Grade 9 Science Physics PDF

Chapter 11 Static Electricity Static Electricity the result of an imbalance between negative and positive charges Positivelycharged Law ofElectric Charges Likes repel opposites attract more protons in an object han electrons...

Chapter 11 Static Electricity Static Electricity the result of an imbalance between negative and positive charges Positivelycharged Law ofElectric Charges Likes repel opposites attract more protons in an object han electrons How to detect Electric charges Electroscopes Negativelycharged IPmittappellar more electrons in an object when a charged object is brought towards a neutral object halepuff Scharge eyptogsmojnunathofobpjreoctto.ms and thisshift fseleffrvoensligtlfllheYT.ch fffharge separation the object is still neutral just that the side closest to the charged object is now positively or negativelycharged IPads Ylectrons don't jump only electrons Stops move EVER protons and neutrons qq.tw theystay in their object theyjust NEVER move shift in position After the chargedobject is removed CONDUCTION the electrons return to their original when objects touch the electrons can move position between the objects theyjump The electrons move from an object with a larger GROUNDING overall negativecharge to an object with a smaller emoving excess charge in an object overall negativecharge his is done by transferring electrons from a massive Like the lowtaper fade meme arge object neutral and a charged object The electrons are spreadout over a massive area hat it's basically neutralized the electrons are the chargedobject to the point that the object ecomes neutral negativelycharged etc theelectrons from the groundingobject move 0 the chargedobject enoughelectrons move from he groundingobject to the point the charged object becomes neutral positivelycharged FRICTION I I a t hargingby friction thetransferring ofelectrons the groundis so bigin this case that even though between neutral objects This occurs when a rubbing they.ggffa9chhatgesIidfititao'essnf'leafy matter action happens between those objects How humidity affects the transfer of electrons he objectduringtherubbing action is more humid air more water molecules likely lose electrons making it positively charged duringchargingby friction the electrons Theopposite applies as well that are jumpingactually transfer their charge to the water molecules Clectrostatic Series chargedobjects lose their charge how likely materials are to 92in more easily in humid weather gpyeyg.fitngf more static electricity in the winter items at the top of the listhave a stonger hold on cause air is dry theirelectrons theybecomepositive not as many water molecules i the air  items at thebottom of the list have a weaker hold on their electrons theybecomenegative chapter 12 CurrentElectricity CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS Static Electricity Electrons all gathered into one place move Conductors randomly allow the movementofelectronswithin current Electricity Electrons moving in the material bothareusedin one direction in a Insulators electrial tools for steady flow It mov restrict the movement of electronswithin different reasons through a conductor he material An electric circuit is a continuous path Conductors Insulators where electric current can flow copper battery generating station silver conquest Iain lastic load lightbulb thehuman body silicon wood contstitch salt water pure water PrimaryCell once can only be used the salt and other minerals can't be recharged is what makes salt water chloride a conductor ex zinc secondary cell can be recharged Ammeter measures thecurrent in a circuit sometimes the chemical voltmeter measures thevoltage in a circuit reactions that happened in secondary cells can be reverse Name Symbol Unit Fuel Cells current Ampere refueled constantly need to be charge coulomb operate for much longer time second compactlightweight energy Joule Potentiference Chapter 13 Parallel Series Circuit resistance yo tonm power w att Factors Affecting Resistance 1 LEG ater length greaterresistan I or A efft y 1001 more