Greek Mythology Midterm Exam - OCR PDF

Midterm Exam begins IN CLASS at 9:30 a.m. on Monday, October 21, 2024. You will take Part 1 (Short Answer) from 9:30-10:15 a.m. and Part 2 (T/F, Multiple Choice) on Canvas Quizzes any time from 10:00 a.m. on Monday until the start of class on Wednesday, 9:30 a.m. You must rely on your memory for Par...

Midterm Exam begins IN CLASS at 9:30 a.m. on Monday, October 21, 2024. You will take Part 1 (Short Answer) from 9:30-10:15 a.m. and Part 2 (T/F, Multiple Choice) on Canvas Quizzes any time from 10:00 a.m. on Monday until the start of class on Wednesday, 9:30 a.m. You must rely on your memory for Part 1 (in class), but for Part 2 (online) you may use your textbook and notes (but please do your own work). The first part of the exam [40 points] will consist of “Short Answer” questions. You will answer 4 questions on any of the following topics (each answer should be a detailed paragraph; each answer is worth 10 points, so please be thorough): Greek Mythology Important Notes for Midterm/Finals The first part of the exam [40 points] will consist of “Short Answer” questions. You will answer 4 questions on any of the following topics (each answer should be a detailed paragraph; each answer is worth 10 points, so please be thorough): 1. Cronus against Uranus - What does Uranus do to his children and why does he do it? Who devises a plan to stop it? What is the plan? Who overcomes Uranus? - Uranus (Sky) feared his children, the Titans, would overthrow him, so he hid them inside Gaea (Earth), causing her great pain. Gaea devised a plan and gave Cronus a sickle to castrate Uranus. Cronus, the youngest Titan, successfully overthrew his father, separating the sky from the earth【12:1†source】【12:4†source】. 2. The Birth of Aphrodite - how was she born? How does this violent birth affect her personality? The Birth of Aphrodite: - Aphrodite was born from the sea foam (aphros) after Uranus was castrated by Cronus. The violent birth, involving the severed genitals of Uranus, imbued Aphrodite with a powerful association with both love and sexual attraction, but also the destructive potential of these forces【12:1†source】【12:6†source】. 3. The Rise of Zeus: How did Zeus overcome Cronus and rise to power? What battles/threats did he face? Who helped him achieve and keep his position? The Rise of Zeus: - Zeus overcame Cronus by tricking him into regurgitating his siblings. With the help of his brothers and sisters, Zeus waged war against the Titans (Titanomachy) and later faced the monster Typhoeus, whom he defeated with lightning. The Cyclopes and the Hecatoncheires assisted Zeus, providing him with the thunderbolt as a weapon, securing his position as the ruler of the gods【 12:1†source】【12:6†source】. 4. Prometheus – Maker and Protector of Mortals - How does he “trick” Zeus? How does Zeus punish him? What happens next? How does Zeus further punish Prometheus and how does he ultimately punish mankind? Prometheus – Maker and Protector of Mortals: - Prometheus tricked Zeus during a sacrificial ceremony by offering him the less desirable portion of a feast, angering Zeus. In retaliation, Zeus withheld fire from mankind, but Prometheus stole it back, granting humans the knowledge of fire. Zeus punished Prometheus by chaining him to a rock where an eagle ate his liver daily. Eventually, Heracles freed him. As further punishment, Zeus created Pandora, the first woman, whose curiosity led to the release of all evils into the world【12:5†source】【12:4†source】 5. Pandora - The First Woman (mother to us all) - Why is she created and by whom? Why is she called “Pandora”? What is she given? What does she do with it? What is left inside? Pandora - The First Woman: - Pandora was created by the gods as punishment for mankind after Prometheus' actions. She was given various gifts from the gods, symbolized by her name, which means "all-gifted." Pandora opened a jar (often mistranslated as a box), releasing all the world's troubles, but hope remained inside【12:5†source】 6. The Birth of Athena - who were her mother and father? What happened to her mother and why? How was her birth unusual? - Athena was born from the head of Zeus, fully grown and armored. Zeus had swallowed her mother, Metis (wisdom), to prevent a prophecy that their offspring would be more powerful than him. Athena’s birth from Zeus symbolized her connection to wisdom, war, and strategy【12:1†source】【12:6†source】. 7. Apollo (god of Greek aristoi) & Hermes (god of Greek kakoi) as social and political opposites Apollo & Hermes as Social and Political Opposites:  - Apollo, associated with the aristoi (upper class), was the god of music, prophecy, and healing, representing order and civilization. Hermes, linked with the kakoi (lower class), was a trickster and messenger god who also represented trade, thieves, and the underworld. Despite their differences, they resolved their conflicts and became allies【12:6†source】【12:12†source】. 8. The Birth of Asclepius - how was his birth unusual? What happened to his mother and why? How did Asclepius become trained in medicine? The Birth of Asclepius: - Asclepius was born from the mortal woman Coronis and Apollo. After discovering Coronis’s infidelity, Apollo killed her but saved Asclepius, their child. Asclepius was raised by the centaur Chiron, who taught him the art of medicine, making Asclepius a revered healer【12:5†source】【12:6†source】. 9. The many loves of Apollo (Cassandra, Sybil, Daphne, and Hyacinth).9. The many loves of Apollo (Cassandra, Sybil, Daphne, and Hyacinth): - Cassandra: Apollo fell in love with Cassandra, a mortal princess of Troy, and granted her the gift of prophecy in exchange for her love. However, after receiving the gift, she rejected him. In anger, Apollo cursed her so that no one would ever believe her accurate prophecies, leading to her tragic fate during the fall of Troy. - Sibyl: The Sibyl of Cumae was another of Apollo’s love interests. Apollo offered her anything she wished in exchange for her love, and she asked for as many years of life as there were grains of sand in her hand. However, she also rejected him, and Apollo granted her request but without eternal youth, causing her to age endlessly. - Daphne: Daphne was a nymph who caught Apollo’s eye, but she did not reciprocate his feelings. To escape Apollo’s pursuit, she prayed to her father, a river god, who transformed her into a laurel tree. Apollo, heartbroken, declared the laurel as his sacred tree and wore a crown of its leaves in her honor. - Hyacinth: Hyacinth was a young Spartan prince and one of Apollo’s male lovers. They shared a close bond, but during a discus-throwing contest, Apollo accidentally struck Hyacinth in the head, killing him. In his grief, Apollo transformed Hyacinth’s blood into the hyacinth flower, immortalizing him in nature. These stories highlight both the intensity and often tragic outcomes of Apollo’s romantic pursuits, reflecting his divine power and the human emotions associated with love and loss【6†source】【7†source】. 