Grade 9 Bio Notes PDF

Daya Kaur Datta Gr. 9 Unit 1.1 Ecosystems, species and genetic diversity Species = group org. have same structure, can reproduce make fertile offspring, narrowest group All living things… - Made up...

Daya Kaur Datta Gr. 9 Unit 1.1 Ecosystems, species and genetic diversity Species = group org. have same structure, can reproduce make fertile offspring, narrowest group All living things… - Made up of cells - Need E - Grow/develop/reproduce - Adaptations Biological diversity/Biodiversity = variety of species and ecosystems Remote sensing = analysing pics from satellites to scan large areas - Large scale estimate - remote sensing - Small scale estimate - take samples of species Diversity Index = measurement of variety of species compared to total org. in an area, check the health, high diversity = healthier 3 main components of biodiversity… 1) Ecosystem diversity = different type environments org. found, wet/warm climate = high diversity 2) Community diversity = w~in populations org. living w/in particular ecosystem Species diversity = w~in individual org. same species 3) Genetic diversity = w~in org. at a cellular level, variety of genetic material (dif blood types) Biotic = is/was living, Abiotic = nonliving Ecosystem = where biotic/abiotic things interact, dynamic/changing, temp and amount of water impacts Habitat = where a species lives Populations = members species live same area/share same resources, traits vary between members, variation w/in species Communities = when populations of dif species live in same area Species distribution = most species found in tropical rainforests, closer to poles less biological diversity Binomial Nomenclature = two-name latin naming system, Carolus Linnaeus, used structure>habitat - 1 word : genus (capitalised), 2 word : species (lowercase), when typing, when writing Taxonomy = classification of species into ‘natural groupings’ Biology Ms. Heim  Daya Kaur Datta Gr. 9 The 5 Kingdoms… 1) Animalia = multicellular, depend other org. for food, cell bound by flexible membrane - Animals, insects, fish 2) Plantae = multicellular, make own food bc photosynthesis, rigid cell wall - Plants 3) Fungi = uni/multicellular, get food from other org. (digest food outside, absorb inside) - Yeast, mould, mushroom 4) Protista = mostly unicellular org. w nucleus, some multicellular - Eukaryotes, amoeba, paramecium, euglena 5) Monera = unicellular org. no membrane bound nucleus, live alone/colonies - Prokaryotes, bacteria kingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, order, family, genus, species Biomes = large areas characterised by vegetation/soil/climate/wildlife 5 major biomes… 1) Aquatic = fresh/saltwater, coral reefs->great diversity, nutrients recycled efficiently 2) Grassland = dominated by grass, warm/dry climate - Tropical/Savannas - closer to equator, few trees - Temperate - far from equator, no trees (prairie - tallgrass, steppes - short grass) 3) Forest = dominated by trees - Tropical - near equator, warm/humid - Temperate - high lat, 4 seasons - Boreal/Taiga - higher, cold/dry 4) Desert = >50 cm rain, low biodiversity, special adaptations, hot and dry->cold 5) Tundra = inhospitable, low precip, low biodiversity - Arctic - high lat, permafrost - Alpine - high alt, no trees Biodiversity varies across biomes, best suited to biome can reproduce become dominant - Greatest biodiversity : tropics (average conditions) - Least biodiversity : poles (extreme conditions) Unit 1.2 Interdependence Each species is dependent on others to survive in its ecosystem Coevolution = evolution of 2+ species that interact each other Biology Ms. Heim  Daya Kaur Datta Gr. 9 - predators/prey affect evolution bc natural selection Food chain = show linear path which food transfer producer -> primary consumer -> higher trophic Food web = what happens in an ecosystem, cross linked - E flows in 1 direction so need continuous source of E Biogeochemical cycles = nutrient cycles, (O2/CO2 - photosynthesis/respiration, H2O - evaporation,) Producer/Autotroph = make their own food - Photosynthetic - use sunlight (plants) - Chemosynthetic - use chemicals (org. in caves use therm/chem E) Consumer/Heterotroph = eat other org. to survive - Primary - usu herbivores that eat producers (grazing animals, insects) - Secondary - eat primary, omnivore - eat producer/primary, carnivore - eat primary (racoons) - Tertiary - eat secondary, apex predator, body will decompose (tiger, shark) Decomposer = eat dead org, return other nutrients soil bc producers use, more decomposer = fertile soil - Detritivore - consume waste material (carcass, feces) Biodegradation = breaking down nutrients in waste/dead matter available to