Group-3-Digital-Technology-and-Internet.pptx

Digital Technology and the Internet Group III  History of Digital Technology The history of Digital According to Hubert Technology spans from Tardieu the digital 1940-2020, and it has technology has evolved rapidly evolved to...

Digital Technology and the Internet Group III  History of Digital Technology The history of Digital According to Hubert Technology spans from Tardieu the digital 1940-2020, and it has technology has evolved rapidly evolved to the point throughout the history, with where the physical and each era introducing new virtual worlds are becoming dimensions of economic inseparable. development and refining the production process.  History of Digital Technology The current digital era focuses on the Digital Technology has transformation of had a significant impact on information, with digital various aspects of society, formats surpassing physical including culture, identity, formats in storing social relationships, and information. personal experiences.  Digital technology and the Internet have profoundly impacted modern society, offered numerous benefits and Here are some ways it drove the need for more improves our lives: advanced technology. 1. Communication and Connectivity 2. Access to Information 3. Economic Growth and Efficiency 4. Healthcare and Medicine 5. Environmental Sustainability 6. Education and Lifelong Learning 7. Scientific Research and Innovation What is the Internet?  The internet is a global network of interconnected computers, servers, phones, and smart appliances that communicate with each other using the transmission control protocol (TCP) standard to enable a fast exchange of information and files, along with other types of services.  How Internet Works  Internet infrastructure comprises optical fiber  Visual Paradigm The data transmission cables internet is a global hub of or copper wires, as well computer networks a as numerous additional network of connections networking wherein users at any infrastructures. workstation may, with authorization, receive data from every other system (and often interact with users working on other computers).  KEY FEATURES  Globally Available  Easy to Used Local area networks  Compatible With other (LAN), wide area types of media networks (WAN),  Affordable metropolitan area  Flexible networks (MAN), etc. Sometimes wireless services such as 4G and 5G or WiFi necessitate similar physical cable installations for internet access. The Origins of the Internet  The origin of the Internet are rooted in the USA in the year 1950’s.  At that time, computers were large, expensive machines exclusively used by the military scientist and university staff. This eventually led to the formation of the AEPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).  This image shows a scale model of UNIVAC I, the first American commercial computer delivered to the Census Bureau in 1951. Who invented the Internet  No one person invented the internet. When networking technology was first developed, a number of scientists and engineers brought their research together to create the ARPANET. Later, other inventor’s creations paved the way for the web as we know it today. Paul Baran (1926- 2011)  An engineer whose work overlapped with ARPA’s research. In 1959 he joined an American think tank, the RAND Corporation, and was asked to research how the US Air Force could keep control of its fleet if a nuclear attack ever happened. Paul Baran (1926- 2011)  In 1964 Baran proposed a communication network with no central command point. If one point was destroyed, all surviving points would still be able to communicate with each other. He called this a distributed network.  LAWRENCE ROBERTS (1937- LEONARD KLEINROCK 2018) (1934-)  Chief scientist at ARPA, responsible for developing  An American scientist who computer networks. Paul worked towards the creation Baran’s idea appealed to of a distributed network Roberts, and he began to alongside Lawrence Roberts. work on the creation of a distributed network.  DONALD DAVIES (1924-2000)  A British scientist who, at the same time as Roberts and Kleinrock, was developing similar technology at the National Physical Laboratory in Middlesex. BOB KAHN (1938-) and VINT CERF (1943-)  American computer scientist who developed TCP/IP, the set of protocols that governs how data moves through a network. This “When asked to explain my role helped the ARPANET evolve into in the creation of the internet, I the internet we use today. Vint generally use the example of a Cerf is credited with the first city. I helped to build the roads – written use of the word ‘internet’. the infrastructure that gets things from point A to point B.” – Vint Cerf 2007.  PAUL MOCKAPETRIS (1948-) & JON POSTEL (1943-98)  Inventors of DNS, the ‘phone book of the internet’.  MARC ANDREESSEN (1971-)  Inventor of Mosaic, the TIM BERNERS first widely-used web – LEE (1955-) browser.  Creator of the World Wide Web who developed many of the principles we still use today, such as HTML, HTTP, URLs and web browsers.  What is Packet Switching?  It is a method of  The Packet Switching splitting and method is very sending data. A reliable and allows computer file is data to be sent effectively broken securely, even over into thousands of damaged networks. small segments called ‘packets’.  The world’s first  Computers at four packet-switching American computer network Universities were was produced in connected using 1969. separate minicomputers  IMPs’ acted as known as ‘interface gateways for the Message packets and have Processors’ or since evolved into ‘IMPs’. what we now called ‘routers’  What is TCP/IP?  TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.  in 1974, Bob Kahn & Vint Cerf proposed a new method that involved sending data packets in a digital envelope or ‘datagram’.  The address on the datagram can be read by any computer, but only the final host machine can open the envelope and read the message inside.  IP stands for internet  Kahn & Cerf called this method protocol & when combined transmission-control with TCP, it helps internet protocol/TCP. traffic find its destination.  Every device connected to the internet is given a unique IP number. Known as an IP address. What is DNS?  DNS stands for Domain Name  in the early 1980s, System. It is the cheaper technology and internet’s equivalent of the appearance of a phone book, and desktop computers converts hard-to- allowed the rapid remember IP address development of local into simple names. area networks (LANs).  This problem was solved by the introduction of the Domain Name System (DNS) in 1983.  DNS was invented by PAUL MOCKAPETRIS & JON POSTEL at the University of Southern California.  It was one of the innovations that paved the way for the World Wide Web.  The difference between World Wide Web and Internet?  The internet is the Tim Berners-Lee first networking infrastructure proposed the idea of “web that connects devices of information” in 1989. It together, while the world relied on ‘hyperlinks’ to wide web ia a way of connect documents accessing information together. A hyperlink can through medium of the point to any other HTML internet. page or file that sits on top of the internet. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee developed the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and designed the Universal Resource The URI, also known as Identifier (URI) system. URL, provides a unique HTTP is the language address where the pages computer use to can be easily found. communicate HTML documents over the Berners-Lee also created a internet. piece of software that could present HTML documents in an easy-to-read format. He called this ‘browser’ the ‘WorldWideWeb’. “The dream behind the Web is of common information space in which we communicate by sharing information. Its universality is essential: the fact that a hypertext link can point to anything,be it personal, local or global, be it draft or highly polished.” - Tim Berners-Lee (1998)  The Introduction of Web Browsers  A simplified version that could run on any computer was created by Nicola Pellow, a maths student who worked alongside Berners-Lee at CERN.  In 1993, Marc Andreessen, an American student in Illinois, launched a new browser called Mosaic. Created at the National Center for Super-computing Applications (NCSA), Mosaic was easy to download and install, worked on many different computers and provided simple point-and-click access to the World Wide Web. Mosaic was also the first browser to display images next to text, rather than in a separate window.  Mosaic’s simplicity opened the web up to a new audience, and caused an explosion of activity on the internet, with the number of websites growing from 130 in 1993 to over 100,000 at the start of 1996. In 1994 Andreesen formed Netscape Communications with entrepreneur Jim Clark. They led the company to create Netscape Navigator, a widely used internet browser that at the time was faster and more sophisticated than any of the competition. By 1995, Navigator had around 10 million global users.