Group 1 Handout PDF on Extraction Processes | Herbal Teas Recipes

GROUP 1 HANDOUT Members: Vente, Bongbong, Garzo, Salic, Gozo, Macapanas air drying vs sun-drying of leaves Common uses Air drying: Air Drying: a natural drying process Herbal Teas...

GROUP 1 HANDOUT Members: Vente, Bongbong, Garzo, Salic, Gozo, Macapanas air drying vs sun-drying of leaves Common uses Air drying: Air Drying: a natural drying process Herbal Teas where leaves are exposed to ambient Medicinal Remedies air, usually in a shaded, well- Culinary Spices ventilated area. It can preserve the Aromatherapy Products color, aroma, and nutrients of leaves; Crafts and Decorations commonly used for medicinal herbs Sun-drying: and spices. Agricultural Products Herbal Medicine Sun-drying: a drying process where Culinary Ingredients leaves are directly exposed to Animal Feed sunlight. It reduces moisture content quickly, often used for agricultural examples of leaves often used and culinary products. Air drying: Herbal Leaves Importance Mint (Mentha), Basil (Ocimum Air drying: gently preserves the basilicum), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), leaves’ color, smell, and nutrients. Sage (Salvia officinalis) simple, low-cost, and eco-friendly. Medicinal Leaves Sun-drying: for quickly preserving Guava Leaves (Psidium guajava), large amounts of leaves using natural Neem Leaves (Azadirachta indica), sunlight. great for storing leaves used Eucalyptus Leaves in food, medicine, or as animal feed. Tea Leaves Camellia sinensis, Lemongrass Advantages (Cymbopogon) Air drying: Culinary Leaves Preserves natural color, aroma, Bay Leaves (Laurus nobilis), Curry and nutrients Leaves (Murraya koenigii) Gentle on delicate leaves Sun-drying: Simple and requires no special Agricultural Leaves equipment Tobacco Leaves (Nicotiana), Low-cost and energy-efficient Sugarcane Leaves Sun-drying: Culinary Leaves Fast and efficient Bay Leaves (Laurus nobilis), Curry Low cost Leaves (Murraya koenigii) Suitable for large-scale drying Herbal and Medicinal Leaves Widely accessible Moringa Leaves (Moringa oleifera), Guava Leaves (Psidium Disadvantages guajava),Neem Leaves (Azadirachta Air drying: indica) Takes a long time to dry Tea and Beverage Leaves completely Tea Leaves (Camellia sinensis), May risk mold or spoilage if Hibiscus Leaves (Hibiscus sabdariffa) conditions are too humid Animal Feed Needs a well-ventilated space Alfalfa Leaves (Medicago sativa), and careful handling Banana Leaves Not suitable for large-scale drying  GROUP 1 HANDOUT Members: Vente, Bongbong, Garzo, Salic, Gozo, Macapanas RESPONSIBLE TO CONDUCT ASiDE FROM Common uses RESEARCHERS Solvent Removal Farmers Solvent Recovery Herbalists Sample Preparation Gardeners Natural Product Isolation Culinary Practitioners Food & Flavor Industry Students and Educators Environmental Analysis Processors and Entrepreneurs most commonly found in rotary evaporation Chemical Laboratories Pharmaceutical Industry the process of reducing the volume Biotechnology and Natural of a solvent by distributing it as a Product Research thin film across the interior of a Industrial Settings vessel at elevated temperature and How to Use a Rotary Evaporator reduced pressure. This promotes the rapid removal of excess solvent 1. Pre-weigh a round-bottom flask and fill it no more than halfway with the solution. from less volatile samples. Major components: 2. Attach the flask to the bump trap using a Keck Water Bath clip, ensuring the trap is clean for solution recovery. Condenser pipe 3. Lower the flask partially into the water using Evaporation flask the joystick, keeping the joint and clip above the Receiving flask waterline. Motor Importance 4. Turn on the vacuum source and listen for a hissing sound as air flows through the stopcock. crucial for efficient and gentle solvent removal, essential in 5. Start rotating the flask at medium speed (110 rpm or one-third max). chemistry, pharmaceuticals, and environmental science. vital for 6. Close the stopcock (perpendicular to the bleed tasks like sample preparation, valve) to stop hissing and reduce pressure. compound purification, and 7. Let the solution