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SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE Reviewer outline: Lesson 1, Introduction to Earth Claudius Ptolem...

SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE Reviewer outline: Lesson 1, Introduction to Earth Claudius Ptolemy Science, page 1 - Roman astronomer Lesson 2, Origin of the Universe, - Refined the Geocentric page 2 model by introducing Lesson 3, Solar System, page 5 epicycles Lesson 4, History of the Earth, A page 7 Nicolaus Copernicus Lesson 5, Subsystems of the - Polish astronomer Earth, page 15 - Proposed the Heliocentric model - Author of “De R Credits to: Gervina Caitlyn G. Santos, Reviewer Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium” Galileo Galilei SA LESSON 1 - Italian physicist and Introduction to Earth Science astronomer - Provided evidence for the Eudoxus of Cnidus Heliocentric model through - Greek philosopher telescope observations - Created the first model of the Solar System Johannes Kepler - Supports the Geocentric - A student of Tycho Brahe model - German astronomer PI - Proposed the laws of Aristarchus of Samos planetary motion - Greek astronomer - Supports the Heliocentric Tycho Brahe Model - Teacher of Johannes Kepler - Danish astronomer Aristotle - Proposed the - Greek philosopher Geo-heliocentric model - Proposed the Geocentric (Note: This model shows model based on that the Sun and Moon philosophical and revolve around the Earth, observational grounds while the other planets, 1 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE excluding Earth, revolve around the Sun.) Young-Earth Creationists - Based on the Book of Genesis Isaac Newton a. 1st day: God - Referred to as “The Titan of separated the light Science” from the darkness - An English mathematician, b. 2nd day: God created A physicist, astronomer, bodies of water theologian, and author c. 3rd day: God created - Proposed the laws of nature, plants, and motion and universal vegetation gravitation: R a. Inertia b. Acceleration c. Action-reaction d. 4th day: God created the sky, moon, and stars e. 5th day: God created sea creatures and air SA Table 1: Differences of Geocentric and creatures Heliocentric Models f. 6th day: God created Feature Geocentric Heliocentric land animals and humans Center of Earth Sun g. 7th day: God rested Universe Old-Earth Creationists Planetary Complex Simple - Fossils Motion epicycles orbits PI Acceptance Widely With Rigveda accepted resistance - A Hindu belief that human beings will live a satisfying and successful life. THEORIES Primordial universe - Proposed by Anaxagoras of Clazomenae LESSON 2 - A pre-Socratic Greek Origin of the Universe philosopher of the 5th century - The universe consists of seeds 2 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE and interconnected threads (tied knots) Inflation Theory - It was proposed in 1980 by Atomic universe Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul - Proposed by Leucippus of Steinhart, and Andy Albrecht Miletus and Democritus of - There was an exponential Abdera expansion before the gradual A - The universe is made of expansion indivisible atoms - It involved a repulsive force of gravity Infinite universe - A vacuum energy dominated - Proposed by Giordano Bruno the density of the energy of R - The universe has no center Einstein’s universe - The universe is continuously the universe - It offered three solutions to the Big Bang Theory a. Flatness - It appears flat because SA expanding inflation stretches the initial curvature of the universe Steady State Theory b. Monopoles - They should have - Also referred to as the existed before the inflation epoch; “Continuous Creation Theory” their density dropped to an or “Infinite Universe Theory” undetectable level - The universe is unchanging in c. Horizon - There were bursts of time and uniform in space expansion; distant regions were much - It has an unchanged density closer before inflation PI due to the continuous creation of matter String Theory - It was proposed in 1948 by - It involves strings Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and - They are point-like particles, Hermann Bondi either in closed or open form, that can vibrate in any mode - They can represent an Red Shift Theory electron, proton, or graviton - The universe is continuously expanding because the colors M-Theory are retreating, moving away - It states that there is an from each other infinite