Flame Test and Soil Analysis PDF

FLAME TEST Definition: Advantages: A flame test is a qualitative analytical Quick and easy to perform. procedure used in chemistry to detect Low-cost method. the presence of certain metal ions based on their characteristic colors when...

FLAME TEST Definition: Advantages: A flame test is a qualitative analytical Quick and easy to perform. procedure used in chemistry to detect Low-cost method. the presence of certain metal ions based on their characteristic colors when Requires minimal equipment. heated in a flame. Disadvantages: Uses: Cannot detect all elements. Identifying unknown metal ions in a Overlapping colors can cause sample. misidentification. Qualitative analysis of metal cations in solutions or compounds. Less sensitive compared to advanced Demonstrating the relationship methods like spectroscopy. between atomic structure and light emission. Where to be Found? Educational purposes in chemistry Flame tests are commonly conducted in labs. school and university laboratories, Importance: research centers, and industries dealing with metals and chemicals. Helps in quick identification of elements. How to Conduct the Test: Aids in quality control for 1. Materials Needed: Bunsen burner manufacturing. or a flame source (e.g., a lighter or alcohol lamp). Cotton swabs or wire Useful in forensic investigations for loop Solutions of different metal salts material identification. (e.g., sodium chloride, lithium chloride, calcium chloride, copper chloride). 2. Preparation: If testing multiple samples, a new cotton swab was likely used for each sample to avoid contamination. The presenter soaked the tip of a cotton swab in the solution containing the metal salt to ensure it absorbed enough of the sample.  FLAME TEST 3. Placing the Sample in the Who Are Responsible to Flame: The soaked cotton swab was carefully placed into the flame. As the Conduct Aside from the flame interacted with the metal ions Researcher/s? in the solution, it produced a specific Chemists color. Laboratory technicians Students in chemistry labs (under supervision). How Much Will It Cost? The estimated price for the basic setup is around PHP 3,050–5,250 SOIL ANALYSIS Uses: Definition: Helps choose the right plants for the Soil analysis is the process of testing soil soil. samples to determine their properties. Guides the use of fertilizers to avoid It helps us understand what's in the soil, waste. things like nutrients, minerals, pH Finds out how much water the soil level, and potential contaminants. can hold. Helps restore damaged or polluted land.  SOIL ANALYSIS Importance: Where to be Found? Saves money by using the right Agriculture extension services amount of fertilizers and water. Soil testing labs Protects crops from growing in poor Environmental research facilities. soil. Keeps land healthy for future use. How to Conduct the Test: Supports safe building projects by SOIL TEXTURE checking soil strength. 1. Materials Needed: A clear jar with a lid (e.g., a mason jar).Soil sample. Advantages: Water. Dish soap or liquid detergent Helps farmers know the nutrients (optional). in the soil. 2. Collect the Soil Sample: Remove Guides proper crop selection for any large rocks, roots, or debris from the better yield. sample. Reduces the risk of overusing fertilizers.. 3.Fill the Jar: Fill the jar about 1/3 full Improves soil health and long-term with your soil sample. productivity. 4. Add Water: Fill the rest of the jar Protects water sources from with water, leaving a small space at the chemical pollution. top. Disadvantages: 5.Optional - Add Dish Soap: Some tests take a long time to show Add a few drops of dish soap to help results. break up the soil particles. Advanced tools and tests can be 6. Shake the Jar: Secure the lid expensive. tightly. Shake the jar vigorously for Results may not be accurate about 1-2 minutes to mix the soil and without proper sampling. water thoroughly. Trained professionals are needed to interpret the data. 7. Let It Settle: Place the jar on a Not all areas may have easy access flat surface and let it sit undisturbed. to testing facilities. The soil particles will begin to settle in layers.  SOIL ANALYSIS How to Conduct the Test: SOIL PH 8.Observe the Layers: After about 24 hours, the layers will form: 1. Materials Needed: pH meter, Soil sample, Distilled water, Clean container, Clean cloth or tissue. 2. Prepare the Soil Sample: Collect soil from the area you want to test. Take it from about 5–10 cm deep. Remove any stones, leaves, or debris from the soil. 3.Mix with Water: Place the soil in a clean container. Place about 1:1 ratio of soil and distilled water in a clean container. For example, 1 cup of soil and 9.Measure the Layers: Use a ruler 1 cup of water. Stir the mixture to measure the thickness of each layer. thoroughly to make a slurry. This helps Record the measurements. the pH meter give an accurate reading. Use a soil texture triangle (a reference 4. Prepare the pH meter:Calibrate chart) to classify the soil based on the the pH meter, if needed, according to the percentage of sand, silt, and clay. manufacturer’s instructions. Usually, you’ll calibrate with two standard solutions: one with a pH of 7 (neutral) and another with a pH of 4 or 10 (depending on your meter). Turn on the pH meter. 