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2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn ITEC 3010 ITEC 3010 MIDTERM MIDTERM...

2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn ITEC 3010 ITEC 3010 MIDTERM MIDTERM A SYSTEM IS A GROUP OF INTERRELATED COMPONENTS WHAT IS A SYSTEM? THAT FUNCTION TOGETHER TO ACHIEVE A DESIRE RESULT 1. SOCIAL SYSTEM: NO SIGNIFICANT USE OF TECHNOLOGY 2. INFORMATION SYSTEM: PEOPLE, DATA, PROCESSES, AND IT INTERACT WHAT ARE THE 4 TYPES OF SYSTEMS? 3. SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEM: HUMAN PARTICIPANTS USE TECHNOLOGY 4. AUTOMATED SYSTEM: FULLY AUTOMATED ONCE TRIGGERED. SYSTEM ANALYSIS DEFINES WHAT THE SYSTEM SHOULD WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYSTEMS ANALYSIS DO AND SYSTEMS DESIGN? SYSTEM DESIGN DEFINES HOW THE SYSTEM ACCOMPLISH IT https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 1/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn PAPERLESS HOSPITALS, SELF DRIVING CARS, SOCIAL WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A SYSTEM IN MODERN SOCIETY? MEDIA, VIRTUAL SURGERIES STUDIES PROLEMS AND NEEDS OF AN ORGANIZATION TO WHAT DOES A SYSTEMS ANALYST DO? DETERMINE HOW PEOPLE, DATA, PROCESSES, AND IT CAN BE USED TO IMPROVES BUSINESS OPERATIONS SYSTEMS ANALYST, BUSINESS ANALYST, PROCESS WHAT ARE SOME JOB TITLES FOR A SYSTEMS ANALYST? ANALYST, REQUIREMENTS ENGINEER, IT CONCULTANT NAME THREE ESSENTIAL SKILLS FOR A SYSTEMS ANALYST: PROBLEM SOLVING, IT KNOWLEDGE, COMMUNICATION https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 2/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn WHAT DOES SDLC STANDS FOR? SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE 1. IDENTIFY THE PLAN 2. PLAN AND MONITOR THE PROJECT 3. DISCOVER AND UNDRESTAND DETAILS WHAT ARE 6 CORE PHASES OF SDLC? 4. DESIGN THE SYSTEM 5. BUILD AND TEST 6. COMPLETE SYSTEM TESTS AND DEPLOY SDLC IS BROADER, COVERING PLANNING, MONITORING, HOW DOES SDLC DIFFERES FROM THE SOFTWARE AND BUSINESS ASPECTS, WHILE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE? DEVELOPMENT FOCUSES MAINLY ON CODING, TESTING SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES A LINEAR APPROACH WHERE DEVELOPMENT PHASES ARE WHAT IS WTAERFALL MODEL? COMPLETED ONE AT A TIME, IN SEQUENCE https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 3/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn A FLEXIBLE DEVELOPMENT METHODOLGY THAT USES WHAT IS AGILE DEVELOPMENT? ITERATIVE CYCLES AN ADAPTS TO CHANGES A SYSTEM IS DEVELOPED IN REPEATED CYCLES, ALLOWING WHAT IS ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT? REFINEMENT AND ADJUSTMENTS OVER TIME FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF THE SYSTEM ARE DEVELOPED WHAT IS INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT? SEPERATELY AND THEN INTEGRATED INTO THE FINAL SYSTEM AGILE IS ITERATIVE AND ADAPTS TO CHANGES WHILE HOWS AGILE DIFFERENT FROM WATERFALL? WATERFALL IS LINEAR AND FOLLOWS A STRICT SEQUENCE OF PHASES https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 4/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn SOFTWARE IS A PROGRAM WHILE A SYSTEM INCLUDES HOW ARE SOFTWARE AND SYSTEM DIFFERENT? SOFTWARE, HARDWARE, PEOPLE, AND PROCESSES TO PERFORMA TASK Despite their widespread adoption, software systems Name a challenge faced by modern software systems often fail to meet expectations due to complexity and frequent changes It ensures resources are used efficiently, risks are Why is system planning important? managed, and project goals align with business needs Identifying and understanding the needs and influence of What is stakeholder analysis? people involved in or affected by a system https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 5/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn 1. Simplifies complex aspects of systems What are the benefits of modeling in system design? 2. Helps clarify and refine the design 3. Allows communication between stakeholders To determine if a system is technically possible, financially Why do we need feasibility analysis in SDLC? viable, and suitable for the organization How does a systems analyst act as a bridge between By translating business needs into technical requirements business and IT? and ensuring IT solutions align with business goals What is the purpose of use case diagrams in system They show how users interact with the system and identify development? key functionalities https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 6/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn What is an example of a sociotechnical system? Self-checkout kiosks in retail stores What methodology would you use for a project with Agile development frequently changing requirements? They ensure a structured, efficient, and successful Why are SDLC phases important? approach to system development and deployment It provides structure, methods, and controls to ensure Why do we need the System Development Life Cycle project success. Without SDLC, projects risk missed (SDLC)? deadlines, low quality, and incomplete requirements https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 7/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn 1. Initiation 2. Planning What are the five core phases of SDLC? 3. Analysis 4. Design 5. Implementation & Maintenance 1. Top-down – Part of a long-term strategic plan 2. Bottom-up – Response to an immediate business need What are the three ways projects can be initiated? 3. External forces – Legal or regulatory changes (e.g., new tax laws affecting billing systems) A high-level overview of system capabilities and business What is a Statement of Need? needs A visual representation of project tasks showing What is a PERT Chart? dependencies and the critical path https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 8/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn A bar chart that visually represents project tasks over time, What is a Gantt Chart? showing schedules but not dependencies 1. Economic Feasibility – Cost-benefit analysis 2. Organizational & Cultural Feasibility – Impact on company culture 3. Technological Feasibility – Do we have the necessary What are the five types of feasibility studies? technical resources? 4. Schedule Feasibility – Can it be completed within the timeline? 