distance for electrons to travel or V E 2 Diameter a Eh smaller diameter greaterresistan need room to move freely a 3 Temperature cost Px t x rate highertemperature greater p w resistance axv e Iv initiiatin's.to or w ester more resistant collisions 4 Material good conductors low resistan it i In the opposite also applies R1 Rz R3t Rn mt RT i  Circuit Symbols wire drycell one motor battery 3 cells m switch closed lightbulb lamp switch opened ground connector 7 ammeter resistor a fiff fuse voltmeter of  massive Likethelowertaperfadememe Our Solar System 8 oanoQQQQmeiiiiiimsisiies.it c tt iai e.gravity.ana TerrestrialPlanets m.i i i ii Gas planets liFe surroundsthecores EE ee a eee.ee e in g siiim a ai e aintn anrasi esis.it tn nito it into have mass bepulled enough stable a spherebygravit units dominateitsownorbit e featsts Astronomical unit thedistancebetween thesunandEarthUsedforobjectswithin Earth i sismasismaonm.ua celestialobjects EEEijiisiii'stem Lightyear thedistancelighttravels if in avacuum in 1yearusedfor uvoras GÉ c our solar system f aroraBorealis iitieioitinmeransigncausing m nm ftp.spqiaymtiojggenf um mixtooo luminosity brightness thetotal amountofenergyproduced Earth'smagneticforce a starpersecond Eu's in qiriitaer gnfingw colour temperature colourindicatessurfacetempHo bsolutemagnetude thebrightnessofstarsas iftheywerelocated stars areblueishcoolerstarsarered 3319awayfromEarth in colour thelowerthenumberthebrighter mass astar'smass determines its lumino pparentMagnetude thebrightness ofstars astheyappearfrom coloursizeandlifespan Earth asram more massivethestaris.tn cycles of stars fastertherate offusionis starts w a nebula meansshorterlifespa nebulacollapsesonitself 2 5 thisisovermillionsofyearsgasesanddustget pulledintothemoredenseregions Pittstyamities't s an his allformsaprotostar 35 theprotostarskeepspullinginmorematter starsdon'tmovethrough All of thispullingofmattercauses it tobesodense thediagram astheyage the E.siiIucs9iIsorenergy thatrushesoutwards e death of a star f f massisequal orsmallerthanthesun itbecomes initoquare largerandredder verses regiant Planetarya f f eyestrain f astarwhichhas a massbigger A m'assister bula than theSun sedergiant supernova Phil at'starstartstodie thecoreleftbehindcouldbecome a nuclearfusion when pggsiymsstagsnesntqitstyafyseoheahiu.mu.si to neutronstar Pso or theouterlayersslowlydriftaway hydrogen planetarynebula theykeepfusingmakingeven if thesupernovawassuperdensetheco allthatremains is thecore heavierelements mightalsocollapseunderitsowngravit whitedwarf stopsatiron ocausingablackholetofor onceitgetstoiron.itcollapsesto itsown gravity thiscauses a supernova  TypesofGalaxies aims ellipiffinary saff ioflengtiik.gr ftp.iigaidlyar omasphere havelongarms central bulge surroundedby a flattened don'thave aregularshape 1 19 jasaaimasat.gelotsof disc madeofnewandoldstar gquatginssomeoftheoldest nospira arm In S.iereohfaiistnormoia'stars yqygt.tobespiralgalaxies that lost LocalGroup olderredstars smallgroupofgalaxies GalaxySupercluster BigBangTheory gianticsuperclusterof 4 25clusters ofgalaxies it statesthatapproximately13.7billionyearsago webelongtotheVirgosupercluster all matterwaspackedintoonesmalldensenot mass Butthenit allmovedapartintheBigBang eversincetheBigBangtheuniversehasbeen expanding  Science Chp 6 Notes C 66 1 Democretis Aristotle proposed Ia at p sina.te.ms Fire tie or either earthwater atoms means cannot be cut Ira theyhad 4 qualities dry wet no atoms are and cold of different SIZES in constant motion J J Thomson separated by space discovered electrons John Dalton 3 negatively charged particles Theorized discovered couldn't explain atoms contained all matter is made up of electrons negative invisible atoms why atoms repel atoms each other neutral same substance attract affiantthe whythey eachother elegies atoms of different elements rest of atom are different positive atoms can be rearranged but 4 nevercreated or destroyed James Chadwick Ernest Rutherford 5 discovered neutrons non electrical charged designed the Gold Foil Experiment particles take up positive particles