10. Hermes’ early childhood adventures – what did he do, to whom, and how did he resolve it? (Homeric Hymn to Hermes) Hermes’ early childhood adventures – what did he do, to whom, and how did he resolve it? (Homeric Hymn to Hermes): - As a newborn, Hermes displayed his trickster nature by stealing Apollo’s cattle. He cleverly disguised his tracks by making the cattle walk backward. Apollo eventually discovered the theft and confronted Hermes. However, Hermes resolved the conflict by giving Apollo the lyre, which he had invented, leading to a peaceful resolution between the two gods【12:6†source】【7†source】 11. The Oracle at Delphi (three meanings of oracle: person, place, & message, etc.) The Oracle at Delphi (three meanings of oracle: person, place, & message, etc.): - The Oracle at Delphi was a significant religious site in ancient Greece. The term “oracle” has three meanings: (1) the priestess who delivers the prophecies (the Pythia), (2) the physical place of the temple where the prophecies were given (the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi), and (3) the prophetic message itself. The Oracle was one of the most revered sources of divine guidance in the ancient world【12:6†source】【7†source】. 12. Greek religion: How did the Ancient Greeks practice religion? Whom did they worship (give the names of the twelve Olympians plus two additional deities)? When and where did the Greeks worship? - Ancient Greek religion was polytheistic, and the gods were anthropomorphic, with human-like emotions and traits. The Greeks worshipped the twelve Olympians: Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hestia, Demeter, Aphrodite, Apollo, Artemis, Athena, Hephaestus, Ares, and Hermes. Two additional deities often worshipped were Hades (ruler of the underworld) and Dionysus (god of wine and ecstasy). Greeks practiced their religion through rituals, sacrifices, and festivals, typically at outdoor altars or temples dedicated to specific gods. Religious practices often occurred in both private homes and public spaces like sanctuaries or city festivals【12:6†source】【 7†source】. 13. The Greek concept of xenia (with examples of violations from Homer or Greek Flood)* The Greek concept of xenia (with examples of violations from Homer or Greek Flood): - Xenia is the Greek concept of guest-friendship or hospitality, which involves the respect from host to guest and vice versa. It was a sacred duty, as the stranger could be a god in disguise. A violation of xenia occurs when King Lykaon plans to murder Zeus, his guest, leading to his transformation into a wolf. Another example is Paris, who violates xenia when he runs off with Helen, the wife of his host, King Menelaus, leading to the Trojan War【12:6†source】【7†source】. MIDTERM REVIEW IN CLASS: 1) A call for help: Birth of Athena: a) Zeus must be overthrown, Zeus married Metic and by prophecy swallows her before Athena is born 2) Rise of Zeus: a) Titanomachy: b) Gigantomachy: c) Typhoney: 3) HUMANS COME FROM THE GOD PROMETHEUS THAT IS THE MAKER OF THE MORTAL RACE a) KNOWN FOR CLEVERNESS, TRICKSTER b) MAKER OF MORTALS AND PREIMENAL EARTH AND WATER Here's a brief description of the key terms and concepts from each chapter based on your provided study guide: ### Chapter 1: Concepts of Myth - Divine Myth: Narratives about gods and their interactions with humans, often explaining creation and natural phenomena. - Legend: Traditional stories that often blend historical fact with fictional elements, focusing on human heroes and events. - Folktale: Stories passed down orally, featuring common people and often conveying moral lessons or entertainment. - Etiological Tale: Myths that explain the origins of customs, names, or natural phenomena. - Polytheism: The belief in multiple gods, typical in ancient Greek religion. - Monotheism: The belief in a single deity, often seen in later religious traditions. ### Chapter 2: Geographical and Cultural Context - Attica: A historical region of Greece, including Athens, known for its cultural and political significance. - Peloponnesus: The southern peninsula of Greece, important for its city-states like Sparta. - Laconia: A region in the Peloponnesus, home to the Spartans. - Aegean Sea: A body of water that defines the eastern border of Greece and was crucial in trade and culture. - Cyclades: An archipelago in the Aegean Sea, known for its island civilizations. - Indo-Europeans: A group of ancient peoples whose languages spread across Europe and parts of Asia. - Bronze Age (3000-1150 BC): A period marked by the use of bronze for tools and weapons, significant in early Greek civilization. - Minoan Civilization: An ancient civilization on Crete known for advanced art and architecture. - Mycenaean Civilization: The late Bronze Age civilization in mainland Greece, known for its palatial centers. - Linear B: An early form of Greek script used by the Mycenaeans, primarily for record-keeping. - Asia Minor: The region of modern Turkey, important for trade and cultural exchanges with Greece. - The Levant: The eastern Mediterranean region, noted for its trade with ancient Greece. - Parthenos: Meaning "virgin," often used in relation to deities like Athena. - Miasma: A concept referring to pollution or defilement, often connected to moral transgressions and ritual purity. ### Chapter 3: Mesopotamian Connections - Mesopotamia: The historical region "between rivers" (Tigris and Euphrates), known as a cradle of civilization. - Sumerians: Early inhabitants of southern Mesopotamia, credited with many firsts in urbanization and writing. - An: The Sumerian sky god, a powerful deity in their pantheon. - Inanna: A major goddess of love, war, and fertility in Sumerian mythology. - Enlil: The Sumerian god of air and wind, often considered king of the gods. - Enki: God of water and wisdom, often portrayed as a benefactor to humanity. - Semites: A family of languages and peoples in the ancient Middle East, including Hebrews and Akkadians. - Akkadians: A Semitic people who established an empire in Mesopotamia, famous for their language. - Hebrews: Ancestors of the Jewish people, known for their monotheistic beliefs. - Hittites: An ancient Anatolian people who played a significant role in the history of the Near East. - Homer: An ancient Greek poet traditionally said to be the author of the "Iliad" and "Odyssey." - Epic: A long narrative poem that tells the deeds of heroic figures. - Rhapsode: A professional performer of epic poetry in ancient Greece. - Hesiod: An ancient Greek poet known for his works on mythology and farming (e.g., "Theogony"). - Homeric Hymns: A collection of ancient Greek hymns celebrating the gods, attributed to Homer. - Ovid: A Roman poet known for his mythological narratives, especially