number of parallel 3 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE universes d. Gravity - binds the - It involves branes, two and solar system five dimensional objects that can attach strings Grand - Quarks and - According to Stephen Unification leptions form Hawking and Leonard Theory (GUT) Mlodinow, the collision of A branes will lead to a new Inflation - Singularity universe expands Big Bang Theory - A rapid expansion happened Electroweak - Protons and 13.7 billion years ago neutrons formed R - The universe started as a singularity, a compacted point filled with space, time, energy, and matter Quark - - from quarks Unified forces evolved The high SA - It was proposed in 1927 by temperature George Lamaitre, a Belgian prevented quarks priest and a Physics professor from binding at the Catholic University of Louvain Hadron - Formation of neutrinos, also Table 2: Big Bang Timeline known as primitive Epoch Description nuclei PI Planck - Singularity Lepton - Neutrinos evolved - Unified forces into a. Strong force - electron-positron binds nucleus pairs b. Electromagnetic Note: Positrons are force - binds positively-charged atoms; either electrons attracts or repulses Nuclear Nucleosynthesis - c. Weak force - formation of nuclei found in radioactive decay Atomic - Formation of atoms 4 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE - Beryllium (Be) - Cosmic Microwave Background starts Cosmic Microwave Background to appear - Proposed by Arno Penzias and Dark - Hydrogen Robert Wilson scattered - It was discovered in 1965 throughout the - They are remnants of the A universe explosion or expansion of the - Light cannot pass singularity through - In the form of radiation - The universe KEY TERMS: Homogeneity - equal at every point R Galactic - - cooled down Helium emerges Dim light starts to appear Isotropy - equal at every direction LESSON 3 SA Solar System Stellar - Birth of the stars, the solar system, and the sun Vortex Theory - Proposed in 1644 by Rene Descartes EVIDENCES THAT SUPPORT THE BIG - Solar system was formed into BANG THEORY bodies with circular orbits due to a whirlpool-like motion Galaxies are moving away PI - The primary vortices are the - According to Edwin Hubble in planetary orbits, while the 1929, the light from galaxies secondary orbits are the show that they are moving satellites around planets away at a recessional velocity proportional to their distance Collision Theory - Also referred to as “Hubble’s - Proposed in 1745 by George Law” Buffon - Planets formed due to the Abundance of Light Elements collision between the sun and - Helium (He) the comet - Hydrogen (H) - The debris that fell out of the - Lithium (L) 5 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE comet turned into planets protoplanets or early planetisimals Nebular Theory - The center is hotter than the - Proposed by Immanuel Kant farther regions of the solar and Pierre Laplace system - A nebula is a great cloud of - Terrestrial planets are nearer dust and gas, and its to the sun (center) A formation undergoes five - The hot temperature led to stages: the condensation of solid 1. Collapse materials - The compression of gas and 5. Accretion dust, which creates the force - Planetisimals accumulate R of gravity 2. Spinning - The nebula is in a disk-like shape more materials for them to grow and evolve into planets - They are attracted by the force of gravity SA - It moves in a rotational - All lighter gas get spewed out direction of the solar system - As it rotates, the cloud and dust shrink and become Take note of the following: thinner Terrestrial or Solid planets - The lighter materials get - Mercury pushed out from the heavier - Venus materials - Earth - Mars PI 3. Flattening - It forms into a solar nebula Jovian planets or Gasious giants - It contains the protostar that - Jupiter forms into the solar system, - Saturn thus it’s also referred to as a - Uranus primitive solar system - Neptune 4. Condensation - The formation of the center of Jeans-Jeffrey Tidal Theory the solar system - A massive speeding star - It contains a protostar or an passed beside the Sun and early star released a tidal wave - Surrounding the protostar are - The substance that got torn 6 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE out of the Sun formed into planets Uniformitarianism Protoplanet Theory - The assumption that changes - Proposed by William McCrea in the Earth’s crust during - There is a vast