Understanding Ourselves in the Changing World PDF

“Understanding Ourselves in Social organization 2. MAX WEBER the Changing World ” - science whose object is to interpret the meaning of soci...

“Understanding Ourselves in Social organization 2. MAX WEBER the Changing World ” - science whose object is to interpret the meaning of social action “SOCIETY” - give a casual explanation of the - Community of people with common way in which the action traditions, practices, institutions, and proceeds and the effects which intuitions - With collective understanding of it produces. activities and interest. 3. WRIGHT MILLS - Wrote “Sociological Imagination” - “POLITICS” awareness to comprehend the - complex relationships of people links of one’s own personal living in society understanding, challenges, or - concept of power and limitations (troubles) which wider leadership social challenges (issues). 4. AUGUSTE COMTE “SCIENCE” - French sociologist - pursuit and application of - used term “sociology” widely. knowledge 5. Emile durkheim - evidenced-based - Father of Sociology understanding of both the - Established “The Rules of Sociological natural and social world Method (1859”. - Introduced anomie - the loss of “SOCIOLOGY” direction felt by an individual - study of human relationships and when social controls become behaviors in society effective. - Study of society 6. HERBERT SPENCER a. According to: - Incorporated the theory of 1. ALBERT J. REISS evolution into society. - the study of social aggregates - Explained that society evolved and groups in their: similarly to living organisms. Institutional organization - Stated that similar to species, Institutions society would evolve from a Organization, simple form and progress to Causes and consequences of complex form. changes in institutions  7. Talcott Parson “Structural functionalism theory ” - Theory of Functionalism - Society is a system of - United clinical psychology and interconnected parts that work social anthropology to create a as one, so there would be role-based theory - how individuals harmony and balance in the contribute to society by being of whole. service and playing a useful - macro-level theory, studies society function. as a whole. - Introduced by Durkheim “SOCIOLOGY” (Suicide, 1937), and Merton - society is interwoven like a (Social Structure and Anomie, complex web of social 1938). institutions. - each institution fulfills a specific “SOCIETY” role that keeps society as a a. functional whole functional. - social stability and solidarity, - individual is doing his or her part. “ANALOGY” b. dysfunctional - Functionalism sees society as the - Causes disruption in the stability human body. Whereas all of the society, such as in other organs, operate together and institutions or in the whole each server has a specific society itself. function. - A similar rationale is applied to “CONFLICT THEORY ” society. - society is always in a constant - It consists of elements that are state of conflict/struggle as the interrelated and interact to members of society compete for complete a stable and cohesive limited resources. entity. - Proposed by Karl Marx in his book Das Kapital. 8. Robert Merton - Kapag may CONFLICT, - Ideas related to social and tumataas ang BP cultural structures/functions, Conflict = Conflict Theory such as intended and BP = Bourgeoise vs. Proletariat unintended consequences (manifest and latent functions) and dysfunction.  A. Bourgeoise (capitalist) 3. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY - those with resources - study of how language evolves B. Proletariat (workers) and how humans use language to communicate. - those without resources “SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM (GEORGE MEAD)” “ANTHROPOLOGY” - Study of artifacts or material - Our thoughts, self-concept, and evidence that past human the wider community we live in societies left behind. are created through communication. - Proponent: George Mead “POLITICS & POLITICAL SCIENCE” - Micro-level theory, studies individual - Politics - relationship of power approaches and how each dynamic and decisions making interprets the whole society. in a society. - Political Science deals with how the 9. HERBERT BLUMER government, power, and - human beings create and assign authority work in society, meaning to symbols - guide including various political behavior and social interactions. thoughts and ideas, political activities, and political behavior “ANTHROPOLOGY” - study of the evolutionary history “POPULAR POLITICS” of human beings, including their - Populism culture and society. - a political stance of the “people” for certain belief A. FOUR SUBDISCIPLINES OF ANTHROPOLOGY - In recognizing populism, one 1. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY must take into account who the - how humans developed their “people” consider as good and cultural and society who are considered as bad. 2. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY - study of how humans adapt to their environment, including biological evolution. “HUMAN VARIATIONS” “RACE & ETHNICITY” 1. Biological factors - Race may be seen from a narrow - can be traced back to the perspective based on one’s evolution of humans as a physical attributes such as skin separate species, such that and eye color. human genes have adapted to - Ethnicity - a wider perspective survive harsh environments. based on cultural expression 2. Environmental factors and place of origin, such as - include being able to adapt to tribal tradition, religious beliefs, the climate, food shortages, and linguistic heritage. changing quality life, and other factors that may enhance “SEX & GENDER” specific biological or physical A. SEX traits that the human body may - biological and physiological need. traits of male and female. 