in "Metamorphoses." ### Chapter 4: Theogony and Creation Myths - Theogony: A Greek poem attributed to Hesiod, describing the origins of the gods. - Chaos: The primordial void in Greek cosmology from which everything emerged. - Gaea: The personification of Earth in Greek mythology, mother of the Titans. - Uranus: The sky god, father of the Titans, who was overthrown by Cronus. - Eros: The primordial god of love and attraction. - Titans: The generation of gods preceding the Olympians, children of Gaea and Uranus. - Cyclopes: One-eyed giants, noted for their skills in craftsmanship. - Hecatonchires: Giants with a hundred hands, children of Gaea and Uranus, known for their strength. - Cronus: The Titan who overthrew Uranus and later was overthrown by Zeus. - Rhea: Sister and wife of Cronus, mother of the Olympian gods. - Helius, Phaëthon: Helius is the sun god; Phaëthon is his son known for driving the sun chariot. - Erinyes: Female chthonic deities of vengeance, often depicted as avenging wronged individuals. - Giants: Beings born from Gaea, often in conflict with the gods. - Themis: Personification of divine order, law, and customs. - Prometheus: Titan known for stealing fire for humanity and suffering punishment from Zeus. - Titanomachy: The war between the Titans and the Olympian gods. - Atlas: A Titan punished to carry the heavens on his shoulders. - Typhoeus: A monstrous giant defeated by the Olympians, often associated with storms. - Succession Myth: Myths explaining the overthrow of one ruler or generation of gods by another. - Gigantomachy: The battle between gods and giants in mythology. - Herakles: A hero known for his strength, often involved in conflicts with gods and creatures. - Tiamat: A primordial goddess in Babylonian mythology, often involved in creation myths. - Anu: A sky god in Mesopotamian mythology, similar to Uranus. - Enki/Ea: Same as Enki; known for his wisdom and relevance in creation stories. - Marduk: A major god in Babylonian mythology, known for defeating Tiamat and creating the world. ### Chapter 5: Flood Myths and Creation Stories - Prometheus: Symbolic figure representing defiance against divine authority for humanity's benefit. - Pandora: The first woman created by gods; her story involves the release of evils into the world. - Ziusudra/Atrahasis: Mesopotamian flood survivors, paralleling the biblical Noah. - Noah: The biblical figure renowned for building an ark to survive the great flood. - King Lycaon: A figure in mythology noted for his impiety, who tried to test Zeus’ omniscience. - Deucalion & Pyrrha: Survivors of the flood in Greek mythology, similar to Noah's story. - Helene: Often referred to in stories of the Trojan War, specifically the cause of the conflict. ### Chapter 6: Zeus and Olympian Deities - Zeus: The king of the gods, known for his authority, power, and control over the sky. - Aegis: A protective cloak associated with Zeus, often symbolizing divine authority. - Xenia: Greek concept of hospitality, critical in societal interactions and myth. - Moerae “Fates”: Goddesses who controlled destiny and fate, daughters of Zeus and Themis. - Graces: Beautiful goddesses representing charm and beauty, often associated with the arts. - Hera: The queen of the gods, protector of marriage and women. - Poseidon: God of the sea, earthquakes, and horses, brother of Zeus. - Hades: God of the underworld, ruling over the realm of the dead. - Apollo & Artemis: Twin siblings; Apollo is associated with the sun, music, and prophecy, while Artemis is linked to the hunt and moon. - Leto: Mother of Apollo and Artemis, often honored in myths. - Nymphs: Minor nature goddesses linked to natural features like trees and rivers. - Anthropomorphism: Attributing human traits and emotions to gods and animals in mythology. ### Chapter 7: Oracle and Prophecy - Delphi: The site of the famous oracle and sanctuary of Apollo, critical in ancient Greek religion. - Delos: An island sacred to Apollo, believed to be his birthplace. - Pythia: The priestess at the Oracle of Delphi, known for delivering cryptic prophecies. - Cassandra: A figure cursed to prophesy true events without anyone believing her. - Sibyl: A prophetess in various cultures, known for her enigmatic messages. - Daphnê: A character in mythology associated with Apollo and transformation into a laurel tree. - Coronis: A character linked to Asclepius and themes of love and betrayal. - Asclepius: A god of medicine, renowned for healing abilities and associated with sanctuaries. - Chiron: A wise centaur known for his knowledge and teaching of heroes like Herakles. ### Chapter 8: Hermes and Lesser Deities - Hermes: The messenger god, associated with trade, thieves, and transitions. - Herm: A stone statue depicting Hermes, often placed as a boundary marker. - Caduceus: Hermes' staff, symbolizing trade and negotiation. - Psychopompos: Title for Hermes as the guide of souls to the afterlife. - Argeïphontes: An epithet for Hermes, meaning “slayer of Argus,” referring to a myth involving a giant with many eyes. - Maia: One of the Pleiades and mother of Hermes. - Lyre: A musical instrument associated with Apollo, created by Hermes. - Pan: The rustic god of the wilderness, associated with shepherds and flocks. - Hephaestus: The god of craftsmanship and fire, often depicted as lame and working in a forge. - Ares: The god of war, known for his aggressive nature and tumultuous relationships. ### Chapter 9: Goddesses and Mortals - Hestia: Goddess of the hearth and family, representing domestic life. - Aphrodite: Goddess of love and beauty, born from sea foam. - Hermaphroditus: A figure embodying both male and female characteristics, stemming from Hermes and Aphrodite. - Priapus: A fertility god associated with gardens and male genitalia. - Anchises: Mortal lover of Aphrodite, father of Aeneas. - Artemis: Goddess of the hunt and wilderness, twin sister of Apollo. - Potnia Thêrôn: A title meaning "Mistress of Animals," showing association with nature and wildlife. - Niobê: A figure punished by the gods for her pride and boasting about her children. - Actaeon: A hunter transformed into a stag, punished for seeing Artemis bathing. - Athena: Goddess of wisdom and warfare, known for her strategic approach and support of heroes. - Arachne: A mortal weaver who challenged Athena and became a spider as a punishment. ### Chapter 10: Demeter and Persephone - Demeter: Goddess of agriculture and harvest, known for her role in the cycles of the earth. - Persephonê: Daughter of Demeter, associated with the seasons and the Underworld. - Korê: Another name for Persephone, emphasizing her role as a maiden. - “The Goddesses” - Demeter and Persephone: The duality of growth and decay, representing life cycles in agriculture and mythology. ### Olympian Deities The Olympians are the primary gods of Greek mythology, commonly identified as: - Zeus: King of gods, god of thunder and sky. - Poseidon: God of the sea and earthquakes. - Hera: Queen of gods, goddess of marriage. - Hestia: Goddess of the hearth and domesticity. - Demeter: Goddess of harvest and agriculture. - Aphrodite: Goddess of love and beauty. - Apollo: God of the sun, music, and prophecy. - Artemis: Goddess of the hunt and wilderness. - Athena: Goddess of wisdom and war. - Hephaestus: God of craftsmanship. - Ares: God of war. - Hermes: Messenger god, associated with trade and travel. - Additional deities often mentioned include Dionysus (god of wine) and Hades (god of the Underworld). These summaries provide a foundational understanding of Greek mythology for your study guide. If you need more detailed information on specific terms or concepts, feel free to ask! WEEK 1: Here are the important notes from CLASSICS 101 - GREEK MYTH - Fall 2024: 3. Learning Objectives: - By midterm: Identify key gods and goddesses. - Understand the nature of myths, including: - What is a myth? A traditional story with collective importance. - Types of myth: Divine myths, Legends (sagas), and Folktales. - Explore the cultural context of myths, including: - Creation myths - The Olympian gods - Origins of mortals - Fertility myths and myths of death - Heroic myths and legends. 4. Definition of Myths: - Greek word "mythos" means speech, story, or plot. - Myths must include a plot, characters, and setting, and are traditionally passed down orally. - Myths are anonymous and can vary, with different versions of the same myth. - Mythos (traditional stories) versus logos (reason or logic). 5. Three Types of Myths: - Divine Myths: Supernatural beings are the main characters, explaining the world and its workings. - Legends (Sagas): Stories of great human heroes and heroines. - Folktales: Stories involving ordinary people or animals that entertain and justify customary behaviors. 6. Myth and Religion: - Myth: A traditional story; does not require belief to learn from or enjoy. - Religion: A set of beliefs and actions based on those beliefs; predicated on belief. - Separation: Myths can be appreciated without belief, while religion depends on belief. These notes summarize the course structure, key concepts, and the difference between myth and religion【5†source】. WEEK 2: Here are the important notes from "The Cultural Context of Greek Myth": 1. Bronze Age Civilizations: - Minoan Civilization (c. 1925 - 1380 BC): Based on Crete, known for a powerful navy, sea-based trade, and non-militaristic society with no fortification walls. Known for intricate artwork and the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur. - Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1675 - 1190 BC): The “First Greeks” with settlements on mainland Greece, the Peloponnese, and later, Crete. They were militaristic, with fortifications like the Lion Gate at Mycenae and used Linear B, an early form of Greek writing. 2. End of the Mycenaean Civilization: - The Bronze Age ended around 1100 BC, leading to a decline in Greek civilization and the start of the Early Iron Age (c. 1100 - 776 BC), often referred to as the “Dark Ages” due to the loss of writing and trade. 3. Archaic Period (776 - 480 BC): - Greek culture revived with the borrowing of the Phoenician alphabet (c. 800 BC), the first Olympic Games (776 BC), and the works of Hesiod and Homer. - The rise of city-states (polis), commerce, and coinage occurred during this period. 4. Classical Period (480 - 323 BC): - Marked by advancements in law, philosophy, science, medicine, mathematics, and the development of tragedy and comedy in theater. - The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) led to the weakening of Greece. - Alexander the Great expanded Greek culture through his conquests, leading to the Hellenistic Period (323-31 BC). 5. Greek Society: - Men: Educated, participated in democracy, symposia, and war. - Women: Expected to be "invisible" outside the home, responsible for household tasks, and were married by their early teens. - Slavery: Not based on ethnicity but rather on war and piracy. Slaves were typically from captured regions. 6. Religion: - Polytheistic: Greek gods were anthropomorphic, controlled various aspects of life, and required respect and honor from humans. - Sacrifice was the central component of religious rituals, performed outside the temple. - Oracles: Used to communicate directly with gods. The most famous was the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi. 7. Beliefs and Customs: - Magic, spirits, and ghosts were integral to the Greek worldview. - Events were believed to be interconnected, with no distinction between the human and natural world. These notes cover the essential historical, cultural, and religious aspects of Greek myth【5†source】. WEEK 3: Here are the important notes from "The Development of Classical Myth": 1. Beginnings of Greek Myth: - Classical myths originated from archaeological and linguistic evidence. - Potnia Theron: “Mistress of the Animals,” often identified with the Greek goddess Artemis. - Indo-European (IE): A large family of languages that spread myths across Europe. Prehistoric myths are reconstructed using linguistic roots. - Linear B Tablets: Early evidence of written Greek. 2. Influence of Near Eastern Myth: - Some Greek myths have origins in Near Eastern cultures, such as battles between gods that establish world order. - George Smith (1872-1873) deciphered Babylonian myths, including Enuma Elish (Babylonian creation story) and a universal flood story. - Mesopotamia: Land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; origin of early myths. 3. The Sumerians (4000-2000 BC): - Early non-IE civilization in Sumer (modern-day Iraq) known for inventing irrigation and cuneiform writing (first true writing). - Key gods and goddesses include An (Sky, similar to Uranus), Inanna (love and war, similar to Aphrodite), and Enlil (storm and power, similar to Zeus). 4. Semitic Myth: - The Akkadians, a Semitic people, controlled Sumer and adopted its culture and myths. Their mythology evolved into Babylonian mythology, with famous stories like Enuma Elish. - The Hebrews traced their origins to c. 2000 BC (Abraham) and were monotheistic (Moses, c. 1200 BC). 5. Greek Myth in the Archaic Period (c. 750-650 BC): - The Greek alphabet allowed for the recording of myths, like Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey (epic poems) and Hesiod’s Theogony (the origin of the gods). - The Homeric Hymns (c. 650 BC) were important early texts. 