Chapter 1: Good Governance PDF

Chapter l: Good Governance Group 1: Adayo, Norman G. Cabading, Alygin Joy A. Ibanada, Norwin D. Lawama, Jamaella Ayeza M. Tolentino, Rhenalyn E. Co, Daniel Luis I. History of Governance Governance means how a country or organization is organized at the highest leve...

Chapter l: Good Governance Group 1: Adayo, Norman G. Cabading, Alygin Joy A. Ibanada, Norwin D. Lawama, Jamaella Ayeza M. Tolentino, Rhenalyn E. Co, Daniel Luis I. History of Governance Governance means how a country or organization is organized at the highest level. Good governance means there is equal and proper management, guidance for processes, and the right to make decisions with responsibility. In most dictionaries “government” and “governance” are interchangeably used, both denoting the exercise of authority in an organization, institution, or state. Government is the name given to the entity exercising that authority. Authority can most simply be defined as legitimate power. Whereas power is the ability to influence the behavior of others, authority is the right to do so. Authority is therefore based on an acknowledged duty to obey rather than on any form of coercion or manipulation. The origin of the term “governance” Kubernân - In ancient Greek, Kubernân referred to the steering of a ship or cart Gubernare - The Latin verb. Gubernare has the same meaning as the Greek word. Gouverneur- In medieval French, it was used as a synonym for ‘government’, and later referred to as a territorial subdivision. In the 17th century, a Gouverneur Was a legal representative of the French King, assigned, in the context of a general endeavor on the part of the central state to establish its control over feudal lords, to different Bailliages or provinces of Northern France, formally named gouvernances: Arras, Lille, Douai, Artois, Flandre, and others(Guyot 1784). Governança- The French word entered the Spanish and Portuguese languages in the 14th Century. Governança was the equivalent of the modern term “government”. as was the case in French, it became obsolete but lent its root to some closely related terms such as gobierno, gobernación, and others. Gobernanza-When the concept re-emerged in the 1980s, there was no equivalent in Spanish. Different terms have been used, generating much confusion (Hufty et al 2006). In Spain, Gobernanza is used in the context of the European Union (whereas in some Latin American countries, this term designates a floor maid in a hotel). Although it sounds old-fashioned to certain ears (Solá 2000), it is slowly becoming the dominant equivalent for the English ‘governance’ Principles of Governance ACCOUNTABILITY – decision-makers in government, the private sector, and civil society organizations are accountable to the public, as well as to institutional stakeholders. This accountability differs depending on the organization and whether the decision is internal or external. TRANSPARENCY – transparency is built on the free flow of information. Processes, institutions, and information are directly accessible to those concerned with them, and enough information is provided to understand and monitor them. RULE OF LAW– legal frameworks should be fair and enforced impartially, particularly the laws on human rights. EQUITY AND INCLUSIVENESS- all men and women should feel included in the mainstream. All groups, especially the most vulnerable, should be able to enhance or maintain their well-being. EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY – processes and institutions produce results that meet needs while making the best use of resources. RESPONSIVENESS- institutions, and processes try to serve state actors with interest and be served with the highest attention and care, with effective implementation and close monitoring. CONSENSUS ORIENTATION – Governance brings together various interests in order to reach a comprehensive and optimal agreement for community groups, particularly in terms of policies and procedures Good governance is the process of measuring how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources and guarantee the realization of human rights in a manner essentially free of abuse and corruption and with due regard for the rule of law good governance relates to the political and institutional processes and outcomes that are necessary to achieve the goals of development. The true test of 'good' governance is the degree to which it delivers on the promise of human rights: civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. Good Corporate Governance refers to the system of rules, practices, and processes by which a company is directed and controlled. Social responsibility requires that individuals and companies act in the best interests of the environment and society as a whole. Social responsibility is referred to as “corporate social responsibility (CSR)” when it applies to businesses. Governance and Ethics Good Governance refers to the effective, efficient, and ethical management of an organization, particularly in the public sector or large corporations. It involves a set of principles and practices that guide the organization's leadership to make decisions that are in the best interest of all stakeholders. Principles of Good Governance Accountability Transparency Fairness Responsibility Ethics in the context of social responsibility refers to the moral principles that guide an organization's actions and decisions, ensuring that they contribute positively to society. Ethical Standards Integrity Respect Fairness Honesty In summary, governance ensures that an organization is well-managed and accountable, while ethics ensures that its actions are morally sound. Together, they contribute to good governance and social responsibility, ensuring that organizations act in the best interests of society. Issues in Governance System (Both National and Local Issues) Local Governance Issues: Resource Constraints: Local governments often struggle with limited budgets and resources, affecting their ability to deliver services effectively. Decentralization Challenges: While decentralization can bring governance closer to the people, it can also create inconsistencies and coordination problems between different levels of government. Public Participation: Engaging local residents in decision-making processes can be difficult, leading to policies that do not reflect community needs. Infrastructure Deficits: Local governments may face challenges in maintaining or developing infrastructure due to financial limitations or bureaucratic hurdles. Local Corruption: Corruption at the local level can be particularly damaging, affecting services and public trust in a more direct and immediate way. Accountability and Transparency: Ensuring local government actions are transparent and that officials are held accountable can be challenging, especially in areas with weak oversight mechanisms. Service Delivery: Effective delivery of essential services such as education, healthcare, and sanitation can be inconsistent, affecting the quality of life for residents. Emergency Response: Local governments may struggle to respond effectively to emergencies or disasters due to resource limitations or lack of coordination. National Governance Issue: Corruption: Misuse of power and resources at high levels can erode public trust and hamper effective governance. Political Polarization: Deep divisions between political factions can lead to gridlock, making it difficult to pass legislation or implement policies. Economic Inequality: Disparities in wealth and opportunity can lead to social unrest and undermine national stability. Ineffective Institutions: Weak or poorly managed institutions can lead to inefficient service delivery and poor policy implementation. Lack of Transparency: Limited access to information about government actions can hinder accountability and public trust. Human Rights Issues: Governments may face challenges in protecting and promoting human rights, leading to abuses and discontent. National Security: Balancing security measures with civil liberties can be challenging, especially in times of crisis or conflict. Policy Continuity: Frequent changes in government can disrupt long-term policy initiatives and planning.