5.Insert the pH Meter: Clean the electrode of the pH meter with distilled water, then dry it with a clean cloth.Insert the pH meter probe into the soil-water mixture. Ensure the probe is fully submerged.  SOIL ANALYSIS SOIL NUTRIENT SOIL PH 1. Materials Needed: Soil sample 6.Read the pH Level: Wait a few (collected and prepared as described), seconds for the reading to stabilize. TPY-6A Soil Nutrient Analyzer, Record the pH level shown on the screen. Cuvettes, Distilled Water, Regeant for testing Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and 7. Clean the pH Meter: After testing, Potassium (general solutions), Weighing rinse the probe with distilled water and scale (for measuring soil), Filter paper (for wipe it dry. filtering the solution), Pipettes (for measuring liquids). The pH value will tell you how 2. Preparation: acidic or alkaline your soil is: Weigh the soil sample: Begin by weighing about 4g of soil and pH < 7 = Acidic placing it into a clean plastic bottle pH > 7 = Alkaline. Add powder reagent: Add the required reagent powder (for pH = 7 = Neutral phosphorus, nitrogen, or potassium) to the bottle containing the soil sample. TIPS: Add water: Using a pipette, add 20 ml of water to the bottle to mix with the soil and reagent. Shake the bottle: Cover the bottle and shake it thoroughly for about 10 minutes. Let it settle: After shaking, allow the bottle to stand for 2 minutes to let the solids settle. Filter the solution: Filter the mixture to separate the liquid for testing.  SOIL ANALYSIS 6. Select the test mode: On the instrument’s interface, select the test for the nutrient you want to analyze. SOIL NUTRIENT 7. Test procedure: 3. Testing Procedure The instrument will display prompts for the For Cuvette 1: Add water to blank solution, standard solution, and then about two-thirds of the cuvette and show the results of the sample solution. adjust to the correct mark. 8. Read results: The instrument will calculate the nutrient. For Cuvette 2: Pipette the concentration and display the results on the required volume of test solution screen. You can print the data by pressing into the cuvette, and add the the print button. standard solution (phosphorus, Who Are Responsible to nitrogen, or potassium) as Conduct Aside from the instructed. Shake well. Researcher/s? Soil Scientists For Cuvette 3: Pipette the test Agronomists solution into the cuvette, followed Laboratory Technicians by water, and mix the two well. Environmental Engineers Farmers 4. Add reagents: Add the appropriate reagents to the How Much Will It Cost? cuvette (such as phosphorus, For Soil Texture: This method is simple, nitrogen, or potassium reagents). cost-effective, and doesn't require specialized equipment, making it accessible for basic soil Follow the instructions for each texture analysis. reagent and shake well. Soil pH (pH Meter): Lab testing costs about Note: No need for further waiting after $5 (around PHP 300). adding the reagent for this step. In the Philippines, it’s about PHP 100 per sample. 5. Place cuvette in analyzer: Soil Nutrient Analysis (TPY-6A Immediately place the prepared Analyzer): Buying the TPY-6A machine cuvette into the instrument for costs $1,000–$1,300 (PHP 55,000–72,000). testing. Make sure it is in the Lab testing for soil nutrients costs about $15 correct position, and follow the (PHP 800) per sample. on-screen instructions.  CHROMATOGRAPHY Definition: 2. Paper Chromatography An important biophysical technique A simple type of chromatography that enables the separation, that uses a piece of paper as the stationary identification, and purification of the phase. The mobile phase is a liquid components of a mixture for qualitative solvent that is drawn up the paper by and quantitative analysis. capillary action. The components of the Types of Chromatography mixture are separated based on their solubility in the solvent and their ability 1. Thin-Layer Chromatography to interact with the paper. A simple and inexpensive technique that is often used for preliminary analysis. It is not as sensitive as GC or LC, but it can be used to quickly identify the components of a mixture. TLC is often used in research laboratories and quality control. Advantage: Simple and inexpensive, good for teaching and small-scale separations Disadvantage: Advantage: Limited resolution and sensitivity Simple and inexpensive, good for compared to other methods preliminary