6. Greek Myth in the Classical Period: - Tragedy emerged in this period, with prominent tragedians like Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides writing significant works that explored mythological themes. These notes highlight the origins and development of Greek mythology, influenced by earlier civilizations and evolving through literary and artistic forms【5†source】. WEEK 4: Here are the key points from the passage about Hesiod and the creation myths: 1. Hesiod:  - One of the first identifiable personalities in European literature (c. 700 BC). - Differentiated between aoidos (singer of tales) and rhapsode (reciter of poetry). - Wrote Theogony and Works and Days—oldest sources for myths about Prometheus and Pandora. 2. Children of Chaos: - Chaos ("gap" or "chasm") was the first entity, followed by Gaea ("Mother Earth") and Tartarus. - From Chaos came Eros (love/attraction), Erebus (darkness), and Nyx (night). - From Nyx came the Moerae (Fates) and Nemesis (retribution). 3. Children of Gaea: - Gaea, asexual mother, produced Uranus (sky), mountains, and Pontus (sea). - Birthed the Titans, including Rhea, Cronus, and Oceanus. - From Gaea and Uranus came the Cyclopes (one-eyed giants) and the Hecatonchires (hundred-handers). 4. Children of Hyperion: - Hyperion, a Titan, fathered Helius (Sun), Selene (Moon), and Eos (Dawn). - The myth of Phaëthon (son of Helius) is told in Ovid’s work. 5. Cronus and Uranus: - Uranus hid his children, but Gaea devised a plan for their release. - Cronus castrated Uranus with an adamantine sickle, leading to the birth of the Erinyes (Furies) and the separation of earth and sky. 6. The Birth of Aphrodite: - Aphrodite emerged from the sea foam (aphros) after Uranus was castrated. - She symbolizes sexual love, attraction, and its destructive power. 7. Monsters and Sea Deities: - Descendants of Gaea and Pontus include various monsters like Harpies, the Sphinx, Cerberus, and the Chimera. 8. Zeus vs. Cronus: - Cronus swallowed his children to avoid a prophecy, but Rhea hid Zeus and sought advice from Gaea and Uranus. - Zeus eventually forced Cronus to regurgitate his siblings and defeated the Titans in the Titanomachy (Battle of the Titans). 9. Zeus vs. Typhoeus: - Gaea, angry at Zeus, birthed Typhoeus, a terrible monster, with Tartarus. - Zeus defeated Typhoeus with lightning, establishing a patriarchal universe. 10. Succession Myth: - Similar to the Enuma Elish (Babylonian myth), where the third generation of gods (like Zeus or Marduk) overthrows the older generation. - These myths often involve a storm god rising to power after defeating chaotic, primordial forces. 11. The Birth of Athena: - Zeus swallowed Metis ("cleverness") due to a prophecy, and later, Athena sprang fully armored from Zeus’s head after it was struck by an axe. 12. Gigantomachy: - The Giants, urged by Gaea, attacked the Olympians but were defeated with the help of Heracles. The Olympians established dominance over the world. 13. Prominent Themes: - The Greek creation story highlights male dominance over female, the ambivalence of the female, and the gradual ascent of male power. - The myth also shares features with Near Eastern creation stories, such as the Babylonian Enuma Elish. These notes capture the major elements and themes of Hesiod’s myths and the Greek creation stories【5†source】. WEEK 5: Here are some important notes extracted from the document on creation myths and the origin of mortals: 1. Prometheus as Maker of Mortals: - Prometheus, son of the Titan Iapetus, is known as the clever "forelearner" and maker of mortals. - He created human beings from primeval earth and water, shaping them from clay or mud. 2. Prometheus as Protector of Mortals: - Prometheus tricked Zeus by explaining the Greek sacrificial practices, which angered Zeus. - Zeus punished Prometheus by taking fire from humans, but Prometheus stole it back and returned it to mortals. - As punishment, Prometheus was bound to a pillar where an eagle would torment him, but he could not die. He was eventually freed by Heracles. 3. Zeus’ Punishment for Humans: - Zeus also punished humans by creating the first woman, Pandora, from water and clay. Each Olympian god gave her gifts, and her name means “all-gifted” or “all-giving.” - Pandora, despite warnings, opened a jar that unleashed all the troubles and miseries upon the world, leaving only "elpis" (hope) inside. 4. Pandora as an Etiological Myth: - The Pandora myth explains the origin of women, marriage, and suffering. Pandora is considered the mother of all humanity, and Hesiod's opinion of women is notably negative. 5. Stages in a Greek Woman’s Life: - The life stages of a Greek woman are divided into three: parthenos (virgin/girl), nymphe (after marriage and sexual relations), and gyne (after childbirth). 6. The Universal Flood Myths: - Various flood myths include the Sumerian story of Enki saving Ziusudra from the gods' destruction of humanity and the Biblical story of Yahweh saving Noah from a flood meant to destroy wicked humans. - In Greek tradition, Zeus sent a flood to punish the wicked, saving only Deucalion and Pyrrha, who repopulated the Earth by following Themis' prophecy. 7. Plato’s Aristophanes on Love and Human Origins: - Aristophanes, in Plato's symposium, tells a story about the origin of humans: originally, people had doubled bodies (male, female, and a combination of both). Zeus split them in half, and ever since, humans have been searching for their other halves, explaining the power of love (Eros). WEEK 6: ### Important Notes from "Myths of the Olympians - The Male Deities" #### Apollo - **God of Prophecy**: Son of Zeus and Leto, twin brother of Artemis. - **Attributes**: Arrows symbolize disease, bow, lyre, and laurel leaves. - **Associated with Delphi**: Shared the site with Dionysus, slew the Python at Delphi, hence the title "Pythian." - **Oracle of Delphi**: The Pythian priestess gave prophecies; famous inscriptions: "Know Yourself" and "Nothing too much." - **Love Life**: Unsuccessful relationships with Cassandra, Daphne (turned into a laurel tree), and Coronis (mother of Asclepius, the god of medicine). #### Zeus - **King of the Olympians**: God of the sky and weather, wielded the thunderbolt, and upheld justice ("dike"). - **Attributes**: Associated with the bull and eagle. - **Infidelity**: Numerous affairs reflect Zeus’ role as a fertility god and power dynamics in mythology. His relationship with Hera was tumultuous. - **Marriage**: Union with Hera reflects tensions between patriarchal roles, seen in monogamy and fidelity struggles in Greek society. #### Poseidon - **God of the Sea and Earthquakes**: Known as the "Shaker of Earth," carried a trident, and was associated with horses and dolphins. - **Attributes**: Married to Amphitrite, father to Triton (merman) and Polyphemus (Cyclops). - **Symbols**: Sea chariot and saltwater springs. #### Hades - **King of the Underworld**: Known as "Pluto," the "enricher," as the ruler of the dead. - **Attributes**: Wore an invisibility helmet given by the Cyclopes, commanded demons, and never allowed the dead to return to the living. - **Wealth**: Linked with immense wealth from the earth. #### Hephaestus - **God of Smiths and Fire**: Son of