3. Cultural factors - Determined at birth. - experiences and interactions B. Gender people have and how people - social and cultural construct that are influenced by this same distinguishes differences in the interaction. attributes of male and female and their roles and “NATIONALITY & CITIZENSHIP” responsibilities in the society. - Nationality where you are born or - may change over time. your place of birth - Citizenship is granted by the “SEXUALITY” government of a country when A. HETEROSEXUAL certain legal requirements are - commonly attracted to the met. opposite sex or gender A. Natural means (being born into) B. HOMOSEXUAL B. Naturalization (Through a legal - commonly attracted to the process). same-sex gender - Classified into the principle of: A. Jus Soli (by the place you were born). B. Jus Sanguinis (by the blood of your parents). “LGBTQA+” K. 2S A. LESBIAN - person who exhibits male and female qualities in their - sexually attracted to women personality, sexuality or gender B. GAY identity - sexually attracted to members of the same sex, most often a man who is attracted to men. “Socioeconomic class” C. BISEXUAL - idea that differentiates between - sexually attracted to men and rich and poor based on income, women financial status, educational attainment, and social status, D. TRANSGENDER among others. - gender identity is different from their assigned gender at birth - Low-income - commonly associated with poverty or the E. QUEER state of lacking financial - an umbrella term that includes resources and living with the all identities within the LGBTQ+ bare minimum. community F. QUESTIONING - discovering their gender identity, “TYPES OF POVERTY” gender expression and/or sexual A. SITUATIONAL POVERTY orientation - caused by sudden crises such as G. INTERSEX a pandemic, loss of job, a health - person whose sexual anatomy or or medical problem, and other chromo- somes do not fit with factors that dramatically the traditional markers of decrease one’s income or "female" and "male" financial status. H. ASEXUAL B. GENERATIONAL POVERTY - person who does not feel sexual - State or condition where the attraction towards any gender family has been in poverty for at least two (2) generations. I. ALLIED - person who supports the LGBTQ+ C. ABSOLUTE POVERTY community without identifying as - lack of very basic necessities queer or LGBTQ+ themselves. such as food, clothing, and shelter. J. PANSEXUAL - person who is sexually attracted to people of all gender identities  people are confident in acting “CONCEPT OF CULTURE” in a certain way. “CULTURE” “CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE” - way of life of a group of a 1. LEARNED BEHAVIOR, NOT society and of a country. INHERITED ONE. - totality of learned and socially 2. LARGE AN ABSTRACT CONCEPT. transmitted customs, - For example, the language and knowledge, materials, and symbols that people learn, behaviors. which are abstract concepts, - sum of all ideas and beliefs. help them understand the A. RAYMOND WILLIAMS people within their society. 1. State or a process of human Therefore, culture is symbolic. perfection. 3. HUMAN PRODUCT AND THAT - allows people to determine their CULTURE IS DYNAMIC. lives and works of what they - created by humans through value, and how they enrich their collective behavior their - themselves to become perfect thoughts, values, and actions in the eyes of society. over a long period of time. - Example: a Filipino Korean pop 4. A HUMAN PRODUCT AND THAT (KPop) fan would want to know CULTURE IS DYNAMIC. everything about his or her - Cultural changes are evident in favorite K-Pop group early human civilization, which 2. Activity recorded and learned in lived nomadically, hunting and a documentary process. gathering food in their - Indirect process of learning environment. culture without actually experiencing it. “CULTURAL UNIVERSALS” - Example: Learning a certain - Universals have something to do culture by watching a TV series with human needs such as food, or a movie, going to museums, shelter, clothing, music and arts, and historical places. sports, courtship and marriage, 3. Description of a particular way and rituals and feasts. of life. - Manner in which these universals - based on the accepted way of are conducted or observed vary life, of what is considered as from culture to culture. normal and secure, and how “ELEMENTS OF CULTURE” “SYMBOL” - ICEBERG THEORY by Edward T. Hall - any object, body (1976). language/gesture, or even A. SURFACE CULTURE abstract concept that has no - Upper part of the iceberg; meaning to outsiders but has a elements that can easily be significant meaning to the observed. people within a culture. - Examples: clothing, food, - ex: pagmamano language, practices, rituals, music and arts. and literature “NORMS” - Behaviour and Practices. - accepted actions within B. DEEP CULTURE boundaries set by society or - Submerged in the iceberg; culture. elements of culture that require - deviancy - neglecting to follow a deeper understanding of the norms is usually unacceptable. culture itself. A. FORMAL - Examples: beliefs, assumptions, - Rules and regulations set by perceptions, attitudes, emotions, social institutions or government. bias, ethics, customs, philosophy, - MORES – standards of morality, making decisions, and norms guided by standards of ideologies. morality, and they determine what are acceptable or “LANGUAGE” unacceptable - system of communication that - If one breaks a culture more, humans use to express values, people in the same culture may beliefs, and ideas. consider such action as A. LANGUAGE BINDS A CULTURE INTO ONE. offensive. - People use language