analysis. Who Utilize Them: Disadvantage: Limited samples and resolution Educational institutions, small-scale compared to GC or HLPC research Who Utilize Them: How Much It Costs? Research laboratories, quality control Filter Paper:Range: ₱100 - ₱500 per How Much It Costs? pack (depending on size, quantity, Range: ₱500 - ₱2,000 per pack and brand) (depending on size, quantity, and brand)  CHROMATOGRAPHY 4. High-Performance Liquid 3. Gas chromatography (GC) Chromatography: Used to separate volatile Used to separate non-volatile compounds. It is a very sensitive compounds. It is a versatile technique technique that can be used to analyze that can be used to analyze a wide complex mixtures. GC is often used in variety of samples, including the chemical industry, environmental pharmaceuticals, biological samples, and analysis, and forensic science. environmental samples. LC is often used in the pharmaceutical industry, Note: Gas chromatography is one of biotechnology, and food science. the sole forms of chromatography that does not utilize the mobile phase for interacting with the analyte. Advantages: High resolution: HPLC can separate Advantage: very complex mixtures with high High sensitivity and resolution. resolution. Disadvantage: High sensitivity: HPLC can detect Limited to volatile compounds. very low concentrations of analytes. Who Utilize Them: Versatility: HPLC can be used to Chemical industry, environmental analyze a wide variety of samples, analysis, forensic science including pharmaceuticals, food, How Much It Costs? and environmental samples. Range: ₱500,000 - ₱5,000,000 or Automation: HPLC can be more (depending on model, brand, automated, which can save time and and features) money.  CHROMATOGRAPHY Disadvantages: Who Utilize Them? Pharmaceutical industry: To analyze Cost: HPLC equipment can be drugs and other pharmaceutical expensive. products. Complexity: HPLC is a complex Food industry: To analyze food and technique that requires specialized beverages for quality and safety. training. Environmental science: To analyze environmental samples for pollutants. Maintenance: HPLC equipment requires regular maintenance. Forensic science: To analyze forensic evidence. How Much It Costs? Range: ₱500,000 - ₱5,000,000 or more (depending on model, brand, and features) WATER SAMPLER Definition: Common Types: A water sampler is a device used to Niskin bottles: These are cylindrical collect water samples from different bottles that are lowered into the water depths in a body of water. These and then closed at the desired depth. samples can be tested for various things, such as the presence of pollutants, the level of dissolved oxygen, or the number of bacteria. Water samplers come in many different shapes and sizes, depending on the type of water being sampled and the purpose of the sampling. Some common types of water samplers include:  WATER SAMPLER Common Types: Advantage: Rosette samplers: These are devices Water samplers are a valuable tool that hold multiple Niskin bottles, for understanding the health of our allowing multiple samples to be waterways. They can help us identify collected at different depths at the same pollution sources, track changes in time. water quality over time, and even predict future problems. Disadvantage: They can be expensive, and they require specialized training to use. Additionally, water samplers can only collect a limited amount of water, which may not be representative of the entire body of water. Grab samplers: These are simple Who Are Responsible to Conduct devices that are used to collect water Aside from the Researcher/s? samples from the surface of a body of Water samplers are used by water. scientists, environmental engineers, and other professionals to monitor water quality and to study aquatic ecosystems. How Much It Costs?  WATER ANALYSIS Importance: Definition: Water analysis is the process of testing Food and beverage industry - Water and evaluating the physical, chemical, quality is essential for cleaning, cooking, and biological properties of water. This and ingredient preparation, ensuring the helps determine its quality and identify safety and taste of products. potential health risks or environmental Pharmaceutical industry - pure water is concerns related to the water source. critical for manufacturing drugs and Uses: vaccines, as impurities can affect product safety. Drinking Water Safety Environmental Protection Agriculture - Water analysis helps detect Regulatory Compliance harmful substances in irrigation water, Industrial Applications ensuring safe crops and preventing contamination. Agricultural Use Wastewater Treatment Power generation and oil refineries - Health and Public Policy Water analysis is crucial to prevent Research and Development equipment damage from contaminants, ensuring efficient operations and reducing maintenance costs. 