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25 September, 2024 TWO TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEMS (control engineering) Prepared by Group 1 TEAM MEMBERS Balatico, Kim Daniel A. Cabuhat, Jaydee...

25 September, 2024 TWO TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEMS (control engineering) Prepared by Group 1 TEAM MEMBERS Balatico, Kim Daniel A. Cabuhat, Jaydee C. Cosino, Aries A. Javier, Enrico A. Lingcaso, Mikka Ella P. Macalindong, Alexandra S. Mercado, Nestle M. Negrite, Jairus Ronel B. INTRODUCTION A control system is a system or a set of devices that manages command and directs the behavior of other devices or systems. It works on the principle of the input-process-output cycle. since the output is controlled by varying input. They are widely used in electronics, automation, and engineering.  BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CONTROL SYSTEM It is made up of three main components: sensor, controller, and actuator. Here the sensor senses physical characteristics such as pressure, and temperature and converts them into an electrical signal and it generates an output signal which is used to control the actuator.  Elevators Smart Coffee Machine Examples of Control Systems Traffic Light Home Security Control System and Automation  The open-loop control system, also known as a non-feedback system, refers to a control process in which there is only forward action but no reverse connection between the control device and the controlled object. In this type of system, the input signal is not affected by the output signal.  An open loop control system operates on a set of predefined instructions or conditions without utilizing feedback from its output to adjust its actions. This means the control action is initiated and conducted based on initial settings, without any subsequent modifications based on how the output compares to the desired outcome. Once an open-loop system is set in motion, it continues its operation according to the preset parameters, regardless of any discrepancies between the actual output and what was intended.  Input Signal -> The signal provided to the system is desired to be processed. Sales Key Components of a Controller / Processor Performance Open-Loop Control -> This is basically where the input is passed to for processing and System produce the result. Analysis Output -> This is the desired signal for which all of the task is being performed that is output signal.  EXAMPLES OF OPEN-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM Oven Temperature Electric Hand Bread Toaster Electric Bulb Control Dryer  Characteristics OF AN OPEN-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM Absence of Feedback Open-loop control systems lack a feedback link, resulting in a simpler structure and lower cost as no feedback measuring elements are required. Stability in Operation Operating in an open loop, these systems exhibit good stability, maintaining consistent performance without feedback adjustments. Limited Automatic Adjustment Open-loop systems cannot automatically correct errors caused by interference, leading to lower control accuracy compared to closed-loop systems.  Characteristics OF AN OPEN-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM Fixed Input-Output Relationship Suitable for applications where the relationship between input and output quantities remains fixed and internal or external disturbances are minimal. Requirement for High-Precision Components To ensure a certain level of control accuracy, open-loop control systems necessitate the use of high-precision components.  APPLICATIONS OF OPEN-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM Manufacturing Processess Switches Traffic Signals Simple Appliances Robotics advantages 1. Simplicity: Open-loop systems are straightforward in design and implementation, requiring fewer components and less complex algorithms ( OPEN-LOOP compared to closed-loop systems. CONTROL SYSTEM ) 2. Cost efficiency: Due to their simplicity, open-loop control systems are generally more economical to build and maintain, making them a cost-effective solution for many applications. 3. Speed: With no need to process feedback signals, open-loop systems can operate at high speeds, providing rapid response times to input commands. 4. Stability: These systems typically demonstrate stability in their output, as they are not susceptible to issues arising from feedback loop dynamics. disadvantages 1. Lack of Accuracy: Open-loop systems lack the ability to adjust their ( OPEN-LOOP actions based on feedback from the output, leading to potential inaccuracies in achieving CONTROL SYSTEM ) desired outcomes. 2. Vulnerability: External disturbances or variations can affect the performance of open-loop systems since they do not have mechanisms to automatically compensate for such changes. 3. Limited Applicability: Open-loop control systems are not suitable for applications requiring high precision or accuracy, as they cannot dynamically adjust to changes in operating conditions.  A closed-loop control system, also known as a feedback control system, dynamically adjusts its operation based on feedback from its output. This means the system continuously monitors its output, compares it to the desired outcome, and adjusts its inputs accordingly to minimize any discrepancies. This feedback loop allows the system to self-correct and adapt to changes in external conditions or to its own performance over time, enhancing precision and reliability.  Reference Input This is the target output that the system is designed to follow. Error Detector Sales Its primary function is to measure the Key Components of a difference between the desired or Performance Closed-Loop Control reference input (setpoint) and the actual output of the system, generating an error signal. System Analysis Controller The controller is a crucial component that calculates the corrective action needed to minimize the error and bring the system output closer to the setpoint.  Process It could be a physical system like a motor, chemical process, or any other dynamic system. It is the device to be controlled. Sales Key Components of a Controlled Output Performance Closed-Loop Control The controlled output is the parameter or variable that control System and regulate the system. Analysis Feedback It is the part of the output signal which fed to the error detector for comparison with reference input.  EXAMPLES OF CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM Human Traveling on Automated Insulin Thermostat Heater Missile Launcher the Road Pump  Characteristics OF AN CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM Negative Feedback Mechanism Closed-loop control systems incorporate a negative feedback link, enabling automatic adjustment of output compensation and providing resistance to perturbations caused by system parameter changes or external disturbances. Enhanced Control Efficiency By utilizing negative feedback, these systems reduce errors and enhance control accuracy, while also facilitating faster transition processes. However, control quality is contingent upon the accuracy of the feedback elements. Closed-Loop Operation Closed-loop systems operate in a closed loop, which may introduce stability concerns due to the potential for instability.  Characteristics OF AN CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM Effective Suppression of Perturbations The negative feedback mechanism in closed-loop systems enables effective suppression of disturbances within the feedback loop, allowing for precise control and close tracking of desired signals. Automatic Regulation Closed-loop control systems are often referred to as automatic regulation systems due to their ability to follow given signals and adjust control quantities accordingly closely. The controller within these systems is commonly known as a regulator.  APPLICATIONS OF CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM Solar System Motor speed Automatic Electric Iron Temperature in AC Water Level Controller advantages 1. Accuracy: Closed-loop control systems offer high accuracy and precision by continuously monitoring and adjusting their output based on feedback ( CLOSED-LOOP signals. CONTROL SYSTEM ) 2. Robustness: These systems are robust against external disturbances and variations, maintaining stable performance even in changing environments. 3. Adaptability: Closed-loop systems can adapt to changes in operating conditions, making them suitable for applications where conditions may vary. 4. Automation: With their self-regulating nature, closed-loop systems require minimal human intervention, enabling automation of processes. disadvantages 1. Complexity: Closed-loop control systems are more complex in design and implementation compared to open-loop systems, requiring additional components and ( CLOSED-LOOP sophisticated algorithms. 2. Cost: CONTROL SYSTEM ) The complexity of closed-loop systems results in higher initial setup costs and ongoing maintenance expenses. 3. Response Time: Closed-loop systems may have slower response times compared to open-loop systems, as they rely on processing feedback signals before making adjustments. 4. Dependency on Feedback: Any issues in the feedback loop, such as sensor failures or signal transmission errors, can impact the performance and stability of closed-loop systems. THANK YOU