producer Trophic lvl = feeding lvl, - decomposers at all trophic lvl bc consume material from all Pyramid of E = always pyramid shape bc producers get E from sun (producer at bottom) - 10% of E gets passed to next, 90% for life/lost as heat so low rate E transfer (usu >4 trophic lvl) Biomass = dry mass of biotic org, per unit area Pyramid of biomass = can be normal or inverted when a small biomass supports a large biomass - Algae can support fish bc algae reproduces quickly (inverted) Pyramid of numbers = # of org, at each trophic level, can be normal or inverted - Normal - grasslands have many small producer, inverted - forest w few trees support many insects Predation = predator eat prey, - prey pop decrease as pred eat prey, pred pop decrease bc prey run out, less pred means more prey live, pred pop increase bc more food from prey Time Lag = delay as pred pop respond to prey pop Symbiosis = 2+ org share close relationship Commensalism = one org benefit, other neutral (+/n) - Bird use tree to build home Mutualism = both org benefit (+/+) - Flowers/bees Parasitism = one org benefit, other harm, can't kill host bc need it to live (+/-) Biology Ms. Heim  Daya Kaur Datta Gr. 9 - Tapeworm Competition = 2+ species need same limited resource when niches overlap (not beneficial for either) - Interspecific = between dif species (lions/elephants at same water hole) - Intraspecific = between same species (comp for mate) May lead to resource partitioning Niche = role of org w/in specific ecosystem, as (a)biotic factors interact creates niche, adaptations help org succeed in niche, may change throughout life, take on dif niches depending on place in food chain - What it eats/eats it, how/when reproduce, nesting site, effect on other pop/environment/habitat, limits it can tolerate Range of tolerance = range of environmental change a species can thrive in Broad Niche = generalists, withstand change, high range of tolerance - Cockroaches Narrow Niche = specialists, cant withstand change, low range of tolerance (most in tropics bc relatively stable temp/food) - Koalas Resource Partitioning = method for similar species to coexist in same area - Dif species eat dif parts of tree Unit 1.3 Variation w/in species “Between-species diversity” = dif between org of dif species, great variation w/in pop of single species “W/in-species diversity” = dif between org of same species Variability = variation of single species Sexual dimorphism = males/females structurally dif - Male peacock bright colours, female bland camouflage Polymorphism = dif roles - Worker/queen bee Metamorphism = dramatic change in org structure/appearance during life - Butterfly cocoon Developmental changes = dif from child to adult (strength/knowledge) External appearance = dif eye/skin/fur colour Seasonal adaptations = white rabbits in winter, brown in summer Birth anomalies = freckles, albino Biology Ms. Heim  Daya Kaur Datta Gr. 9 Healthy/unhealthy living standards = disease/malnutrition cause long/short term effects Dif life choice = sumo wrestler/bodybuilder Genetic variability = dif personality traits Variability = important if environment sudden changes, species likely survive if lots variation Adaptations = traits that an org/species has which helps it survive/reproduce, linked w niche - Structural = internal (big heart), external (furs) - Behavioural = patterns org do to survive (migrate) 4 main adaptations, help to… 1) Avoid being eaten - runaway 2) Survive elements - insulation (blubber thickness) 3) Obtain food/water - predation 4) Reproduce - time of mating season - Organisms are considered the same species if they reproduce in nature and their offspring are able to reproduce Variation in adaptation/org influence which org survive, may give one org advantage (more successful) Overtime org evolve keep good adaptations - basis Charles Darwin Theory Evolution Natural Selection - Finches adapted bc of environmental pressure - food source - Pepper moth adapt bc soot air pollution made stand out on poplar trees, darker moth pop increase - San Jose Scales adapt bc pesticides spray so often used they became immune - Antibiotics would work forever but bacteria evolved to survive/spread better - Vaccines develop new bc evolve resistance Natural selection = when environmental factors select which individuals able to survive, when reproduce, offspring similar traits Theory of evolution = 1) Overproduction - produce more offspring than can survive 2) Competition - compete for limited resources 3) Variation/Diversity - no two individuals exactly the same 4) Natural Selection - some variations increase chance of survival (better adapted) 5) Speciation - over time, new species may