4 CATEGORIES OF WATER ANALYSIS METHODS Chemical Water Analysis Physical Methods Methods Chemical methods analyze the Physical methods measure the physical chemical composition of water, properties of water, such as turbidity including the concentration of ions (cloudiness caused by suspended particles), (like chloride, nitrate, or sulfate), the temperature, conductivity (indicating the acidity or alkalinity (pH), hardness presence of ions), and the amount of (calcium and magnesium content), and suspended or dissolved solids, all of which dissolved gases like oxygen, using provide insight into the water's appearance titration, spectrophotometry, or and behavior. electrochemical techniques.  4 CATEGORIES OF WATER ANALYSIS METHODS Biological Methods Instrumental Methods Biological methods focus on Instrumental methods utilize advanced detecting microorganisms (such as technologies like spectrophotometry, bacteria, viruses, and algae) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), ion evaluating biological activity in water, chromatography, or radiological techniques using techniques like coliform testing, (e.g., gamma spectrometry) to perform plate counts, and measuring biological precise and automated analysis of trace oxygen demand (BOD) to determine elements, contaminants, and radioactive the water’s safety and ecological health. substances in water. Fully Automated Water Analysis Advantages: Ensures Safety Improves Public Health Supports Environmental Conservation Prevention of Diseases Disadvantages: High Cost Time-Consuming Waste Generation Risk of Sampling Errors  How Much Will It Cost? According to Water-Life Laboratory Who are Responsible to Conduct Water Testing Services... the Test aside from the Researchers? Environmental Agencies Public Health Departments Water Utility Companies Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Definition: Chemical analysis can be used to Importance: determine a chemical’s identity or the identity of its components, such as Ensure Safety and Quality - understanding why a product gives off a Chemical analysis guarantees strong smell or locating what an that our food is free from organic contaminant is made of. harmful contaminants, ensuring our health and well-being. Uses: Promote Health and Well- Healthcare and Medicine being - Analyzing biological Food Science and Safety samples allows for accurate disease diagnosis, enabling Forensics and Law Enforcement timely treatment and better health outcomes. Pharmaceutical Development  Types of Spectroscopy Chemical Analysis (using light to analyze). Qualitative Analysis -Focuses on identifying what substances are present in a sample. -It tells us about the type of elements, compounds, or ions in a Chromatography mixture. (separating components). Quantitative Analysis -Focuses on determining how much of each substance is present. Methods of Chemical Analysis Titration Advantages: (measuring volumes of reactants) Chemical analysis method shows high accuracy Instrumental methods often yield rapid results, facilitating timely decision-making processes. Reduces the risk of overusing fertilizers. Disadvantages: Gravimetry Chemical analysis methods can be (measure the weight of a product) more intricate and time- consuming than instrumental techniques, involving multiple steps and careful handling. Many chemical analysis methods require consuming or altering the sample during testing, which may not be suitable for precious or limited samples.  How to Conduct the Test: For Instrumental Methods: Advanced 1. Sample Collection: A machines like spectrometers or representative sample is collected from chromatographs analyze the sample the material to be analyzed. automatically. Example: Spectroscopy can measure 2. Sample Preparation: The sample is how much light a sample absorbs to prepared for analysis by cleaning, determine its composition. dissolving, grinding, or filtering it to 5. Data Interpretation: Results from remove impurities or make it suitable the analysis are recorded and for testing. Dissolving a powder in interpreted. water for titration or diluting a blood In quantitative analysis, the instrument sample for testing. might produce a graph showing the concentration of a chemical. Dissolving a powder in water for titration or diluting a blood sample for 6. Reporting Results:The findings are testing. summarized in an understandable format, often as a report or graph. 