were fired remainingspaceof nucleus at a thin sheet of gold foil atoms were an emptysphere with a he predicted dense central nucleus particleswouldpassthrough nucleus contains neutrons and untouched electrons circle through the empty electrons what happened space of an electron some deflected and neutral atoms have equal protons bounced back and electrons conclusion 6 the centre of an atom has a positive charge Niels Bohr called the nucleus electrons orbit nucleus like how Eart nucleus takes up most orbits the sun mass but little space farther electron is from nucleus the more nucleus is the reason the particles bounced back FleyScanjump from orbit to orbit nucleus is surrounded by when they drop to lower orbit release electrons they lightenergy in the 1920 s he discoverd a positive called 7 charged particle protons kill me  6 1 Pure substance Difference between can't be broken down by any chemical compound or physical means properties are different from its components Element Symbol can't be separated byphysical abbreviation for a chemical element mean can beseparated compounds by chemically pure substance composed of multiple mixture em Components retain their mically joined properties exam Can beseparatedbychemicaland sugar salt propane carbon dioxide physical mean Metals and Non Metals LMFErlso.us Non Metals Hydrogen shiny normallygases not metal or metalliod mall or powdery solids has itsown category turninto a thin sheet of only liquidone is bromine PhokshleParsperties I turn into a thin wire glocated to the right of the staircase chemicalpropertiesof met Metalloids not an akalimetalbut ingrou 7 1 Éff e staffalsell properties of both metals obc of itselectrons all are solids except mercury and non metals located alongthe staircase 6 4 Chemical families column of elementswith similar properties have sameamount of valence electrons Alkaline Metals Group1 reactive metals shiny soft silvery lowboilingmeltingpoints readilycombine withothereleme found in compoundsmore often AlkalineEarthMetals Group 2 not as reactive as group 1 burn different colours TransitionMetals Metalliods Halogens Group17 NobelGasesGroup18 highboiling meltingpoints propertiesofboth reactive non inertgases have more electronsthat metalsand non metals can distribute Affelfound in _Etable unreact they alongthe staircase compoungstakali catastleggdourie  e Periodic Trends 6.7.1 Group Column similar chemical and same amount of atomic number number of physicalproperties valence electrons protons in anatoms nucleus of protonsdetermine Period Row trend of increasing and more more outwards the element decreasingreactivity more reactive mass number important later neutrons protons AtomicNumber mass number massnumber is rounded 29 Helium Element also the number atomic mass is non of protons and electrons rounded number Element symbol mass protons neutrons protons neutrons mass protons pesitive neutrons feutral rounded is the 4 0026 AtomicMass mass number electrons negative isotopes atoms w same amount of protons modelsof atoms of neutrons nucleus in the middle ex Lithifffefntrnym.es contains protons and the number is the mass neutrons electrons orbitaround thenucleu since Titn has 3 protons it must have 4 neutrons Bohr Rutherford Diagrams with each newperiod simpledrawings shows the location of protons neutrons movingdown on theperiodic and electrons in an atom table another orbit 1 Number of electrons equaltoprotons is added 2 in first energy level 8 in secondand third energy level 18 in fourth energy level VexampleI Number of protons equal to atomic number 3 Number of neutrons equal to difference and mass number protons Lewis DotDiagram shows just valence electrons Pt 12 illustrated with the element No 12 S NP symbol and valenceelectrons Flu Fine magnesium 6 7 2 groups column 1 elements in the same grouphave the same amount of valence electrons periods rows elements have thesame amount of energylevels orbits  Stableness Scale NobleGases full energylevel of valence electrons very stable and unreactive stable unstable Group 1 17 one electron awayfrom fullenergylevel very