evaporate, collecting solvent in natural product extraction. the reservoir flask. Advantages 8. After evaporation, maintain reduced pressure Higher Evaporation Efficiency briefly to remove residual solvent. Enhanced Safety 9. To stop, open the stopcock, stop rotation, turn User-Friendly Operation off the vacuum, remove the flask, and shut down the Disadvantages evaporator if last to use. Can only process 1 sample 10. Leave the flask open in a locker to fully dry Limited life non-volatile residue before weighing and analysis. Exposure to air Needs to be cleaned very often  GROUP 1 HANDOUT Members: Vente, Bongbong, Garzo, Salic, Gozo, Macapanas RESPONSIBLE TO CONDUCT ASiDE FROM Common uses RESEARCHERS Lab Technicians Medicine Students and Educators Food Industry Production Technicians Cosmetics Quality Control Specialists Scientific Research Environmental Analysts most commonly found in Lab Managers Maintenance Personnel Laboratories cost Pharmaceutical Industries Basic Models: $1,500 - $5,000 Food Research Centers Mid-Range Models: $5,000 - Academic Institutions $15,000 How to use the tool High-End Models: $15,000 - 1. Preparation: $40,000 Collect leaves, stems, or roots. Cooling System: $1,000 - $5,000. Clean to remove dirt or impurities. Vacuum Pump: $1,000 - $3,000 Air-dry or oven-dry to remove moisture. Grind into fine powder to increase surface area. EXTRACTION OF SOLID EXTRACT 2. Mixing: Combine powdered material with a solvent the extraction of solid extracts is a (ethanol, methanol, or water). process used to isolate valuable compounds from plant materials 3. Extraction: Extract compounds using soaking, stirring, or such as leaves, stems, roots, or ultrasonic treatment. fruits. Importance 4. Filtration: Filter to remove plant residues, leaving solvent it helps get the useful compounds with extracted compounds. from plants that can be used in many ways. By extracting these 5. Concentration: Use a rotary evaporator to remove solvent, natural components, we can leaving concentrated extract. create healthier and eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic chemicals 6. Storage: Store extract in airtight containers in a cool, dry Advantages place. Effectively isolates active compounds in a concentrated RESPONSIBLE TO CONDUCT ASiDE FROM RESEARCHERS form. Supports eco-friendly practices Laboratory Assistants by using renewable resources. Chemists or Technicians Supervising Professionals or Disadvantages Teachers Process can be expensive and time-consuming. Improper handling of solvents may pose environmental and health risks.  GROUP 1 HANDOUT Members: Vente, Bongbong, Garzo, Salic, Gozo, Macapanas cost Common uses Rotary Evaporators: ₱55,000 - Identifying bioactive agents ₱550,000. Soxhlet Extractors: Evaluating Therapeutic ₱11,000 - ₱110,000. Separatory Potential Funnels: ₱2,800 - ₱28,000. Developing Phytochemical Distillation Units: ₱11,000 - Standards ₱275,000. Hydraulic Presses: Drug Discovery ₱27,500 - ₱275,000. Refrigerators Validation of Herbal Remedies or Freezers: ₱5,500 - ₱55,000. Nutrional Studies Drying Equipment: ₱55,000 - Food Industry ₱550,000. most commonly found in PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS Laboratories Pharmaceutical Industries is the process of identifying and Food Research Centers studying the natural chemical Academic Institutions compounds (phytochemicals) found in plants. How to conduct the process Importance 1. Collection of Plant Material: Select and collect fresh plant leaves, roots or other parts. is essential for understanding the therapeutic potential of plants, 2. Preparation of Sample: ensuring the safety and Drying: Dry the plant material in a shaded, well- effectiveness of herbal products, ventilated area or using a dehydrator to reduce and advancing the fields of moisture content. medicine, pharmacology, and Grinding: Once dried, grind the material into a fine nutrition. powder using mortar and pestle or grinder. Advantages 3. Extraction of Phytochemicals: Bioactive Compound Solvent Extraction: Mix the powdered plant material Identification with a solvent like ethanol, methanol, or water. Support Traditional