Zeus and Hera, husband of Aphrodite. Born disabled (lame), yet skilled in crafting and metallurgy. - **Associations**: Linked with volcanic activity and the island of Lemnos. Often depicted with Cyclopes, forging weapons and creating beautifully crafted objects. WEEK 7: The document, titled *Classics 101 - Myths of the Olympians: Male Deities*, explores the characteristics and myths of prominent male gods in Greek mythology. Key points include: - **Greek Anthropomorphism**: Greek gods are depicted with human traits and emotions, though immortal. They live in families, consume food (ambrosia) and drink (nectar), and have blood-like ichor. - **Ares - God of War**: Ares, the son of Zeus and Hera, represents war and bloodlust. He has few myths and little worship, with his most famous myth being his affair with Aphrodite, with whom he fathered children, including Phobos (panic), Deimos (fear), and Eros (Cupid). - **Hermes - The Trickster**: Known for his cunning nature, Hermes, the son of Zeus and Maia, is the protector of travelers, thieves, and merchants. He is also a psychopomp, guiding souls to the afterlife. As a child, Hermes invented the lyre and famously stole Apollo’s cattle, but reconciled with him by gifting the lyre. - **Pan - God of Woodland**: Pan, the son of Hermes, is partly human with goat-like features. He wanders Arcadia and is known for his extreme lustfulness. This document examines the familial relationships and notable myths associated with these deities, showcasing their roles in Greek mythology. ___________________ CHAPTER SUMMARIES FROM TEXTBOOK AND PRACTICE QUIZ QUESTIONS: Here are more detailed summaries of chapters 1 to 10 from *Classical Myth by Barry B. Powell (9th Edition)*: Chapter 1: The Nature of Myth This chapter lays the groundwork for understanding the concept of myth. It defines myths as traditional stories of collective importance, which have been passed down orally before being written. These stories, originating from human imagination, are integral to cultures and can explain the natural world, human behaviors, and societal norms. The chapter distinguishes between three types of myths: divine myths, which involve gods and supernatural beings; legends, which recount the deeds of human heroes; and folktales, which focus on ordinary people or animals and often serve to entertain or teach moral lessons. The chapter also explores the interpretive nature of myths, showing how they have no single “true” version but are often retold with variations, as they reflect a society's changing values over time. Chapter 2: The Cultural Context of Classical Myth This chapter examines the social, political, and historical contexts in which classical myths arose, particularly within ancient Greek and Roman societies. It highlights the importance of Mediterranean geography, which influenced cultural exchanges, and describes how mythology was shaped by external influences, especially from the Near East, including Mesopotamian and Egyptian mythologies. The chapter explains how myths were integral to religious practices, social norms, and political structures. It also introduces the idea that myths reflected and reinforced societal hierarchies, such as the dominance of male gods over female deities, and the way myths were used to justify the social status quo, including the patriarchal order and the institution of slavery. Chapter 3: The Development of Classical Myth This chapter traces the historical development of Greek mythology from oral traditions to the literary forms that have survived today. It discusses how myth was integral to Greek education and public life, often communicated through epic poetry, drama, and religious rituals. Key literary figures like Homer and Hesiod played crucial roles in shaping the Greek mythological canon, as their works—the Iliad, the Odyssey, and Theogony—provided foundational narratives about gods, heroes, and the cosmos. The chapter also covers the importance of visual arts, including vase paintings and sculptures, in depicting mythological scenes, allowing myths to become a part of the daily lives of Greeks. It emphasizes how myths evolved with each retelling, reflecting contemporary values, fears, and political contexts. Chapter 4: Myths of Creation I: The Rise of Zeus This chapter delves into the Greek cosmogony (origin of the cosmos) and the rise of Zeus as the king of the gods. It begins with primordial beings like Chaos, Gaea (Earth), and Uranus (Sky), and how the Titans, led by Cronus, overthrew Uranus. Eventually, Zeus, Cronus’s son, leads a revolt against the Titans (the Titanomachy), signaling the transition from the older generation of gods to the Olympians. This chapter explores themes of power struggles, generational conflict, and the establishment of order out of chaos. It also touches on the symbolic nature of Zeus's rise to power, representing the establishment of cosmic law and justice under his rule. The chapter emphasizes the function of these myths in explaining not only the natural order but also societal structures, with Zeus embodying the ideal of kingship and authority. Chapter 5: Myths of Creation II: The Origins of Mortals This chapter focuses on the creation of human beings and the role of gods in human destiny. It recounts the myths of Prometheus, the Titan who defies Zeus by giving fire to humans, enabling them to progress and survive. Prometheus’s punishment for his defiance is eternal suffering, chained to a rock with an eagle eating his liver daily, symbolizing the consequences of challenging divine authority. The chapter also covers the story of Pandora, the first woman created by the gods as a punishment for humanity. Her curiosity leads to the opening of a jar (often mistranslated as a box), releasing all evils into the world, except for hope. These myths explain the origin of human suffering, mortality, and the difficult relationship between gods and humans. The chapter also discusses the Ages of Man, a series of races (Golden, Silver, Bronze, Heroic, and Iron) that illustrate the degeneration of humanity over time, paralleling Greek views on the decline of civilization. Chapter 6: Myths of Zeus, His Wife Hera, and His Brothers Poseidon and Hades This chapter delves into the complex relationships among the Olympian gods, focusing on Zeus, his wife Hera, and his brothers Poseidon and Hades. Each deity rules over a distinct realm: Zeus over the sky, Hera over marriage and women, Poseidon over the sea, and Hades over the underworld. The chapter explores Zeus's numerous affairs and the resulting conflicts with Hera, who is often depicted as vengeful against both Zeus and his lovers. Poseidon’s myths focus on his control over the sea and his role as a protector of sailors, while also touching on his violent nature, as seen in myths involving storms and earthquakes. Hades, in contrast, is a more passive