GROUP 1 PPT.pdf

Looking at the Internet World Living in the IT Era THE INTERNET AND THE WORLD WIDE WEB I. HISTORY: Timeline of Events (how it went from stand-alone computers to computers with network) 1940s-1950s: The Era of Stand-Alone Computers 1940s: The first electronic computers, such as E...

Looking at the Internet World Living in the IT Era THE INTERNET AND THE WORLD WIDE WEB I. HISTORY: Timeline of Events (how it went from stand-alone computers to computers with network) 1940s-1950s: The Era of Stand-Alone Computers 1940s: The first electronic computers, such as ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), were built during World War II. These computers were large, stand-alone machines with no connectivity to other systems. 1950s: Computers like UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) were developed for business and government use. They operated independently and were used for specific tasks like data processing. I. HISTORY: Timeline of Events (how it went from stand-alone computers to computers with network) 1960s: Early Concepts of Networking 1962: J.C.R. Licklider at MIT proposed the concept of a global computer network in his "Intergalactic Computer Network" vision, planting the seed for computer networking. 1964: Paul Baran at RAND Corporation and Donald Davies in the UK independently developed the concept of packet switching, a method for breaking data into small packets to be sent over a network. This technology became essential for modern networking. I. HISTORY: Timeline of Events (how it went from stand-alone computers to computers with network) 1969: Birth of ARPANET 1969: The ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), funded by the U.S. Department of Defense’s ARPA, was launched. It became the world’s first packet-switched network, allowing computers at universities and research institutions to share data. The first message between computers at UCLA and Stanford was sent in October 1969. I. HISTORY: Timeline of Events (how it went from stand-alone computers to computers with network) 1970s: Expansion of Networking Technology 1972: Email was introduced on ARPANET by Ray Tomlinson, marking the first major use of networked computers for communication. 1973: Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn developed the TCP/IP protocol (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), a universal standard that allowed different computers and networks to communicate with each other. 1977: ARPANET connected to other networks, forming the basis of what would become the internet. This was the first major demonstration of internetworking, or linking multiple networks together. I. HISTORY: Timeline of Events (how it went from stand-alone computers to computers with network) 1980s: Transition from ARPANET to the Internet 1983: ARPANET officially adopted TCP/IP as its standard networking protocol, laying the groundwork for the modern internet. The term "internet" was used to describe the interconnected networks. 1984: The Domain Name System (DNS) was introduced, simplifying the way computers are addressed by replacing IP addresses with easily remembered domain names (e.g., "example.com"). 1989: Tim Berners-Lee proposed the idea of the World Wide Web, a system for linking hypertext documents accessed through the internet. This development would soon revolutionize how people used networks. I. HISTORY: Timeline of Events (how it went from stand-alone computers to computers with network) 1990s: The Rise of the Commercial Internet 1991: The World Wide Web went live, enabling people to access information and interact with others via web pages. This rapidly expanded the reach of computer networks to the general public. 1993: The first web browser, Mosaic, was introduced, making the web more user-friendly and accessible to a wider audience. 1995: The commercial internet emerged as restrictions on the use of the internet for commercial purposes were lifted. Companies like Amazon, eBay, and Google soon followed, driving a rapid increase in internet usage. I. HISTORY: Timeline of Events (how it went from stand-alone computers to computers with network) 2000s-Present: Modern Networking and the Internet Age 2000s: High-speed internet access through broadband and Wi-Fi networks became widely available, further integrating networking into everyday life. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube transformed how people communicate and share content. 2010s: The rise of cloud computing allowed users to store and process data on remote servers, enhancing the power and accessibility of networked computing. 2020s: 5G networks began rolling out, promising faster speeds and more reliable connections, and the Internet of Things (IoT) enabled billions of devices, from smartphones to home appliances, to be connected and communicate via networks. I. HISTORY: Timeline of Events (how it went from stand-alone computers to computers with network) Summary of Key Milestones: 1940s-1950s: Stand-alone computers 1969: ARPANET, the first computer network, established 1973: TCP/IP developed 1983: ARPANET adopts TCP/IP, leading to the internet 1989: World Wide Web proposed 1990s: Growth of commercial internet and web services 2000s-present: Modern internet with cloud, social media, and IoT II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 1. Backbone The internet backbone refers to the high-speed data routes that interconnect large networks and data centers globally. These are operated by major telecommunications companies and are made up of fiber-optic cables capable of transferring huge amounts of