Group 3 Presentation Chemistry PDF

GROUP 3 PRESENTATION CHEMISTRY  WHAT IS CARBOXYLIC ACID? Carboxylic acids are a type of organic compound that contains a special group of atoms called a carboxyl group. This group consists of a carbon atom (C) double-bonded to an oxygen atom (O) and single-bonded to another oxygen ato...

GROUP 3 PRESENTATION CHEMISTRY  WHAT IS CARBOXYLIC ACID? Carboxylic acids are a type of organic compound that contains a special group of atoms called a carboxyl group. This group consists of a carbon atom (C) double-bonded to an oxygen atom (O) and single-bonded to another oxygen atom (O) that is also bonded to a hydrogen atom (H). STRUCTURE - The carboxyl group is the defining feature of carboxylic acids. It is represented as -COOH. O - The carboxyl group is attached to a carbon chain, which can be straight, branched, or cyclic. || - The carbon atom in the carboxyl group is bonded — C — OH to a hydrogen atom. NOMENCLATURE O 1. FIND THE LONGEST CHAIN EX: || O CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-C-OH || CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-C-OH Butanoic acid 2. COUNT THE CARBONS EX: OTHER NAMES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS: 4 Carbons = But— Methanoic acid 3. ADD "ANOIC ACID" Ethanoic acid EX: Propanoic acid But— + anoic acid Pentanoic acid PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES SMELL : have a sour smell ACIDITY : carboxylic acids are sour and acidic MELTING AND BOILING POINT : higher melting and boiling REACTION WITH BASES : the point compared to other mixture becomes less acidic organic compounds REACTION WITH ALCOHOL : SOLUBILITY : small carboxylic they can create a new acids mix well with water molecule called esters APPLICATIONS OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS Plastics Paints Textiles Parmaceuticals Detergents Cosmetics Preservation of foods  WHAT IS ESTERS? Esters are a class of organic compounds that result from the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. general formula RCOOR  ESTERIFICATION Esterification is a process or a general name for a chemical reaction, in which two reactants (alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Interestingly, esters can also be split back to alcohols and carboxylic acids by the action of water, dilute acid or dilute alkali. This process is known as ester hydrolysis. (Byju's 2023)  NOMENCLATURE 1. Identify the alcohol and acid parts of the ester. 2. Name the alcohol part first: Replace the "-anol" ending of the alcohol with "-yl." 3. Name the acid part next: Replace the "-ic acid" ending of the acid with "- oate. NOMENCLATURE EXAMPLE: CH₃COOCH₃ The alcohol part is methanol (CH₃OH), which becomes "methyl." The acid part is acetic acid (CH₃COOH), which becomes "acetate." The ester name is methyl acetate. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Smell: Fruity and pleasant. Hydrolysis: Produces acids State: Small esters are usually and alcohols. liquids; larger ones can be solids. Transesterification: Forms Boiling Point: Lower than alcohols new esters and alcohols. and acids of similar size. Solubility: Soluble in water if small; Reduction: Converts to less soluble as they get larger. Density: Generally less dense than primary alcohols. water. Color: Colorless in pure form. Ammonia/Amines Reaction: Produces amides  USES OF ESTERS Fragrances and Flavors: In perfumes and foods. Solvents: For paints and adhesives. Plasticizers: Enhance plastic flexibility. Pharmaceuticals: In drug production. Biodiesel: Renewable fuel. DERIVATIVES OF ESTERS LACTONES LACTAMS THIOESTERS PHOSPHORIC ESTERS These derivatives play significant roles in various chemical reactions, biological processes, and industrial applications, highlighting their importance in both nature and technology.  LACTONES Lactones are cyclic esters derived from organic acids. They result from the reaction between a hydroxyl group and a carboxylic acid group within the same molecule of hydroxycarbonic acid. What are lactones used for? How does lactones form? 1. Flavor & Aroma 2. Food Additives A lactose forms by bringing 3. Medicinal Uses together specific groups in 4. Industrial Uses a molecule, removing water, and closing the structure into a ring. LACTAMS Lactams are cyclic amides formed when a carboxylic acid group and an amine group in the same molecule react to create a loop. This structure makes them stable and important in various applications. Examples: Caprolactam, Penicillin, Cephalosporins Purposes of lactams How does lactams form? 1. Antibiotics 2. Medicinal Compounds A lactam forms by bringing 3. Chemical Reactions together specific groups in a molecule, removing water, and closing the structure into a ring.  THIOESTERS Thioesters are organic compounds similar to regular esters, but they contain a sulfur atom instead of an oxygen atom in the ester linkage. They are formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with a thiol. Examples: Acetyl-CoA, Succinyl- CoA, Benzoyl-CoA Purposes of thioesters How does thioesters form? 1. Energy Storage So, a thioester forms by 2. Biochemical Reactions bringing together a 3. Synthesis of Molecules carboxylic acid and a thiol, removing water, and bonding the remaining parts. PHOSPHORIC ESTERS are organic compounds that form when phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) reacts with an alcohol. In this process, the hydroxyl groups of the phosphoric acid are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups, resulting in a phosphate ester bond. Example: ATP, Nucleotides, Phospholipids  Functions Formation 1. Energy Storage & phosphoric esters are Transfer made by mixing 2. Cell Membrane phosphoric acid with an Structure alcohol, removing water, 3. Biochemical Reactions and forming a new compound. DERIVATIVES OF CARBONXYLIC ACIDS chlorides Carboxylic acid derivatives are compounds anhydride that can be converted back to carboxylic estern acids by hydrolysis. These include acid amides chlorides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides. They share a common feature: the carbonyl group (C=O) attached to different atoms or groups replacing the hydroxyl group (-OH) of the carboxylic acid.  