3. Selection of Method: Choose Who are Responsible to Conduct either a classical (titration) or the Test aside from the instrumental (spectroscopy) method Researchers? depending on the analysis type. Chemists Qualitative Example: Identifying if a Forensic Scientists toxic substance is present using color Environmental Scientists change reactions. Medical and Clinical Laboratory Quantitative Example: Measuring the Scientists exact concentration of a substance How Much Will It Cost? using chromatography. Basic analysis (pH, moisture): 4.Performing the Analysis:The 50 - 200 PHP selected method is applied to the sample. Proximate analysis (protein, fat, fiber): 500 - 1,000 PHP For Classical Methods: Visual observations, weight measurements, or manual calculations are done. Heavy metal analysis (lead, mercury): 1,000 - 2,000 PHP Microbial analysis:500 - 1,500 PHP  PATCH TEST Definition: Where to be Found? Patch test is undertaken for the Dermatology Clinic investigation and confirmation of Hospitals substances that produce allergic contact dermatitis. How to Conduct the Test: Initial Visit: Uses: Diagnose contact dermatitis: Assessment: The dermatologist will Determine the specific substances conduct a thorough medical history causing skin irritation or allergic and discuss your symptoms to reactions, such as: Metals, identify potential risk factors for Preservatives, Fragrances, Rubber, contact dermatitis. Dyes, & Plants Allergen Selection: Based on your Importance: medical history, the dermatologist will customize a panel of allergens It will detect allergic reaction to the that are most likely to be causing product and help to prevent further your reaction. These allergens are skin reaction from occurring after placed on small aluminum discs. treatments Patch Application: Patch testing can help you take control of your skin health and reduce flare- Application: The aluminum discs ups. containing the allergens are taped to your back. Advantages: Observation Period: Accurate Identification of Allergens Can Identify Multiple Sensitivities 48 Hours: You will wear the patches for 48 hours. During this Disadvantages: time, you should avoid bathing, Time-Consuming Process swimming, and vigorous exercise. Cannot Detect All Contact Allergies  PATCH TEST How to Conduct the Test: Who are Responsible to Conduct Patch Removal: the Test aside from the Researchers? Day 2: You will return to the Dermatologists: dermatologist's office to have the Trained nurses and technicians patches removed. How Much Will It Cost? Follow-up Visits: range of ₱800 to ₱10,000 or higher Days 4-5: You will have follow-up appointments on days 4 and 5 to monitor for any delayed reactions. Some allergic reactions may not appear until 4-5 days after patch removal. Results and Counseling: Results: At the end of the week, the dermatologist will evaluate your skin for any reactions (redness, itching, swelling, blisters). Allergen List: You will be provided with a list of allergens that you are allergic to. Product Database: You will also be given access to a customized database of safe products that do not contain the allergens you are sensitive to.  SKIN TEST Definition: Where to be Found? An allergy skin test helps find out what Clinics is causing your allergic reaction by Hospitals exposing your skin to allergy-causing Some primary care physician offices substances known as allergens. Uses: How to Conduct the Test: Diagnose allergies: Identify specific Skin Preparation: The area of skin allergens that trigger allergic to be tested is cleaned with an reactions such as: Airborne alcohol swab to remove any oils or allergens, Food allergies, Insect dirt that might interfere with the venom, Medications test. Assess the severity of allergies: Allergen Application: Small Determine the level of sensitivity to amounts of the suspected allergens specific allergens. (peanuts, tree nuts, milk, egg, soy, wheat, fish, and shellfish) are Importance: applied to the skin. Helps pinpoint the exact cause of allergic symptoms. Skin Prick: A small plastic prong is Enables doctors to recommend used to lightly scratch the skin appropriate treatments like allergy where the allergen has been shots (immunotherapy), applied. This allows a tiny amount medication, or avoidance strategies. of the allergen to enter the skin. By identifying and managing allergies, individuals can reduce or Marking the Skin: The area eliminate symptoms and improve where each allergen was applied is their overall well-being. marked to keep track of the different substances being tested. Advantages: Quick and relatively inexpensive Observation Period: The patient Safe waits for 15 minutes to observe for Disadvantages: any reactions. May not be suitable for everyone Can produce a severe, immediate allergic reaction.  SKIN TEST How to Conduct the Test: Who are Responsible to Conduct the Test aside from the Reading the Results: The allergist Researchers? or healthcare professional examines Allergists/Immunologists: the skin for signs of a reaction, such Trained Nurses and Technicians: as redness, swelling, or itching. The Doctors presence and severity of these reactions help determine the level How Much Will It Cost? of allergy to each food. A basic food allergy skin prick test might cost around ₱1,000 - ₱2,000.