cloud that geological history have accumulates energy from the resulted from the action of center continuous and uniform A - The center contains the sun processes - The accumulated heavier - James Hutton is a Scottish objects are the planets geologist and is known as the - Protoplanets are also known “Father of Modern Geology” as “primitive planets” R - Asteroids and comets are concentrated in a specific area in the solar system, otherwise known as the Kuiper Belt MAJOR GEOLOGICAL EVENTS Plate tectonics - shaped the Earth’s surface Continental drift - continents have SA - The Kuiper Belt contains solid moved over time icy materials and is beyond Mountain building - formation of the orbit of Neptune mountains through processes like - The Oort Cloud is farther than folding, faulting, and volcanic activity the Kuiper Belt and is Volcanism - played a role in shaping considered the boundary of landscapes and influencing climate the solar system Earthquakes - impact on human civilization Planetesimal Theory PI - Proposed by Thomas BRANCHES Chamberlin and Forest Petrology - physical processes in Moulton rock formation - A star passed beside the Sun. Stratigraphy - relative age of rock Due to gravity, some debris layers from the sun fell off and Paleontology - provides evidence of became planets ancient life and environments GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE LESSON 4 - Chronological system used to divide History of the Earth Earth’s history into different periods. 1. When an organism dies, its soft parts 7 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE decompose or are eaten by animals. but not specific dates. 2. Sediments cover the remains of organisms. These sediments become rock. NICOLAS STENO 3. As the remains break down, they - Fundamental contributions to four leave holes in the sediment, which is branches of science: anatomy, filled with minerals. paleontology, geology, and A 4. The result is a copy of the organism crystallography. made out of materials. - Founder of the study of fossils and 5. The fossil will eventually come to the one of the main founders of the surface due to weathering and science of geology. erosion. - His theory of how geological strata R TYPES OF DATING Absolute - were laid down opened the way to understand the history and age of the earth. The study of geology led Steno to the SA - Exact numerical age for a rock study of crystals, where he or fossil. discovered the basic fact, known as - Uses radioactive decay to Steno’s Law, that in all crystals of the measure the age of materials. same mineral the angles are the - Carbon-14 dating, same. potassium-argon dating, and uranium-lead dating. - Determine the age of organic CORRELATION matter, rocks, and minerals Principle of Original Horizontality PI - Sedimentary layers are Relative deposited in horizontal sheets. - Age of a rock or fossil - If layers are folded, episode of concerning other fossils or deformation must have rocks. occurred after rocks formed. - Doesn’t provide the exact - Age of folding is younger than numerical age. youngest deformed rock unit. - Relies on the principle of superposition, cross-cutting Principle of Superposition relationships, inclusions, and - Rock layer above is younger fossil succession. than the ones below it. - General sequence of events 8 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE Principle of Crosscutting igneous or metamorphic rocks formed Relationships and were subsequently covered by - Any feature that cuts across new sedimentary layers. rocks is younger than the youngest rock that is cut. FOSSILS - Remains of ancient species that have Principle of Inclusion been preserved or evidence of their A - Organisms have evolved and remains. gone extinct through time. - They are not actual remains of the - Fossil content of roch changes organism. They are formed from in a systematic way. sedimentary rocks. Hard parts of the organism are the subjects for R Principle of Lateral Continuity - Sediments are deposited laterally in continuous layers. - If horizontal strata are fossilization, like bones, shell, and tree trunk. Body fossils/True Form fossils SA dissected by erosional - Preserved remains of an features, such as a valley, they organism’s body. are interpreted to belong to a. Petrified fossils - organic material the same strata. replaced by minerals. b. Molds and casts - impressions left by UNCONFORMITIES an organism in rock. - Older, tilted