5. Resource Feasibility – Are people, funds, and materials available? What is Net Present Value (NPV) in economic feasibility It calculates the present value of benefits and costs over a analysis? specific time period Reduced staff costs due to automation. Decreased operating expenses. What are examples of tangible benefits in a cost-benefit analysis? Faster processing times. Fewer errors in transactions. https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 9/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn Improved customer satisfaction. What are examples of intangible benefits? Enhanced company reputation. Development of in-house expertise. 1. Interviews – Speaking with users and stakeholders 2. Observations – Watching how current processes work. 3. Questionnaires – Surveys to collect data from multiple What are the common techniques for gathering system people requirements? 4. Reviewing Documents & Policy Statements – Understanding existing workflows 5. Researching Vendor Solutions – Looking at existing market solutions 1. Internal Stakeholders – People within the company 2. External Stakeholders – Customers, suppliers, regulatory bodies What are the four types of stakeholders in system 3. Operational Stakeholders – Day-to-day users of the analysis? system 4. Executive Stakeholders – Managers and decision- makers 1. Functional Requirements – Define what the system must do (e.g., “Generate monthly reports”) 2. Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) – Define system What are the three main types of system requirements? qualities (e.g., security, performance) 3. Inverse Requirements – Define what the system must not do. https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 10/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn What makes a good requirement statement? It must be clear, concise, verifiable, and attainable. Limited resources require focusing on the most critical Why is prioritizing system requirements important? features to prevent scope creep. In-house development What are common alternatives in system development? Outsourcing Pre-existing software solutions Reviewing recommendations with management and What is the final step in requirements analysis? determining if the project should proceed. https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 11/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn A model is a representation of some aspect of a system What is a model? being built. It can be graphical, descriptive, or mathematical. They help deal with complexity, communicate with Why are models important in system development? stakeholders, and provide alternative solutions. 1. High-Level Abstraction – Broad overview of the system What are the different levels of abstraction in models? 2. Low-Level Abstraction – Focus on detailed components 3. Metamodel – A model that describes other models Some phenomena in the model may not exist in the domain. What is the relationship between a model and the domain? Some phenomena in the domain may not be captured in the model. https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 12/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn Graphical – Use diagrams (e.g., UML). What are the types of system models? Descriptive – Use text-based descriptions. Mathematical – Use equations and numerical methods. Facilitate Modification and Reuse – Build models that are easy to update. Abstraction – Remove unnecessary details to focus on essentials. What are the key modelling principles? Decomposition (Partitioning) – Break problems into independent parts. Viewpoints (Projection) – Separate concerns to describe different perspectives. Modularization – Use stable structures to localize change. Patterns – Identify commonly occurring structures in different applications Breaking down a system into independent sub-problems What is decomposition in system modelling? to simplify analysis. https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 13/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn Finding similarities between concepts by ignoring certain What is abstraction? details. By Location: Instrumentation faults, communication faults, processor faults. What is an example of abstraction in a spacecraft system? By Symptoms: No response, incorrect response, self-test failure. 1. Communication – Helps team members and stakeholders understand the system 2. Documentation – Records system design for future What are the three primary reasons for modelling? reference 3. Simplification – Reduces complexity and focuses on important aspects. UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standardized What is UML? graphical notation for software engineering used to visualize system design. https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 14/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn To show functional requirements and the interactions What is the purpose of a use case diagram? between users (actors) and the system. A one-sentence description of a work-related task done by What is a user story? a user to achieve a goal. What is the format of a user story? “As a , I want to , so that.” What are acceptance criteria in user stories? Features that must be present at task completion. https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 15/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn A specific activity the system performs in response to a What is a use case? user request. 1. User Goal Technique – Identifies tasks that users want the system to perform What are the two techniques for identifying use cases? 2. Event Decomposition Technique – Identifies events that trigger system processes How do you name a use case? Use a Verb-Noun format (e.g., “Generate Report”). A simple technique where users list tasks the system What is the User Goal Technique? should help them with. https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 16/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn 1. Identify all potential users 2. Classify users by functional role 3. Further classify users by organizational level What are the steps in the User Goal Technique? 4. Interview users to determine system goals 5. Compile a preliminary use case list 6. Resolve duplicate use cases Identifying external, temporal, and state events that What is the Event Decomposition Technique? trigger system responses. 