evolve from accumulation inherited successful variations Adaptations are heritable (passing on DNA), selected for bc of environmental conditions Fitness = ability to survive/reproduce Survival of the Fittest = org w greatest fitness survive/reproduce at greater rate Evolution = cumulative inherited change in organisms over time, leads to speciation (creation of new species) Biology Ms. Heim  Daya Kaur Datta Gr. 9 Microevolution = change gene frequency over time in given species pop, w/in same species, not always good Human Evolution = change in culture can be as influential on evolution as change in climate Evidence of evolution = 1) Fossils = form when bodies of org trap in sediment/leave traces found many yrs later, give direct/physical evidence of past life, show progress from simple to complex org/formation new species, dif species lived earth at dif times, complexity life increase, living species closely match fossils located same geog region, recent fossils similar current species, - Missing links = intermediate/in-between species - Paleontology = study of fossils 2) Biogeography = variations/distribution of life on earth, show how dif environmental conditions dictated which org can survive/reproduce 3) Comparative anatomy = org dif species share common anatomy evolve from common ancestor - Vestigial organs = serve no useful functions 4) Embryology = early development, if similar suggest common ancestor (vertebrate have gill slits) - Embryonic tail turn into tailbone 5) Biochemistry = if org come from common ancestor, be similar at molecular lvl, all life made of proteins/lipids/carbs/nucleic acids, all cells have DNA Unit 2.1 Closer look at variation Traits = characteristics org. inherits from parents Heritable characteristics = traits passed from parent by genetic material (eye colour) - Same as both, dif than both, only one, mix of both Non-heritable characteristics = not passed on (play instrument) Discrete variation = either/or, discontinuous, limited # possibilities, 1 gene control, no nurture influence - Earlobes, blood group Continuous variation = range form, no limit, usu dif genes, yy 2) Law of segregation = paired factors segregate, distributed in dif gametes (Y][Y) - Therefore each parent only contribute 1 allele 3) Law of independent assortment = pair of traits segregate independently from other in meiosis Monohybrid cross = one trait being studied (tall/dwarf), 2x2 square Dihybrid cross = multiple traits being studied (yellow/green/round/wrinkled), foil ‘method’, 4x4 square Controlled breeding = provide scientists w info to determine which alleles responsible for specific traits - B4 this, people tried to reproduce org w most preferred traits but not always successful Genetics = study of how inherited traits passed down from each generation - Purebred = org w ancestors who all have same form of trait - True-breeding = lineage that consistently makes a certain trait - Hybrid = org made by crossing 2 individuals purebred w dif forms of trait P generation = parent plants First filial generation (F1) = offspring of parental cross Second filial generation (F2) = when F1 x F1 cross - Mendel concluded that each physical characteristic must be determined by a “unit factor” (gene) which remains unaltered in F1 in order to be transmitted completely intact to F2, no blending of traits (bc mendel did not study continuous) - Each individual carries pair of genes (1 from each parent) Dominant allele = big letter, only need 1 to be expressed, A Recessive allele = small letter, need 2 to be expressed, a Genotype = the letters (scientific way), TT Phenotype = what is expressed (visual interpretation), tallness Homozygous dominant = 2 dominant alleles, AA Heterozygous = 1 dominant allele, Aa Homozygous recessive = 2 recessive alleles, aa Biology Ms. Heim  Daya Kaur Datta Gr. 9 Incomplete dominance = when dominant-recessive pattern doesn’t always prevail (blended) - Red flower + white flower = pink flower Codominance = when 2 alleles expressed equally/at same time - Red heterozygous cow + white heterozygous cow = equal white/red hair cow Genes = instructions control development of inherited traits, more than one gene location/allele may be responsible for specific trait, complex mixing of possible combos may account for variation Nature = genetic cause determines characteristics of trait Nurture = environmental/cultural cause determines characteristics of trait - Most traits determined by a combo of nature/nurture Environmental factors = diet (malnutrition) - affect development (height), fetal alcohol syndrome (drinking alcohol when pregnant) - affect developing offspring, drugs (thalidomide) - affect development Biology Ms. Heim