rock layers are overlain c. Amber fossils - organisms preserved by younger, horizontal rock layers. It in hardened tree sap. indicates a period of erosion that d. Frozen fossils - organisms preserved PI removed the top layers of the older in ice. rocks before the younger layers were deposited. Mold fossil - Layers of rock are parallel but there’s - When sediments fill in the a significant gap in time between remains of a dead organism them. It suggests a period of and later on solidify, it becmes non-deposition or erosion during a fossil. which no new sediments were added. - Over time, the remains of the - Sedimentary rocks overlie igneous or organism don’t persist, leaving metamorphic rocks. It indicates a long a hollow imprint on the period of erosion that removed the sedimentary rock. original sedimentary cover before the 9 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE Cast fossil subdivisions. - Cast preserves a - Tens of millions of years. three-dimensional impression of remains buried in sediment. Eon - Sediment fills up an - When eras are grouped underground fossil mold to together, it will create the make a fossil in the shape of longest geologic subdivision. A the organism’s form. - Half a billion years or more Trace fossils - Traces of previous life forms. PRECAMBRAIN EON - Formed when an organism - More than 85% of Earth’s history falls leaves traces from doing under this supereon, from 4.6 billion R activities. These traces then leave imprints and become fossils later on. years to 540 million years ago. a. Hadean Eon - 4.6 billion years ago - Solidification of the SA Petrified fossil earth’s continental and - Remains of an organism that oceanic crust. have turned into a mineral, Table 3: Significant Events in Hadeon Eon rock, or stone through the EVENT DESCRIPTION process of petrification. Earth coalesced - From a cloud GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE of dust, Period gravity - basic unit of geological time molded our PI during which a specific rock system. system is produced. - Terrestrial - 100 million years planets were positioned Era closer to the - When periods are compacted sun. together according to their characteristics. Primordial water - From comets - Several hundred million years and asteroids Epoch that collided - Some periods have their own during its 10 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE - 4 billion years ago early - Evolution of Earth’s formation. first life forms Earth meets Moon The giant impact Table 4: Significant Events in Archean Eon hypothesis explains EVENT DESCRIPTION the formation of the moon. First oceans - Earth began A cooling Core accretion The intense heat - Water energy generated condense to played a crucial role form its in shaping our R Magnetic field planet’s internal structure and composition. - Earth DNA-based Genes oceans. Protocells with RNA-based genes, after which true cells SA evolve along with formed a proteins and solid iron DNA-based genes. core. - Inside Earth, First Tectonic Plate tectonics are it was Activity necessary for building multi-family continents. layered. - Surrounding First Continent The cooler climate PI the inner allowed formation of core, Earth continents because established the lithosphere a liquid became stable. outer core. Prokaryotic - Earth’s Late bombardment The Earth was still Bacteria atmosphere stage in the late was mostly bombardment methane and stage. nitrogen. - The only life forms that b. Archean Eon 11 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE Table 5: Significant Events in Proterozoic existed were Eon anaerobic cyanobacteria. EVENT DESCRIPTION Banded Iron - As oxygen Oxygen Crisis Cyanobacteria Formation filled the threatened their own oceans, it existence through A mixed with their own waste iron. oxygen. - Iron rusts when it reacts First Eukaryotes - First hypothetical R with oxygen. Over time, the seafloor collected rusted iron. - eukaryotes Multicellular Francevillian biota SA Great - Oxygen Snowball Earth - When oxygen Oxygenation continues to is combined Event form rusted with methane, iron in the it produced oceans. carbon dioxide. - Since there’s - The no more iron greenhouse to rust in the effect wasn’t PI oceans, as strong since oxygen there was less entered the methane in the atmosphere. atmosphere. - With less heat trapped in the c. Proterozoic Eon atmosphere, - 2.5 billion years ago Earth froze for - Appearance of 300,000,000 multi-celled animals years. and the gathering of land masses to form Multi-cellular Life - Eukaryotic continents. 