Medicine Filtration: After soaking the plant material in the Quality Control solvent for a specified period (usually 24–48 hours), Supports Sustainable Use filter the solution to remove solid particles. Enhances Food Safety 4. Qualitative Analysis (Screening for Disadvantages Phytochemicals): Complex Plant Matrices - Test for the presence of common phytochemicals Resource Intensive such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and Time Consuming terpenoids. Here are some basic tests: Requires Expertise Alkaloids High Cost Flavonoids Risk of Errors Tannins Saponins Terpenoids  GROUP 1 HANDOUT Members: Vente, Bongbong, Garzo, Salic, Gozo, Macapanas How to conduct the process Common uses 5. Quantitative Analysis (Optional): - To determine the exact concentration of Antioxidant Agents specific compounds, more advanced techniques Anti-inflammatory and are used, such as: Antimicrobial Applications UV-Vis Spectroscopy: To measure the absorption of light by certain compounds. Functional Food Ingredients Chromatography (HPLC or GC-MS): To Natural Preservatives separate, identify, and quantify the Therapeutic Agents compounds 6. Data Analysis: most commonly found in Record the results of the tests and interpret Fruits and Vegetables them to identify the phytochemicals present in the plant. Cereal Grains and Legumes Beverages 7. Documentation and Reporting: Medicinal Plants Write a report detailing the methods, results, and analysis. Document the compounds Spices and Herbs identified and their potential uses. How to use the tool phenolic extract 1. Collection and Preparation of Plant Material: these are concentrated solutions Select healthy plant material, such as leaves, derived from plants, rich in stems, or roots. Ensure the material is clean and phenolic compounds—naturally free from dirt or contaminants. occurring molecules characterized Dry the plant material in a shaded area with good by one or more hydroxyl groups ventilation to remove excess moisture. This helps attached to aromatic rings. concentrate the bioactive compounds. Importance Grind the dried plant material into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle or grinder. are important due to their powerful 2. Extraction Process: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, making Weigh the required amount of powdered plant them vital for health, skincare, and material using a digital scale to ensure consistency. food preservation. Prepare the solvent, such as ethanol, methanol, or Advantages distilled water, based on the phenolic compounds targeted. Rich in Anti-oxidants Anti-inflammatory Benefits Combine the powdered plant material with the solvent in a beaker or flask. Stir the mixture and Natural Preservative allow it to soak for several hours or overnight for Versatility efficient extraction. Eco-Friendly Filter the mixture using filter paper or a fine mesh to separate the liquid extract from the plant Disadvantages residue. Extraction Challenges Use a rotary evaporator to concentrate the liquid Instability extract by removing the solvent under reduced pressure, leaving behind a pure phenolic extract. Potential Toxicity Taste and Sensory Effects Store the phenolic extract in amber glass bottles Cost in a cool, dry place to protect it from light and maintain stability.  GROUP 1 HANDOUT Members: Vente, Bongbong, Garzo, Salic, Gozo, Macapanas RESPONSIBLE TO CONDUCT ASiDE FROM Uses RESEARCHERS Pharmaceutical Application Laboratory Analysts Cosmetics & Personal Care Chemists Products Technicians Research cost Food & Flavor Industry Hydroxytyrosol Extract: Advantages priced at approximately $4,100 Versatility per kilogram. Safety Mimosa Extract Powder: Eco-Friendly available at $12.00 to $18.00 Therapeutic Versatility per kilogram. Ultrasound-Assisted Disadvantages Extraction (UAE): approximately $3.86 per flask. Solvent Residue Hot Water Extraction (HWE): Chlorophyll and Bitter cost of around $3.92 per flask Compounds for hot water extraction. Potential Toxicity Soxhlet Extraction: Flammability approximately $5.80 per flask. most commonly found in ethanolic extract Research laboratories Pharamacuticle