Acid [Acly]Chlorides Acid chlorides, also known as acyl Structure: A carbonyl chlorides, are a class of organic group (C=O) attached to a chlorine atom (-Cl). compounds derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the hydroxyl group (-OH) of the R Properties: Highly reactive and commonly carboxyl group (-COOH) with a used to make esters and chlorine atom (-Cl). Their general amides. Example: formula is RCOCl, where R ethanoyl chloride- represents an alkyl or aryl group. CH3COCl, propanoyl Reactions: React with chloride- C2H5COCl, water to form carboxylic butanoyl chloride- acids and HCl. C3H7COCl, benzoyl chloride  Acid Anhydride Structure: Two acyl groups (R-CO) joined by an oxygen Acid anhydrides are organic atom. compounds formed by the removal of water (H₂O) from Properties: Less reactive two carboxylic acid molecules. than acid chlorides, but still They have the general formula react with water, alcohols, R–CO–O–CO–R', where R and R' can be the same or different hydrocarbon groups. Acid R R and amines. anhydrides contain two Reactions: React with water carbonyl (C=O) groups to form two carboxylic acid connected by an oxygen atom molecules. ACID ACID CHLORIDE ANHYDRIDES O O II II CH3 C CH3 C Ethanoic / / | | ANHYDRIDES CI O | Ethan OLY CHLORIDE CH3 C / O II  acid chlorides property acid anhydrides [acyl chlorides] General Formula R-COCI R-CO-O-CO-R Highly reactive, especially with Less reactive than acid Reactivity water chlorides Formed from dehydration of Formed from carboxylic acids + Formation carboxylic acids or from halogenatin g agents carboxylate salts Used in organic synthesis (esters, Used in esterification, amidation, Applications amides, ketones) and aspirin production Highly corrosive, reacts violenty less corrosive but still reactive Handling with water with water ano man tng pinask koooo  AMINES DEFINITION Amines are like little building blocks that are found in many important things, like proteins and medicines. They're made up of a nitrogen atom (N) that's attached to one, two, or three other groups of atoms. These groups can be simple chains of carbon and hydrogen, or they can be more complex rings of atoms.  TYPES OF AMINES H Primary Amines: Have one group attached to | N - CH3 the nitrogen atom. | H CH3 | Secondary Amines: Have two groups attached H - N - CH3 to the nitrogen atom. | H Tertiary Amines: Have three groups attached to CH3 | the nitrogen atom CH3 - N - CH3 | CH3  Properties of Amines Amines have some interesting features: Solubility: Some Basicity: Amines Smell: Many amines can dissolve in are like little amines have a water, especially the magnets that can strong smell, smaller ones. This is attract hydrogen sometimes because the nitrogen ions (H+). This described as fishy atom in amines can makes them basic, or ammonia-like. attract water meaning they can molecules. neutralize acids.  Reactions of Amines Amines are very reactive and can Acylation: Amines can react with acids to participate in many different chemical form amides, which are important for reactions. Here are a few examples: making plastics and other materials. Alkylation: Amines can react with other Reaction with Nitrous Acid: Amines react chemicals to add new groups of atoms with nitrous acid in a way that depends to the nitrogen atom. This is like building on how many groups are attached to onto a structure. the nitrogen atom. This reaction is used to identify different types of amines.  Applications of Amines Amines are used in many different ways: - Medicines: Amines are found in many medicines, like painkillers and antidepressants. - Plastics: Amines are used to make plastics, like nylon and polyurethane. - Dyes: Amines are used to make dyes that color our clothes and other things. - Agriculture: Amines are used to make pesticides and herbicides that help protect crops.  WHAT ARE AMIDES? Amides are a group of organic compounds formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an amine or ammonia. Amides are made through a reaction called amidation.  NOMENCLATURE 1. Identify the amine and acid parts of the amide. 2. Name the acid parts first: Replace the "- ic acid" or "-oic acid of the carboxylic acid with "amide" ⁸ 3. If there is a group attached to the nitrogen atom ( N ), name them as prefixes with "N- before the name. Example: CH3CONH2 The acid part is acetic acid (CH3COOH) which becomes "acetamide. The name is acetamide  PROPERTIES OF AMIDES STRUCTURE: AND AMIDES HAVE A NITROGEN ATOM ATTACHED TO A CARBONYL GROUP (C=O), WHICH GIVES THEM UNIQUE PROPERTIES. SMELL: UNLIKE AMINES, MOST AMIDES DON'T HAVE A STRONG SMELL. THEY ARE USUALLY ODORLESS. SOLUBILITY: SMALL AMIDES CAN DISSOLVE IN WATER BECAUSE OF THE NITROGEN AND OXYGEN ATOMS THAT CAN FORM BONDS WITH WATER MOLECULES. STABILITY: AMIDES ARE MORE STABLE COMPARED TO OTHER SIMILAR COMPOUNDS LIKE ESTERS, MEANING THEY DON'T REACT EASILY  REACTIONS OF AMIDES Amides can participate in several reactions, but they are less reactive than other nitrogen-containing compounds. Here are a few examples:  Hydrolysis: Amides can break down into carboxylic acids and amines when treated with water and an acid or base. Reduction: Amides can be turned into amines by removing the oxygen atom when treated with reducing agents. Dehydration: Amides can lose water to form nitriles, another type of nitrogen-containing compound. TYPES OF AMIDES Amides can be grouped into three types: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary. The difference between them is how many groups are attached to the nitrogen ( N ) atom. APPLICATIONS OF AMIDES Medicine: Amides are found in many medicines and drugs. Plastics: Amides are used to make strong materials like nylon. Proteins: Amide bonds, called peptide bonds, are what hold proteins together in our bodies. Industry: Amides are used in making fertilizers and dyes for different products. THANK YOU!