12 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE cells evolved Age of Vertebrates Variety of when a simple organisms, cell engulfed including early another vertebrates, marked through the beginning of endosymbiosis. Paleozoic Era. - Multicellular A life developed Age of Fish Fish became the because dominant marine multiple cells vertebrates during benefited. the Silurian and R Ozone Stabilization - After the Great Oxygenation Event, oxygen atoms bonded Fungi Devonian periods. Fossil plants show evidence of mycorrhizal SA and formed associations, ozone. symbiotic - Earth’s Ozone relationships, layer thickened between fungi and in the upper plant roots. atmosphere. Land Plants Early land plants were small, simple Paleozoic era - diversification of life organisms that PI and colonization of land. lacked true roots and leaves. Table 6: Significant Events in Paleozoic Era Age of Amphibians The first vertebrates EVENT DESCRIPTION to transition from Cambrian Explosion It marked the first water to land, time in Earth’s appeared during the timeline that we Devonian period. could observe Insects They played a fossils, crucial role in exoskeletons, and pollination, shells. 13 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE herbivory, and - Conifers like redwoods decomposition. and pines were the major source of food Rainforest It buried plants and for herbivore Collapses swamps. They were dinosaurs. compacted and cooked into Age of - They were the A underground coil Dinosaurs dominant land deposits. vertebrates on Earth. - It existed until the Extinction The Cretaceous-Paleogene Permian-Triassic R extinction event is the largest mass extinction in Earth’s history. Age of Birds Small areas. extinction. Inhabited moist and coastal Amphibians are the first SA Mammals vertebrates to transition from Mesozoic Era - rise and fall of water to land. dinosaurs and breakup of the supercontinent Pangea Extinction Cretaceous-Paleogene Event extinction event wiped out Table 7: Significant Events in Mesozoic Era dinosaurs and other species. EVENT DESCRIPTION Cenozoic Era - evolution of complex PI Age of Reptiles gained an ecological life forms, including humans, and the Reptiles advantage because they had shaping of the modern world. less competition for food in dryland conditions. Table 8: Significant Events in Cenozoic Era Breakup - Earth existed as one EVENT DESCRIPTION of Pangea giant supercontinent Pangea. Recovery from Began after the - Plate tectonics tore Extinction Cretaceous-Paleogene continents apart. extinction event. Age of - It marked the rise of Mammals Warm-blooded Conifers conifer trees. diversified mammals diversified 14 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE GEOSPHERE to land, air, and sea Crust habitats. - Outer most layer of the Earth primates - Small, - Exposed to the Atmosphere tree-dwelling - Coldest layer creatures - Thinnest of all layers appeared. - Subdivided into plates; A - Adaptive floating over the radiation asthenosphere - Contains the Mohorovicic grassland Dominant features of Discontinuity, which is the landscapes boundary between the Earth’s R Modern earth Appearance of Continents drifted apart Homo sapiens evolved crust and mantle. a. Continental crust - 20-70 km thick - Composed of light granitic SA rock humans during the Quaternary - 4 billion years old period. - Less dense Adaptation to - Modern b. Oceanic crust diverse humans - 5-10 km thick environments adapted to - Dark volcanic basalt overlain different with sediments environments. - Rich in iron, low in silica - Tropical - 200 million years old or less PI rainforests to - Dense arctic tundra Lithosphere Cultural and Tools, language, art, - “Lithos” - rocky or stone technological social structures - Rocky and stony part covering advancements Earth’s surface. - Upper portion - crust - Lower portion - mantle LESSON 5 Mantle Subsystems of the Earth - 84% of Earth’s total volume - Between crust and core 15 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE - Divided into upper and lower - Hottest part mantle - Boundary between the outer and inner core Asthenosphere - Upper mantle c. Inner core - Rocks are easily deformed due - Hot, dense ball of iron to pressure and heat. - The pressure and density A - Allows lithosphere to float on make the inner core solid top. Mesosphere ATMOSPHERE - Lower mantle - Gases surrounding the Earth R - 56% of Earth’s total volume - Magma circulation (source of magma) - Fe, Mg, Al, Si, O - - - - Located close to Earth’s surface Densest layer Absorbs sun’s energy Recycles water and other chemicals SA - Contains the Repiti - Protects and supports life Discontinuity; the boundary - Nitrogen (most abundant), Argon, between the upper and lower Neon, Methane, Hydrogen, Oxygen mantle - Also contains the Gutenberg Water vapor Discontinuity; the boundary - Source of all clouds and between the mantle and outer precipitation core. - Absorbs heat and solar energy PI Core - Hot and dense ozone - Lies beneath the cool, brittle - Three oxygen atoms crust and solid mantle - Protects Earth from harmful a. Outer core UV radiation - Liquid iron and nickel - Major pollutant at lower - Low viscosity levels - Easily deformed and malleable Aerosols - Site of violent convection - Ashes, dust, sea salts, fumes, and other particulate matter b. Lehman Bullen Discontinuity - Microscopic 16 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE - Contribute to the formation of at the thermopause clouds - Home to the International - Scatters or absorbs sunlight Space Station as it orbits the - Can be inhaled or absorbed by Earth skin - Contains the Ionosphere; a. Troposphere atoms are ionized (positively - Lowest and densest layer charged) and it influences A - Contains 75% of the gases radiowave propagation - Where all weather-associated - Contains the Aurora; colorful cloud types are formed glowing halo caused by - Temperature decreases as collision of solar wind ions altitude increases with oxygen and nitrogen b. R - Temperature stops decreasing at the tropopause Stratosphere - Second lowest layer atoms e. Exosphere - Outermost layer - No clear boundary SA - tememperature increases as - Orbiting satellites like the altitude increases Hubble Space Station - Holds 85%-90% of ozone - Low density elements - Temperature stops increasing at the stratopause - Where planes fly HYDROSPHERE - Lacks weather-producing air Weather turbulence - Condition of Earth’s c. Mesosphere atmosphere at a given time PI - Temperature decreases as and place. altitude increases - Air moisture, cloudiness, wind - Thinner gases than the speed and direction, troposphere and stratosphere temperature, air pressure, and - Projects Earth from precipitation affect weather meteoroids - Temperature stops decreasing Monsoon at the mesopause - Seasonal changes in wind d. Thermosphere direction and rainfall - Temperature increases as - South Asia, Southeast Asia, altitude increases Africa, North America - Temperature stops increasing 17 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE Table 9: Types of Monsoons come together and get heavy, they fall back to Earth. Northeast Southwest 4. Collection - water collects in bodies Monsoon (Amihan) Monsoon of water or soaks into the ground, (Habagat) and the cycle starts all over again. November to June to September February A Biome Cool and dry winds Warm and moist air - Vast region on the planet’s surface known for its Cooler Hot, humid weather distinctive weather conditions, temperatures and and heavy rainfall flora, and fauna. R brings clear skies Precipitation - Liquid or frozen water forms in Table 10: Types of Biomes BIOME DESCRIPTION SA clouds and falls back to Earth Forest - Covers 30% - Rain, snow, hail, sheet of Earth’s land surface Air pressure - Made of - weight of air molecules trees and pressing down on us woody - Dependent on temperature vegetation and how tightly packed air - Tropical molecules are. forests, PI temperate WATER CYCLE forests, and - Water movement between boreal hydrosphere and atmosphere forests 1. Evaporation - when the sun heats up Grassland - Prairies, water, the water turns into water steppes, vapor and rises into the atmosphere savannas 2. Condensation - as water vapor rises, - Vast it cools down and changes back into expanses of tiny water droplets, forming clouds. grasses and 3. Precipitation - when these droplets trees 18 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG  SHS STEM SOCIETY A.Y. 2024-2025 PISARA DUNONG 1ST QUARTER EARTH SCIENCE Aquatic - Covers 70% of Earth’s surface - Plant and animal species - Freshwater A and saltwater Desert - Receives R - less rainfall Extreme temperature fluctuations SA Tundra - Wide expanse of land with no trees - Cold environment PI 19 | UST SHS STEM SOCIETY PISARA DUNONG