companies It refers to a concentrated Cosmetics and Food substance obtained from plant or Manifcaturing Facilities animal materials using ethanol (alcohol) as the solvent. It is HOW TO USE THE TOOL OR CONDUCT THE obtained by soaking plant PROCESS OR TEST materials in ethanol, allowing the 1. Collection and Preparation of Plant Material: solvent to dissolve the desired Select healthy plant material, such as leaves, stems, or compounds. roots. Dry the plant material in a shaded area with good Importance ventilation to remove excess moisture. Ethanolic extracts are significant Grind the dried plant material into a fine powder using a due to their ability to effectively mortar and pestle or grinder. extract a diverse range of 2. Extraction with Ethanol: bioactive compounds from plant Weigh the powdered plant material to determine the materials. Ethanol is considered amount for the extraction process. A common ratio is 1 safe, eco-friendly, and relatively part plant material to 5 parts ethanol. easy to evaporate, which Prepare the solvent: Add 70% or 95% ethanol into a facilitates the preparation of beaker, depending on your extraction needs. concentrated extracts. Mix the plant powder with ethanol: Place the powdered plant material into a glass container or beaker and pour ethanol over it. Stir to ensure the plant material is fully submerged in the ethanol.  GROUP 1 HANDOUT Members: Vente, Bongbong, Garzo, Salic, Gozo, Macapanas HOW TO USE THE TOOL OR CONDUCT THE cost PROCESS OR TEST 3. Maceration or Soaking: PLANT MATERIALS: The cost of the Allow the mixture to sit for a period of time plant material used for extraction can (typically 24–48 hours) in a cool, dark place. vary depending on it's availability, This soaking process is called maceration, and rarity, and quality. it allows the ethanol to dissolve the bioactive compounds from the plant material. EXTRACTION METHOD: Specific Occasionally shake or stir the mixture to extract method used can impact the improve extraction. cost, with more complex methods 4. Filtration: generally being more expensive. SCALE OF PRODUCTION: Large-scale After the soaking period, filter the mixture to separate the liquid extract from the solid plant production of ethanolic extracts is material. Use filter paper or cheesecloth to more cost-effective than small-scale strain out the solid particles. production. Collect the ethanol extract in a clean QUALITY CONTROL: Implemented container. This is the liquid phase, which during the extraction process can also contains the dissolved phytochemicals from the plant. affect the cost. 5. Concentration (Optional): Essential Oil Extraction If a more concentrated extract is required, Essential oil extract is a concentrated you can remove excess ethanol by evaporating it. This can be done using a liquid derived from plants, capturing rotary evaporator or by gently heating the their natural aromatic compounds extract in a fume hood. and beneficial properties. Extracted Once the ethanol is evaporated, you will be through methods like steam left with a concentrated plant extract. distillation, cold pressing, or solvent 6. Storage: extraction, these oils are sourced from various parts of the plant, Store the ethanol extract in dark, air-tight bottles to protect it from light and air. including leaves, flowers, stems, and Proper storage ensures the stability of the roots. extract and prevents the degradation of active compounds. Importance Label the containers with information about Essential oil extracts are important the plant source, extraction date, and because they offer numerous solvent used. therapeutic, medicinal, and practical WHO ARE RESPONSIBLE TO CONDUCT benefits. They are widely used in ASIDE FROM THE RESEARCHER/S? aromatherapy to promote relaxation, reduce stress, and improve mental well- Researchers being. In skincare, they provide natural Pharmaceutical Professionals solutions for hydration, acne treatment, Food Manufacturers and anti-aging. Cosmetic Companies  GROUP 1 HANDOUT Members: Vente, Bongbong, Garzo, Salic, Gozo, Macapanas uses cost Aromatherapy (stress relief, 1.Small-Scale Production (DIY): ₱700– relaxation, energy