figure who rules the underworld, where the dead reside. The chapter reflects on the power dynamics within this divine family and how their myths symbolize natural and societal forces, such as the dangers of the sea or the institution of marriage. Chapter 7: Myths of the Great God Apollo This chapter examines Apollo, one of the most multifaceted gods in Greek mythology. It explores his birth on the island of Delos, his role as the god of prophecy, music, healing, and archery, and his association with the sun. The chapter focuses on Apollo’s oracle at Delphi, where mortals sought guidance from the god through the Pythia, a priestess who delivered his prophecies. Several of Apollo’s myths, such as his pursuit of the nymph Daphne, who transforms into a laurel tree to escape him, illustrate his often tragic relationships with both mortals and gods. The chapter also examines Apollo’s dual nature as both a god of light and healing and a bringer of plague and destruction, symbolizing the fine line between harmony and chaos in Greek thought. Chapter 8: Myths of Hermes, Pan, Hephaestus, and Ares This chapter explores several less prominent but still significant gods. Hermes, the messenger god, is a trickster figure who moves freely between the divine and mortal worlds, acting as a guide for souls to the underworld and a protector of travelers and thieves. Pan, the god of shepherds and wild nature, embodies the untamed forces of the wilderness and inspires irrational fear, known as "panic." Hephaestus, the god of fire and blacksmiths, is depicted as a physically imperfect deity who creates the weapons and tools of the gods, symbolizing the transformative power of fire and craftsmanship. Ares, the god of war, represents the brutal and destructive aspects of conflict, often portrayed as a bloodthirsty and unpopular deity. This chapter emphasizes the diverse roles these gods played in both daily life and religious practice, representing different aspects of human experience and the natural world. Chapter 9: Myths of the Female Deities Aphrodite, Artemis, and Athena This chapter focuses on the powerful female deities Aphrodite, Artemis, and Athena, each representing different aspects of womanhood and divine femininity. Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, is born from the sea and embodies the power of sexual attraction and desire. Her myths often involve themes of love, jealousy, and infidelity. Artemis, the virgin goddess of the hunt and protector of wildlife, represents independence and the untamed wilderness. She is also associated with childbirth and the protection of young women. Athena, the goddess of wisdom, warfare, and craftsmanship, is portrayed as a rational and strategic deity who aids heroes like Odysseus and Perseus. She is closely associated with the city of Athens, where she represents the ideals of justice, wisdom, and civic duty. This chapter explores the diverse roles these goddesses played in both the divine and human realms, often reflecting societal views on women and gender roles. Chapter 10: Myths of Fertility I: Demeter and Related Myths This chapter delves into the myths surrounding Demeter, the goddess of agriculture and fertility, focusing particularly on the story of her daughter Persephone. The myth of Persephone's abduction by Hades, ruler of the underworld, and Demeter’s subsequent grief explains the origin of the seasons, particularly the barren winter months when Demeter refuses to let anything grow. This myth also forms the basis of the Eleusinian Mysteries, secret religious rites that promised initiates a better fate in the afterlife. The chapter explores themes of life, death, and rebirth, as well as the human connection to the earth and agriculture. It highlights how fertility myths were central to Greek religious practices, reflecting the agrarian society’s dependence on the cycles of nature for survival. These summaries provide a more in-depth look at the themes, deities, and narratives that form the foundation of classical Greek mythology in Powell's text. _________________________- Here is a mixed set of 40 multiple-choice questions (MCQs), true/false questions, and short-answer questions based on the summaries of *Classical Myth by Barry B. Powell (9th Edition), Chapters 1–10*: Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs): 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of myth? - a) Divine Myth - b) Legend - c) Folktale - d) Historical Account Answer: d) Historical Account 2. In what form were myths originally passed down before being written? - a) Sculpture - b) Oral Tradition - c) Papyrus Scrolls - d) Stone Inscriptions Answer: b) Oral Tradition 3. Which author is credited with shaping the Greek mythological canon through works like the Iliad and the Odyssey? - a) Hesiod - b) Sophocles - c) Homer - d) Ovid Answer: c) Homer 4. What myth explains the change of the seasons according to Greek mythology? - a) The story of Pandora - b) The tale of Persephone and Demeter - c) The creation of Prometheus - d) The birth of Athena Answer: b) The tale of Persephone and Demeter 5. Who gave fire to humans in defiance of Zeus? - a) Hermes - b) Prometheus - c) Hephaestus - d) Ares Answer: b) Prometheus 6. What is Zeus’s domain as a god? - a) The sea - b) The underworld - c) The sky and justice - d) The earth and harvest  Answer: c) The sky and justice 7. The Eleusinian Mysteries are associated with which goddess? - a) Aphrodite - b) Artemis - c) Demeter - d) Athena Answer: c) Demeter 8. Which god is known for his role as a trickster and messenger between gods and mortals? - a) Apollo - b) Hermes - c) Dionysus - d) Poseidon Answer: b) Hermes 9. Which of the following gods is associated with war and conflict? - a) Hephaestus - b) Pan - c) Ares - d) Hermes Answer: c) Ares 10. What did Pandora release into the world when she opened the jar? - a) Hope - b) All the evils - c) Fire - d) Chaos Answer: b) All the evils True/False Questions: 11. True or False: In Greek mythology, myths about gods explain natural phenomena and societal norms. - Answer: True 12. True or False: Legends usually involve gods as the central figures. - Answer: False 13. True or False: Zeus defeated his father Cronus to become the king of the gods. - Answer: True 14. True or False: The story of Oedipus is an example of a folktale. - Answer: False 15. True or False: Homer and Hesiod were the key figures who shaped Greek mythology through literary works. - Answer: True 16. True or False: The myth of Prometheus explains the origin of human suffering. - Answer: True 17. True or False: Artemis is the goddess of wisdom and war. - Answer: False (This is Athena) 18. True or False: Apollo is associated with both healing and bringing plagues. - Answer: True 19. True or False: Poseidon is the ruler of the underworld. - Answer: False (Poseidon rules the sea; Hades rules the underworld) 20. True or False: The Eleusinian Mysteries promised initiates a better fate in the afterlife. - Answer: True Short-Answer Questions: 21. What are the three main types of myths, and how do they differ? - Answer: Divine myths involve gods and explain the world’s natural and cosmic order; legends focus on the deeds of human heroes and historical events; folktales are about ordinary people or animals, often teaching moral lessons or entertaining. 