data across continents. The backbone is the core infrastructure of the internet, allowing data to flow efficiently between smaller networks (like ISPs) and the rest of the world. II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 2. Hardware Hardware refers to the physical components that make up the internet and its connections. This includes: Servers: Machines that store and deliver websites, emails, and other services to users. Routers and Switches: Devices that direct traffic across the internet. Cables: Fiber-optic cables that carry data in the form of light pulses, as well as other types of cables for shorter distances. Modems: Convert digital data from a computer into a signal that can be transmitted over a phone line or cable line. II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 3. Packets When you send data over the internet, it is broken down into smaller pieces called packets. Each packet contains part of the data, along with information on its destination, sender, and reassembly instructions. The packets travel independently across the network and are reassembled into the original data at the destination. II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 4. Routers Routers are devices that direct packets through the internet. They are responsible for finding the best path for each packet from its source to its destination. Routers ensure that data moves efficiently, even across complex networks. II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 5. Private/Personal Networks A private network refers to a network that is restricted to certain users, such as a home or office network. The devices on these networks can communicate with each other without interference from the public internet. Personal network: Your home Wi-Fi network is a personal, private network. Public network: Public networks, like those in coffee shops or airports, are accessible to anyone nearby and can pose security risks. II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 6. Choosing a Network Connection (Private or Public) When connecting to a network, you often have to choose whether to treat it as private or public: Private: This should be selected when you are using a trusted network (like home or office). Your device will allow file sharing and discoverability of other devices. Public: This is for untrusted networks (e.g., a cafe). Your device will disable discoverability and sharing to enhance security. II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 7. Using the Internet to Locate Computers To find other computers on the internet, we use IP addresses (Internet Protocol addresses), which are unique identifiers assigned to each device connected to the network. Think of them like street addresses for computers. II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 8. Examining IP Addresses An IP address is a numerical label (like 192.168.0.1) that identifies each device on the internet. IP addresses come in two formats: IPv4: The original format (e.g., 192.168.0.1) with around 4.3 billion possible addresses. IPv6: A newer format (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334) with a vastly larger address space, introduced to deal with the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 9. DNS (Domain Name System) The DNS is like the phone book of the internet. It translates human-readable domain names (like "example.com") into IP addresses that computers use to communicate. Without DNS, we’d have to remember IP addresses to visit websites. II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 10. DNS Services DNS services are provided by DNS servers, which respond to queries from devices trying to resolve domain names into IP addresses. Common DNS service providers include Google DNS, Cloudflare, and OpenDNS. II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 11. Understanding Domain Names A domain name is the human-readable address of a website (e.g., "example.com"). It is what we type into our browser to access websites, and it gets resolved into an IP address via the DNS. II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 12. DNS Domain Levels A domain name is made up of different levels: Top-Level Domain (TLD): The last part of a domain name, like ".com" or ".org." Second-Level Domain: The part just before the TLD, like "example" in "example.com." Subdomains: Optional prefixes added before the second-level domain, like "blog" in "blog.example.com." II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 13. Top-Level Domains (TLDs) Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs): These are the most common, and include.com,.org,.net, and.info. Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLDs): These represent specific countries or territories, like.uk (United Kingdom),.jp (Japan), or.ph (Philippines). II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 14. Domains on the Second Level The second-level domain is what identifies a specific organization or website within a TLD. In "example.com," "example" is the second-level domain, and it is often the part of the domain that represents the organization or website name. II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 16. Understanding URLs A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the full address used to access a specific resource on the internet. It contains multiple parts: Protocol (like HTTP or HTTPS) Domain name (like "example.com") Path (the specific location of a file or resource on the server, e.g., "/about-us.html") II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 17. Protocol Identification