reactive to other elements cause it just noblegases 95 P Group 2 16 Fillstellfire not as much as group1 and 17 asyougotowards the middleof the periodic the middle guppy table theyget lessreactive atomicradius more periods further valenceelectrons largerradius Effective Nuclearcharge the force of thepositiveprotons causing different amount offorces EnergyLevels morelevelsmeansmoreelectrons but thatmeans more electrons that blockthevalenceelectronsfrom the attraction fromthenucleus so radiusincreaseswith moreperiods more protons also means more attraction fromthenucleus left to right attraction increases sincetheenergylevels are thesameamount on a period thesheilding is thesame anddoes have an affectthroughoutperiods III Ybiggers'ince cobalthas moreattractionfromthe nucleus Chp 5.1 Solid Liquid partis entente m'ptymstatinbetween 00000 000 8 s particles 88888 o 0 hotterparticlesmovefaster 80000 go of of all particles ofonesubstance areidentical all matterismadeupofparticles pure substances mixtures allparticles areinconstantmotion ele mechanical theatom youcansee theelements compounds that make it up withyour Chp 5.2 multipleelements naked eye chemicallystuck together 5011 uniformlook physicalproperties can be determined without changing the composition 5.3 En'aracteristic Qualitative properties not measuredby s examples ofchemicalproperties physical Quantitative propertiesmeasuredby s reaction to oxygen properties reaction to water uniqueto each eac 2 physical properties ones reaction to acids substance colour reaction to otherpuresubstances Examples odour lusture Freezingpoint malleability 5 clues of a chemicalchange meltingpoint ficiarity That colour change boilingpoint lity hardness new and our Density viscosity precipitate formed i m In lightproduced bubbles c x  Chp 7 ChemicalBonding Ions counting atoms outer orbit valence shell positivelycharged Cations outer electrons valenceelectrons negativelycharged Anions MI POYD most stable elements have a full whenyoulose electrons its posit valence shell noblegases normallymetals lose their 3 electrons cations Mg Isotopes whenyougainelectronsitsnegative 818 changing theprotonschangesthe element normallynon metals gain changingelectronsmakes it an ion electrons anions changingneutrons makes it anisotope anions add ide whentheir ions Example Isotope Ions e x nitride ions calcium cutz number atomic 20 Polyatomic Ions atomicmass 41 joinedtogetherby a covalent bond protons 20 have a chargeof their own if youneedmultiplepolyatomic ions tobalence Efforts To anequationout put it in brackets e x AI H 0373 Sigmasigmaon the wall Who'sthe smatefis in n skibidi maithe meites.it of them all drawingBR diagrams forioncompounds x Ews and LewisDiagrams 5 4 54,19 S sulfide Molecular Bond Molecular Compound Naming Examples made upof non metalsonly NitrogenTrifluoride individual particlesare called molecules it NF Covalent Bond octa 8 diphosphorus trisulfid when 2 or more non metals share electrons Fetra34 1253 ionic compounds are not molecules penta 5 halt Diatomic Elements 2 identicleatomsjoinedby a covalentbond 7 elementsnaturallycomeas diatomicelements common Names of Formulas themagic 7 water H2O Methane CH4 ozone 03 Conserving Mass in ChemicalReactions hydrogenperoxide H2O totalmass of reactants mustequal the total ammonia NH mass of products coefficients mustbe added tobalance the equations tests for gases Examples burningsplint pops when exposed word equation sodium ironchloride iron sodiumchloride to the gas skeleton equation Na s Fella aq Fe s Nacl aq HydrogenGas balanced equation 2Nd Fell 2 Fe 2 Nacl a smouldering splint reignites when exposed to the gas OxygenGas a burning splint goes out when exposed to the gas carbon dioxidegas BR Diagrams NC's BR Diagram Sitty i EIE IEEE.IE I i roi o.ioiiiiiiii.it i I'EIEE iIi.EEEEIII'in Lewis Diagram Structural Formula Lewis Diagram Structural Formula ii iii any H if BR Diagram Lithium Chloride Lici diagram freesia ifffgggiii.gg EF.ci Li c EEIIII.fieIEIIIII BR Diagram Magnesium Fluoride MgFa Lewis Diagram it emigF EI.IE iffE iiIi EfIIIid.ee ffFEIIil fee msn.ee