boost) ₱5,000 per batch Skincare and cosmetics Medium-Scale Production: ₱5,000– Natural cleaning products ₱50,000 per batch Perfumes and fragrances Large-Scale Production: ₱50,000– Advantages ₱300,000+ per batch Aromatherapy Benefits These costs depend on the type of Skin Care plant, equipment, and scale of Pain Relief production. Environmental Benefits disadvantages TOXICITY TEST Photosensitivity is a scientific procedure used to Allergic Reactions evaluate the adverse effects of a Respiratory Issues chemical, substance, or agent on living organisms. The goal is to most commonly found in determine the potential risks these substances pose to human health, Skin Care and Beauty Products animals, and the environment. Aromatherapy Products Hair Care Products Importance The importance of toxicity testing HOW TO USE THE TOOL OR CONDUCT THE lies in its critical role in protecting PROCESS OR TEST human health, ensuring Steam Distillation: Plant environmental safety, and materials are placed in a supporting industrial and regulatory distillation chamber where steam passes through them, practices. releasing essential oils. The 1. Protecting Human Health vaporized oil and steam are 2. Ensuring Drug Safety then condensed and separated. 3. Protecting the Environment 4. Regulatory Compliance Cold Pressing: Commonly used for citrus fruits, this 5. Enhancing Product Safety method involves mechanically 6. Advancing Scientific pressing the plant material to Knowledge extract the oils. uses WHO ARE RESPONSIBLE TO CONDUCT ASIDE FROM THE RESEARCHER/S? Assessing Health Risks Environmental Protection Farmers Drug Development Extraction Technicians Regulatory Compliance Aromatherapists and Chemists Product Safety Quality Control Specialists  GROUP 1 HANDOUT Members: Vente, Bongbong, Garzo, Salic, Gozo, Macapanas Advantages WHO ARE RESPONSIBLE TO CONDUCT Human Health Protection ASIDE FROM THE RESEARCHER/S? Environmental Safety Regulatory Compliance Toxicologists Product Development Regulatory Agencies Quality Assurance (QA) disadvantages Specialists Biostatisticians Veterenarians Ethical Concerns Laboratory Technicians High Costs Ethics Committees Time-Consuming Third-Party Testing Facilities Industrial Hygienists most commonly found in cost Pharmaceutical Industry Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50) Chemical Industry Approximately PHP 20,000 per test Cosmetic Industry Acute Toxicity Test (Rat) Food Industry PHP 22,000 per test Environmental Studies Acute Toxicity Test (Mouse) General Toxicology Research PHP 10,000 per test In Vitro Toxicology Testing HOW TO USE THE TOOL OR CONDUCT THE Varies depending on the specific test PROCESS OR TEST and complexity Acute Toxicity Testing Facility Fees for Toxicology Services This test assesses the adverse Specific fees are not publicly listed; effects of a substance following a short-term contacting the medical center exposure. directly is recommended for accurate Chronic Toxicity Testing pricing. this test evaluates the adverse effects of a substance over an additional considerations extended period Sample Requirements: Certain tests may Aquatic Toxicity Testing require specific sample sizes or types, This method assesses the impact of chemicals or which can influence the overall cost. effluents on aquatic organisms, such as fish, algae, or daphnia. Regulatory Compliance: Ensure that the In Vitro Toxicity Testing testing facility complies with local and These tests use cultured cells or international standards to guarantee the tissues to evaluate the toxicity of substances, offering an validity of results. alternative to animal testing. Consultation: It's advisable to consult with the testing facility to understand the full scope of services provided and any additional fees that may apply.  GROUP 1 HANDOUT Members: Vente, Bongbong, Garzo, Salic, Gozo, Macapanas air-dry leaves sun-dry leaves rotary evaporator phytochemical analysis phenolic extract  GROUP 1 HANDOUT Members: Vente, Bongbong, Garzo, Salic, Gozo, Macapanas ethanolic extract essential oil extraction essential oil extraction toxicity test toxicity test end. sincerely, group 1