The protocol tells the browser how to retrieve the resource. The most common ones are: HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring web pages and data. HTTPS (HTTP Secure): An encrypted version of HTTP for secure data transfer. II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 18. HTTP HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the foundational protocol for the web. It defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and how servers and browsers respond to various commands. For example, when you click a link, your browser sends an HTTP request to the server, asking for the page. II. Deepening our Understanding on how Internet works 19. URLs with Paths and Filenames A URL path specifies the exact location of a resource on a server. For example, in "example.com/products/shoes.html": The domain is "example.com." The path is "/products/shoes.html," which points to a specific file (in this case, "shoes.html") in the "products" directory. Introduction to the World Wide Web What is the World Wide Web? Collection of Comprised of millions Hyperlinks connect these interconnected documents of web pages hosted on web pages across the accessible via the Internet. servers. globe. Understanding Web Pages What is a Web Page? A web page is built using A website is a collection of Web pages often contain Hypertext Markup Language related web pages. text, hyperlinks, images, (HTML). and multimedia. Example of a Web page: Example of a Website: Introduction to HTML HTML - Hypertext Markup Language HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is used to create web pages using tags enclosed in angle brackets. Tags often come in pairs (opening and closing) and define the structure of a web page, which includes a head (metadata) and body (content). Web browsers interpret tags to display content, but the tags themselves are not shown. HTML allows embedding images, multimedia, and executing scripts like JavaScript for added functionality. Introduction to HTML Example of HTML code: Introduction to CSS CSS - Cascading Style Sheets CSS separates content from design (presentation). Controls layout, font colors, backgrounds, and element alignment. Internal CSS: Specific to one HTML file, embedded directly in the document. External CSS: Separate file, used across multiple pages for consistent styling. Introduction to CSS Example of Internal CSS Example of External CSS Hyperlinks and Navigation How Hyperlinks Work Hyperlinks are references to data located in a different location than the current web page. They can point to an entire document or a specific element within it. In HTML, hyperlinks are defined with the (anchor) tag and have the form: link text The href attribute holds the address (URL)of the target document, while the link text is the text displayed as hyperlink. The following is a sample link tag: Microsoft Website Web Browsers Overview What is a Web Browser? Web browsers are software tools that facilitate accessing, viewing, and navigation of web pages on the Internet. Web browsers enable you to engage with websites and experience the incredible rich material accessible on the Internet. Browsers retrieve and display web pages from a server while offering customizable services and security features to enhance user experience and online safety. Popular browsers include Google Chrome, Apple Safari, Microsoft Edge, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera. Web Browsers Overview Browser Navigation Tools Tools for Navigating the Web The address bar is used to enter the URL of a website you want to visit and provides quick access to previously visited URLs. Press Enter after typing in the URL to load the page. It may also contain additional buttons like search, refresh, security report, and stop for enhanced functionality. Browser Navigation Tools Sample Website: Back and forward buttons for navigation. Refresh button reloads the page. Scroll bars allow viewing hidden portions of content. Browser Navigation Tools Browser Navigation Tools Web Page Scroll Bars Essential for navigating content, consisting of components like the scroll box, scroll arrows, and scroll area; available in vertical and horizontal types, allowing user interaction through clicking arrows or dragging the scroll box. Studies show that most users prefer vertical scrolling and dislike horizontal scrolling. Consequently, web designers create flexible layouts that adjust to window size, minimizing the need for horizontal scrolling despite browsers supporting it. Standard Control Buttons for Windows In the upper-right corner of browser windows are the normal Minimize, Maximize/Restore, and Close buttons. The control buttons alter the current window's appearance as follows: Browser Navigation Tools Tabs and Multitasking in Browsers Working with Tabs in Browsers Browser Windows (Tabs) Browser tabs enable simultaneous access to multiple websites, with only one tab active at a time. Users can open new tabs, duplicate existing ones, and open links in new tabs for easy comparison and content copying. Unwanted tabs can be closed using the Close button or right-click options to close individual or all tabs. Tabs and Multitasking in Browsers Working with Tabs in Browsers Links within the Browser Hyperlinks in web browsers appear as highlighted or colored text but can also be images, icons, or specific graphic regions. The mouse cursor changes to a pointing hand icon when hovering over a hyperlink, indicating a link's presence. Clicking a hyperlink redirects you to the designated target page, which may be on the same or a different website. Some