22. Who are the main Olympian gods discussed in Chapter 6, and what domains do they rule? - Answer: Zeus (sky and justice), Hera (marriage), Poseidon (sea), and Hades (underworld). 23. What role does Prometheus play in the myths about the origins of humanity? - Answer: Prometheus defies Zeus by giving fire to humans, symbolizing knowledge and progress, for which he is punished by being chained to a rock where an eagle eats his liver daily. 24. Describe the myth of Persephone and how it explains the changing seasons. - Answer: Persephone is abducted by Hades to the underworld. Her mother, Demeter, grieves and causes the earth to become barren (winter). When Persephone is allowed to return to the surface for part of the year, the earth becomes fertile again (spring/summer), explaining the cycle of the seasons. 25. What is the significance of the Oracle of Delphi in the myths oof Apollo? - Answer: The Oracle of Delphi was a significant religious site where Apollo, through his priestess the Pythia, delivered prophecies and guidance to mortals, reinforcing his role as the god of prophecy and wisdom. 26. Explain the story of Pandora and its significance in Greek mythology. - Answer: Pandora was the first woman created by the gods and was given a jar (or box) that she opened, releasing all the evils of the world, leaving only hope inside. This myth explains the origin of human suffering and the complexities of human existence. 27. What does the myth of Demeter and Persephone symbolize in terms of life, death, and rebirth? - Answer: The myth symbolizes the cyclical nature of life, death, and rebirth, with Persephone's return to the underworld representing death or dormancy (winter) and her return to the earth representing rebirth or growth (spring/summer). 28. How is Hermes depicted in myths, and what are some of his roles? - Answer: Hermes is depicted as a clever, quick-witted trickster and the messenger of the gods. He is also the guide of souls to the underworld, the protector of travelers and thieves, and the god of communication and trade. 29. Who were Zeus’s primary rivals for power, and how did he secure his position as king of the gods? - Answer: Zeus’s primary rivals were the Titans, especially his father Cronus. He secured his position by leading the Olympian gods in the Titanomachy (the battle against the Titans) and defeating them to establish a new order of gods. 30. What is the role of Aphrodite in Greek mythology, and how do her myths often reflect human emotions? - Answer: Aphrodite is the goddess of love, beauty, and desire. Her myths often reflect the complexities of love, including themes of attraction, jealousy, and infidelity. She plays a significant role in stories involving both gods and mortals, showing the powerful, often uncontrollable nature of love. Additional True/False and Short Answer: 31. True or False: Hephaestus is often depicted as a strong and physically perfect god. - Answer: False 32. True or False: The myth of Pandora serves as an explanation for the existence of evil in the world. - Answer: True 33. What punishment did Prometheus face for giving fire to humans? - Answer: He was chained to a rock, where an eagle ate his liver every day, only for it to regenerate and be eaten again. 34. What is the central role of Demeter in Greek mythology? - Answer: Demeter is the goddess of agriculture and fertility, primarily responsible for ensuring the growth of crops and the fertility of the land. 35. How is Ares different from Athena in their roles as deities of war?  - Answer: Ares represents the chaotic, brutal, and violent aspects of war, whereas Athena represents strategic warfare and wisdom in battle. 36. True or False: Dionysus is the god of wine, ecstasy, and fertility rites. - Answer: True 37. What is the significance of the Eleusinian Mysteries in Greek religion? - Answer: The Eleusinian Mysteries were secret religious rites associated with Demeter and Persephone, promising initiates a better fate in the afterlife and reflecting themes of death and rebirth. 38. True or False: Pan is associated with the wilderness and instills irrational fear, known as "panic." - Answer: True 39. What are some of the primary symbols associated with Athena in Greek mythology? - Answer: Athena is often associated with the owl (symbol of wisdom), the olive tree (peace and prosperity ), and the aegis (shield or protective cloak). 40. True or False: Myths in ancient Greece were purely for entertainment and did not play a role in religion or society. - Answer: False These questions cover various aspects of the first ten chapters, blending comprehension, recall, and interpretive skills. ### Key Notes from *Myths of the Olympians - The Male Deities*: #### Greek Anthropomorphism: - Greek gods resemble humans in form, personality, and actions. - They live in families, consume ambrosia (food) and nectar (drink), and have ichor (divine blood). - They are immortal but can be injured. #### Ares - God of War: - Son of Zeus and Hera. - Associated with Thrace. - God of war and battle, personifying bloodlust. - Few myths, little worship, and not widely depicted in art. - No wife but a long affair with Aphrodite. - Children with Aphrodite: Phobos (Panic), Deimos (Fear), Harmonia (Harmony), Eros (Cupid). - Most famous myth: Affair with Aphrodite. #### Hermes - The Trickster: - Name means "he of the stone heap" (related to cairns, human-made stone piles marking trails). - Son of Zeus and Maia, associated with Arcadia. - Protector of travelers, thieves, merchants, orators, flocks, and herds. - Depicted with winged boots, traveler's cloak, petasos (hat), and caduceus (staff). - Psychopompos (soul guide) and slayer of Argus ("Argeiphontes"). - Hermes' trickster nature begins in childhood; he invents the lyre as an infant, steals Apollo's cattle, and lies to Apollo and Zeus. - Eventually reconciles with Apollo and gives him the lyre. #### Social and Political Opposites: Hermes vs. Apollo: - Apollo: Rich, established, associated with aristoi, cattle, and the lyre. - Hermes: A helpless infant, associated with the lower class (kakoi), illegitimate, inventor of fire, lyre, and panpipes. - Despite differences, Hermes and Apollo agree to be on friendly terms. #### Pan - God of Woodland: - Son of Hermes, only partly human (goat-like). - Name "Pan" means "to feed". - Roamed Arcadia, lived in caves, and was highly lustful. - Depicted pursuing a shepherd (Attic, circa 470 BC).