Applications of Biotechnology in Environment: Group-05 PDF

Topic: Applications of Biotechnology in Environment Submitted To: Ms. Sadaf Saeed Submitted By: Group-05 Noor-ul-Huda (12E) Arooba Iqbal (22M) Humna (25M) Wajiha Mahtab (26M) Ariba Bibi (42E) Contents: In...

Topic: Applications of Biotechnology in Environment Submitted To: Ms. Sadaf Saeed Submitted By: Group-05 Noor-ul-Huda (12E) Arooba Iqbal (22M) Humna (25M) Wajiha Mahtab (26M) Ariba Bibi (42E) Contents: Introduction Role of Microbes in Environment Applications of Environmental Biotechnology Bioremediation Bioremediation of oil spillage Genetic Engineering of Microbes Challenges Future Perspectives Conclusion  What is Biotechnology? A technology that uses biological systems or living organisms to create or modify products for a particular purpose. Biotech is helping to heal the world by: ▪ Reducing rates of infectious disease ▪ Saving millions of children's lives ▪ Personalized medicine for reduce health risks and side effects ▪ More precise tools for disease detection ▪ Combating serious illnesses  Role of Biotechnology in Environment Environment refers to total sum of all biotic and abiotic factors that influence organism. It includes physical ,biological, and chemical factors that play crucial role in sustaining life, regulating climate and maintaining biodiversity. Biotechnology can play its role in: ▪ Pollution prevention ▪ Environmental remediation ▪ Detection and monitoring  History Ancient times 20th Century Ancient Egypt utilized the fermentation process for Discovery of organisms like pseudomonas food preservation, such as brewing, winemaking, putida and Aspergillus Niger lead to focus on and bread baking biodegradation and environmental remediation. 19th Century Modern Era The Danish botanist Emil Christian Hansen (1842– Advances in genetic engineering allowed for the 1909) and the German hygienist Robert Koch (1843– manipulation of microorganisms to enhance 1910) founded ‘yeast inbreeding’ by isolating their ability to degrade pollutants ,microbes are individual cells ,beginning of the ‘pure’ cultured also utilized as biosensors for detection of yeasts. pollution.  Role of Microbes in Environment Bacteria Fungi Algae Archaea Virus N2 Fixation Decomposers Carbon dioxide Nutrient Biopesticides Phosphate Biofertilizer removal Cycling Antiviral mobilization Biopesticides Oxygen Carbon resistance Nutrient Bioremediation Production Decomposition recycling Pollution Bioremediation reduction Why we prefer them: Rapid growth Cost effective Diverse metabolic capabilities Low maintenance  Microbe Function Application Rhizobia (Bacteria) Nitrogen Fixation Legume root nodules, Agriculture Mycorrhizal fungi (Fungi) Nutrient uptake, soil formation Plant roots, Forestry, Agriculture Methanobrevibacter (Archea) Methane production, carbon Anaerobic digestion, Biogas cycling production Pseudomonas (Bacteria) Decomposition, pollutant Soil, Water treatment degradation Aspergillus (Fungi) Decomposition, nutrient cycling Soil, Composting Decomposition Process: Nitrogen Cycle: Carbon Cycle: Application of Biotechnology?  Bioremediation Bioremediation is a branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living organisms in the removal of contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from soil, water, and other environments. These organisms are known for their biochemical and physical affinity to hydrocarbons among other pollutants. It includes various types of bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, and some species of plants. In comparison to conventional physicochemical treatment methods bioremediation may offer advantages as it aims to be sustainable, eco- friendly, cheap, and scalable. The main challenge to bioremediations is rate: the processes are slow.  Oil Spillage Petroleum is a toxic mixture of organic compounds, trace amounts of heavy metals, and hydrocarbons including many persistent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Petroleum bioaccumulation in terrestrial and marine food chains cause both acute and long term health effects. Oil spills have been a global issue since the emergence of the oil industry in the early 1900s. Exxon Valdez: In 1989, this spill released 37,000 tonnes of oil. The Tasman Spirit oil spill occurred in the Arabian Sea just outside the Port of Karachi, Pakistan on July 27, 2003. Sanchi: Most serious and polluting oil tanker accident of the 21st century.  Bioremediation of Oil Spillage Microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and algae break down the hydrocarbons in oil into harmless compounds. Pseudomonas broad degradation spectrum and its efficiency is 30% to 70%. It degrades both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Pseudomonas Species are typically Aerobic bacteria but some strains have capacity to degrade hydrocarbons under anaerobic conditions. There are two main approaches of bioremediation such as Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation. Bioaugmentation Biostimulation  Oil Degradation By Pseudomonas Biosurfactants Glycolipid biosurfactant (Rhamnolipids) Production Lipopeptides Hydroxylase Enzyme (Alkanes) Enzymatic Activity oxygenase Enzyme (Aromatic Hydrocarbons) Dehydrogenase and hydrocarbon oxidase Enzymes Smaller molecules like acetate or acetyl-CoA TCA Cycle Produce ATP, CO2, and NADH Capable of utilizing hydrocarbons under anaerobic Anaerobic Degradation condition by employing alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate or ferric iron. They posses a variety of regulatory genes that help them Adaptative Potential adapt to presence of hydrocarbons. (Examples: XylR, NahR, Crc Protein) Biosurfactants Production  Enzymatic Activity Hydroxylase Enzyme (Alkanes) alkB Alkane + O2 Alcohol Oxygenase Enzyme (Aromatic Hydrocarbons) Toluene + 2O2 Cisdihydrodiol Dehydrogenase and hydrocarbon oxidase Enzymes ❑ Removal of hydrogen atom ❑ Enable bacteria to utilize carbon as energy source Enzymatic Activity & TCA Cycle Aerobic And Anaerobic Biodegradation  Adaptative Potential They posses a variety of regulatory genes that help them adapt to presence of hydrocarbons. Examples: ❑ XylR (Regulatory protein for xylene degradation) ❑ NahR (Regulatory protein for xylene degradation) ❑ Crc Protein (Catabolic Repressor Control Protein: Optimize expression of enzymes) Genetic Modification of Microbes  Challenges Scalability Cost-effectiveness Public acceptance Regulatory frameworks Limited understanding Safety Collaboration Data management  Future Perspectives Gene editing Synthetic biology Biodegradation Bioaugmentation Phytoremediation Bioreactors  Conclusion biotechnology plays a pivotal role in addressing critical environmental challenges by harnessing the power of microorganisms and biotechnological innovations. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, serve as powerful agents in bioremediation, where they break down harmful pollutants like oil spills, toxic chemicals, and heavy metals. The role of Pseudomonas species in oil spill cleanup exemplifies how specific microbes can be engineered or utilized to degrade complex contaminants in the environment. the future of biotechnology in environmental applications appears bright, with continued research and development paving the way for more efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable biotechnological solutions.