hyperlinks open in the current window, while others create a new tab, and some links allow for file downloads. Followed hyperlinks typically change color to indicate they've been visited, and some links become visible only when hovered over. Popular Web Browsers Most Popular Web Browsers Google Chrome: In 2008, Chrome was created and launched as a stable product. It was originally distributed as shareware, but a significant chunk of its code was published in 2008 as Chromium, an open-source project; newer versions of Chrome are based on this version. Notice that the Chrome documentation refers to the address bar as the "omnibox." Apple Safari: This web browser was built specifically for Apple computers and is the most popular option for all Apple computing devices. Safari is also available for Microsoft Windows. Popular Web Browsers Most Popular Web Browsers Microsoft's Edge browser: Microsoft's newest browser interface, Edge, was created by Microsoft and debuted alongside Windows 10. Edge is more streamlined than its predecessor and has a reading view and minimum command buttons. The settings for Edge are integrated into the Windows 10 Settings app. Windows Internet Explorer: Microsoft's Internet Explorer was among the earliest graphical web browsers. With Windows 95, it has been included in all versions of the Windows operating system. Windows 10 is configured with Microsoft Edge as the default browser configured with Microsoft Edge as the default browser, while Internet Explorer is provided as a Desktop app. Popular Web Browsers Most Popular Web Browsers Mozilla Firefox: In 2004, Mozilla Corporation and Mozilla Foundation first developed Firefox. It is an open-source, free-to-download web browser. Opera: Opera Software has made its web browser available for download as a standalone product or as part of an Internet suite of goods. It was one of the first web browsers to be released in 1994 and is currently available for a variety of computing platforms, including a number of mobile devices. Ad Blockers and Privacy Tools Best Ad Blockers for Browsers We have a guide to the most effective ad blockers for Google Chrome, but here’s a quick list: AdBlock and AdBlock Plus: Popular browser extensions that block intrusive ads and offer customizable filters to enhance browsing speed and privacy. AdGuard (Chrome only): An ad-blocker focused on Chrome, offering protection against ads, trackers, and malware, along with customizable filtering options. CyberSec by NordVPN: A feature included with NordVPN that blocks ads and prevents access to malicious websites while maintaining privacy. Ad Blockers and Privacy Tools Best Ad Blockers for Browsers Ghostery: A privacy-focused extension that blocks ads and trackers, allowing users to see and control tracking scripts on websites. Poper Blocker (Chrome only): Designed specifically to block pop-ups, pop-unders, and other disruptive on-screen elements. Stands FairAdBlocker (Chrome only): Blocks intrusive ads while allowing some non-intrusive ads, helping support content creators. uBlock Origin (Chrome and Firefox only): A lightweight, open-source ad-blocker with highly efficient resource usage and extensive filter options. Ad Blockers and Privacy Tools Best Ad Blockers for Browsers Various ad-blocking extensions, such as AdBlock, AdGuard, Ghostery, and uBlock Origin, help users block intrusive ads, trackers, and malware to enhance privacy and browsing speed, with some offering customization or support for non-intrusive ads. Many are Chrome-only, while others also support Firefox or integrate with services like NordVPN's CyberSec for additional protection. Tools for Browser Navigation The back button advances the page by one. If you click a link or navigate to a different website by entering a URL in the address field, the back button becomes active The forward button advances the page by one. Once page is reversed, the forward button becomes active The reload button reloads or show a page again. You may need to reload a page if its content is constantly changing or if a portion of it fails to reload successfully. Tools for Browser Navigation Home Page and Beginning Page The page that appears by default when the browser is opened You can pick a specific web page as your beginning page When you click the Home Button it will immediately return to the homepage regardless of how many other websites you have visited Majority of browsers featured a Home button on the toolbar and used the homepage as the default launch page. Downloading and Uploading The process of sending data from your computer to a servers (Uploading) Getting data from the server (Downloading) Downloading and Uploading The speed of connection is measured in bits per minute Measurement Equal to bps Bits per second Kbps Thousand bits per second Mbps Million bits per second Gbps Billion bits per second  Downloading and Uploading The speed of connection is measured in bits per minute File Approximate Size 5Mbps 1Mbps 4 minute song 4MB 4-5 seconds 20-30 seconds 5 minute song 30MB 30-40 seconds 3 minutes 200MB 3-5 seconds 15-20 minutes 45 minute TV show 600MB 10-15 seconds 45 minutes -1 hour 2 hour movie 1.0-1.5GB 18-24 minutes 1.5 - 2 hours 2 hour HD movie 3.0-4.5GB 30-70 minutes 4.5 - 6 hours The Benefits of Streaming The mechanism through which file is sent to a device in a continual and steady stream Storage Efficiency Accessibility across devices Doing a search from the address bar Click on the URL bar Input a search word Clicking a suggested search term in the list of suggestions will initiate a search with the selected search engine. Favorites/Bookmarks