic to the ribosome amino acids is added to code in mRNA and the based on the mRNA the growing polypeptide amino acid sequence of codon sequence. chain by matching with proteins, making it an the complementary essential component in mRNA codon. translation.  Summary Translation converts the genetic information in mRNA into a functional protein, a process vital for cell function and life Steps Involved: Translation includes initiation (starting protein synthesis), elongation (adding amino acids), and termination (ending the synthesis). Ribosomes act as the site and catalyst for translation, ensuring proteins are built accurately according to the genetic code tRNA plays a crucial role by delivering the correct amino acids to the ribosome and ensuring that the genetic code is accurately interpreted during protein synthesis.  TEXT TEXTS TEXTS TEXTS TEXTS. TEXTS TEXTS OVERVIEW