1. External Events – Initiated by an outside actor (e.g., customer purchases a product) 2. Temporal Events – Occur based on time (e.g., generate What are the three types of events? monthly reports) 3. State Events – Triggered by internal system changes (e.g., reorder point reached). Ignore security, logins, and backup functions when What is the perfect technology assumption? defining events https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 17/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn What are the components of a use case diagram? Actors – Users interacting with the system. Use Cases – System functions requested by actors. Relationships – Connections between actors and use cases. What is an includes relationship in use cases? One use case is always executed as part of another. What is an extends relationship? An additional use case may be executed conditionally. The specific area of the users’ business need that falls What is a problem domain? within the scope of the new system. https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 18/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn Products, sales, shippers, customers, invoices, payments, What are examples of "things" in a problem domain? etc. In Object-Oriented (OO) systems, domain classes What are domain classes? represent things in the problem domain. In traditional systems, they are called data entities. The process of creating a conceptual model of the What is domain modelling? information within a specific problem domain. 1. Clarifies requirements – Helps stakeholders align their understanding 2. Improves communication – Establishes a common language 3. Supports design – Guides system architecture and Why is domain modelling important? database structure 4. Reduces complexity – Breaks down domains into manageable parts 5. Enhances quality – Early identification prevents misunderstandings. https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 19/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn Iterate and refine – Update models as more details emerge. What are the best practices for domain modelling? Keep it simple – Focus on essential entities and relationships. Collaborate – Engage stakeholders to ensure accuracy. Brainstorming Technique – Uses systematic questioning to identify tangible objects, locations, and events. What are two techniques for identifying domain classes? Noun Technique – Identifies nouns in system descriptions and classifies them as domain classes or attributes. Are there any tangible things to track? What are some questions used in the brainstorming Are there locations or roles to store information about? technique? Are there events or incidents that need to be recorded? A method of finding domain classes by identifying and What is the noun technique? refining a list of nouns from system descriptions, reports, or existing documents. https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 20/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn Synonyms – Multiple words for the same concept. Attributes vs. Classes – Some nouns represent attributes, What are common issues with the noun technique? not entities. Unnecessary inclusions – Not all nouns are relevant. Is it a unique thing the system must track? Does the system need multiple instances of it? What questions help refine a noun list? Is it a synonym for an existing class? Is it an output or input rather than a domain class? A characteristic that describes a domain class (e.g., What is an attribute? Customer → First Name, Last Name, Phone Number). A unique attribute that identifies an instance of a class What is an identifier (key)? (e.g., Customer ID). https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 21/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn An attribute combining multiple data points into a single What is a compound attribute? structure (e.g., Address instead of Street, City, State). A graphical representation of entities and their What is a semantic net? relationships. Visual representation – Helps stakeholders understand relationships. What are the benefits of a semantic net? Supports reasoning – Shows logical connections. Enhances flexibility – Can be expanded or modified easily. Domain models focus on structured relationships for databases and systems. How does a domain model differ from a semantic net? Semantic nets focus on knowledge representation and reasoning. https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 22/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn A relationship between two or more domain classes (e.g., What is an association? a Customer places an Order). Defines the minimum and maximum number of instances What is multiplicity? in an association (e.g., One-to-One, One-to-Many). ERD (Entity-Relationship Diagram) uses cardinality. What is the difference between an ERD relationship and a UML association? UML Class Diagrams use multiplicity. 1. Binary Association – Between two classes (e.g., Customer places Order) 2. Unary Association (Recursive) – Between instances of What are the different types of associations? the same class (e.g., Employee manages Employee) 3. Ternary Association – Involving three entities (e.g., Student enrolls in Course taught by Instructor) https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 23/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn Entity relationship diagrams (ERD) An Entity-Relationship Diagram represents data entities What is an ERD? and their relationships, primarily for database design. 1:1 – Each instance is associated with exactly one other instance. How does ERD notation show cardinality? 1**:M** – One instance is related to many others. M**:N** – Many-to-Many relationship requiring an association class. https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 24/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn Domain Model Class Diagrams A UML diagram that represents domain classes, attributes, What is a domain model class diagram? and associations. Class Name – Capitalized (e.g., Order). What is the UML notation for class diagrams? Attributes – camelBack notation (e.g., orderID, orderDate). A class that stores data about a relationship, typically used What is an association class? in M**:N** relationships (e.g., Enrollment between Student and Course). https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 25/26 2/4/25, 5:28 PM GoConqr - Changing the way you learn A hierarchical relationship where subclasses inherit What is generalization/specialization? attributes from a superclass (e.g., SavingsAccount and CheckingAccount inherit from BankAccount). A class that cannot be instantiated but provides shared What is an abstract class? attributes to subclasses. A whole-part relationship where parts can exist separately What is aggregation? (e.g., Computer has Storage Devices). A whole-part relationship where parts cannot exist What is composition? separately (e.g., Order has Order Items). https://www.goconqr.com/en-US/profiles/15257902 26/26