to - e.g. someone attending a mass communicate so they can be wearing provocative clothing, a able to understand one another. Muslim who eats pork openly. B. LANGUAGE IS CRUCIAL TO EVERY SOCIETY. - LAWS – Philippine Constitution etc. - The human capacity to develop B. INFORMAL language helps culture to be - Traditional customs of a culture, more complex and dynamic, as which are socially accepted but language is and will keep not morally significant. evolving culture. - Folkways  - e.g. slurping ramen soup in Japan is acceptable but may “MODULE 3: ATTAINING CULTURAL be offensive in other countries. UNDERSTANDING” “VALUES” “CULTURALLY AWARE PERSON” - abstract concepts that make - not discriminating other people judgment on and/or determine based on their culture, race, what is good and desirable and religion, and ethnicity. what is bad and undesirable within a culture. “CULTURAL DIVERSITY” “ARTIFACTS” - Universal Declaration on Cultural - physical objects that manifest Diversity by the United Nations culture’s norms and values and Educational, Scientific and Cultural other elements of culture. Organization: necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for “CULTURAL VARIATIONS” nature.” A. SUBCULTURE - Smaller culture within the “CULTURAL SHOCK” dominant culture of a society. - unfamiliarity with a culture or a - Only members of the subculture certain aspect of culture, and it can understand the meaning is normal. and delicacies of the language and symbols used by its own “FOUR STAGES OF UNDERSTANDING CULTURE” members. - e.g. KPOP fans, teen culture A. CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE subculture such jocks and - having the knowledge of history preppies and cultural characteristics of a certain society and culture. B. COUNTERCULTURE - deliberately opposes certain B. CULTURAL AWARENESS aspects of the dominant culture. - understanding and openness - e.g. Feminism movement towards different culture C. CULTURAL SENSITIVITY - knowing the differences and similarities between cultures without assignment a certain  value or amount to the - judges a culture using the difference. viewers' own belief, behaviors, D. CULTURAL COMPETENCE values, and tradition. - acceptance and promotion of Ethnocentric people cultural diversity in a society or - usually view their own culture as organization. more superior than that of other, - cultural competent person means which is why ethnocentrism is validating the importance of usually associated with racism, other culture. stereotyping, and xenophobia. William Graham Sumner “XENOPHOBIA” - American political scientist - Introduced the term - the dislike and prejudice of their ethnocentrism in his book people based on culture Folkways (1906). - can lead to tensions and - an attachment toward one’s conflict. ingroup (own culture) which leads to the hatred of the “CULTURAL RELATIVISM” outgroup (other culture). - idea that other cultures must be understood based on their people’s own experiences and “XENOCENTRISM” - notion that another culture is standards. superior to one’s own. A. Absolute Cultural Relativism - Coined by American sociologists - nonquestioning of cultural aspects by outsiders. Donald P. Kent and Robert G. Burnight in their “Group Centrism in B. Critical Cultural Relativism Complex Societies” (1952). - May examine a certain aspect of culture, especially if it violates A. CULTURAL IMPERIALISM - imposition of a dominant culture, certain human rights. onto another due to political, economic, and social factors. “ETHNOCENTRISM” B. CULTURAL HEGEMONY - Ethnos, meaning “nationa” - domination of one cultural - “kentron” meaning “center,” group over a diverse cultural - understanding of other culture society. based on the viewer’s standard or cultural references. “GLOBALIZATION” - far-reaching concept II. Movable Heritage - growing interdependence of the - nclude heritage (such as world’s culture, ideologies, building, churches, lighthouses, economies, and politics. and waterways) and large - incorporates all aspect of monuments, which are very today’s world; thus, it is large impossible to move. multidimensional B. Intangible Cultural Heritage “CULTURAL DIFFUSION” - forms of literature, oral traditions, performing arts, traditional - process by which some cultural craftmanship, and folklore, items spread from one culture to among other things, which are another. considered the wealth of a “GEORGE RITZER” culture. - American sociologist who I. DOMAIN 1: Oral traditions and expressions proposed the concept of - Includes proverbs, tales, McDonalization in his book legends, oral history, songs McDonalization of Society poem and literature (1993). II. DOMAIN 2: PERFORMING ARTS “CULTURAL LAG” - includes music, dance, and - phenomenon that occurs when other forms of artistic expression changes in material culture III. DOMAIN 3: Social practices, rituals, and occur before or at a faster rate festive event than the changes in - includes structures for daily living non-material culture. such as burial, wedding, and harvest rituals; carnival games; “CULTURAL HERITAGES” and religious ritual A. Tangible Cultural Heritage IV. DOMAIN 2: Knowledge and practices - any forms, structures, concerning nature and the universe monuments, sites, and other - includes traditions for rain artifacts that are significant in making, traditional medicines, the preservation and cultural spaces, agriculture, and conversation of cultural heritage food cousins I. Movable Heritage V. DOMAIN 5: TRADITIONAL CRAFTMANSHIPS - include any artistic creation, - includes knowledge and skill on clothing, jewelries, and other how to make pottery, jars, boat, small movable artifacts. jewelries, embroidery, and weaving and fabric product.