Can be accessed without entering its URL Stores site’s URL in a folder designed for saving books  Managing Bookmarks Favorites Center in Internet Explorer Hub in Microsoft Edge Bookmark Manager in Google Chrome These administration centers permit the creation of new bookmark folders, as well as the relocation of bookmarks  Managing Bookmarks Favorites Center in Internet Explorer Hub in Microsoft Edge Bookmark Manager in Google Chrome These administration centers permit the creation of new bookmark folders, as well as the relocation of bookmarks  Cookies Straightforward text files that store your preferences. Cookie Varieties: First-party Cookies - originated from the website you are currently visiting Third-party cookies - from a site other than the one you are currently visiting, such as a site that delivers advertising content on the site you are currently reasing. Session cookies - only stored in temporary memory and are deleted when the web browser is closed.  Browser Cache Overview Function: stores web elements (images, scripts, fonts) locally to improve load times when revisiting pages. Efficiency: Enhances the speed of page loading, especially when using the browser’s back button or returning to previously visited sites. Cached Data: Includes form inputs (like names, addresses) which are saved for auto-filling, making future form completion quicker. Privacy Concern: This data is easily accessible on shared or public computers, making it necessary to clear caches for privacy protection.  Browsing History Function: Browsers track and store the URLs of previously visited sites to aid in revisiting pages. (Popular browsers like Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, and Microsoft Edge) Performance and Privacy: Over time, the History folder can accumulate data that consumes disk space, potentially slowing the browser. Deleting Browsing History GOOGLE INTERNET EXPLORER  Private Browsing Overview: Private browsing modes (e.g., Incognito in Chrome, InPrivate in Microsoft Edge and Internet Explorer) allow users to browse without leaving a trail (history, cookies, search data). Usage: No data is saved after closing private tabs, making this mode useful for maintaining confidentiality when browsing on shared or public devices. Private Browsing in Internet Explorer INTERNET EXPLORER  Browser Capabilities Early Internet: Originally, browsers primarily served to display text-based content. Modern Browsers: multimedia (images, videos, interactive content) using plug-ins and add- ons. Plug-ins and Add-ons: ○ Plug-ins: These are third-party applications like Adobe Flash Player or Microsoft Silverlight, enabling browsers to handle media formats not supported natively. ○ Add-ons: browser specific tools that enhance users’ usage and navigation (Google search toolbar) Browser Capabilities REALPLAYER MICROSOFT SILVERLIGHT Google search toolbar  In-Browser Applications web-based apps that integrate with browsers to provide additional features. (ex: Pocket App) Pocket application  Web Standards Purpose: Web standards are essential guidelines that web designers follow to ensure websites are user-friendly and function consistently across different browsers. Key Elements: ○Navigation Bars ○Breadcrumbs ○Consistency  Site Main Page Homepage: Acts as the gateway to the rest of the site, providing users with an overview of the site’s content and links to important sections. -often includes a navigation bar, logos, images, videos, buttons, and dropdown menus Navigation Bars and Breadcrumbs Navigation Bar: A standard feature found on well-designed websites, usually located along the top or side. It acts as a directory, providing users with easy access to various sections of the site. Navigation Bars and Breadcrumbs Breadcrumbs: A secondary navigation tool that shows users their path through the website's hierarchy. They allow easy backtracking to higher- level pages and enhance navigation in complex websites.  Widgets Definition: are small, self-contained software modules that display dynamic content (e.g., weather, stock prices, countdowns) on a website. Usage: They are embedded into web pages via code and can pull content from external sources (provides real-time information). weather and stock widgets RSS (Really Simple Syndication) WIDGET General Mouse Usage on Websites Interaction Methods: single clicks, double clicks, or drag-and-drop actions, drag-and-drop uploads, and in-game controls. Standard Pages on Websites ○ Contact Us: Provides visitors with contact information (email, phone, address). ○ Privacy Policy: Details how a website collects and uses personal information. ○Login Page: Used for accessing personal accounts on websites requiring user authentication. ○Online Store: Allows users to make purchases, either directly on the site or via third-party integrations.  references: https://www.google.com/search? q=RSS+WIDget+stands+for&sca_esv=b9156b3871933c69&sca_upv=1&ei=JAjxZprEFaPO2roPiemcyAw https://www.google.com/search? sca_esv=b9156b3871933c69&sca_upv=1&q=browser+cache&udm=2&fbs=AEQNm0Aa4sjWe7Rqy32pFwRj0UkW d8nbOJfsBGGB5IQQO6L3J603JUkR9Y5suk8yuy50qOYMMWTNCTu57lKPsZpPcfqPgaPXemCvOszB4HgsxzVAD y6jRHL4zkvjj-aaiteot69Fh7nS0vnUCWjgN7enbhdAg8mMII-A2p_8WS1TH1utCQVyJIr8FF1a4OhJQfpQglv- Kedt&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwie4-KkttiIAxXP5TQHHQvrOc0QtKgLegQIEhAB https://www.google.com/search? q=mouse+functios&sca_esv=b9156b3871933c69&sca_upv=1&hl=en&source=hp&ei=7gjxZqmVFqLk2roPpre- wQE&iflsig=AL9hbdgAAAAAZvEW_rlWSmp-0heD7SMuHfIAGPK9MZJi https://www.scribd.com/document/483244096/NEW-GEED-20133-LIVING-IN-THE-IT-ERA-MODULE-pdf