GNBIO1 Module 2 (Part 1) PPT PDF

The Cell as the Fundamenta l and Basic Unit of Life (Part I) Mr. Jose Carmelo M. Javier knightmail: jcmjavier@letran- calamba.edu.ph Microscope enables to see minute organism that cannot be seen by the naked eye. The used of microscope lead to the discovery of different essential principl...

The Cell as the Fundamenta l and Basic Unit of Life (Part I) Mr. Jose Carmelo M. Javier knightmail: jcmjavier@letran- calamba.edu.ph Microscope enables to see minute organism that cannot be seen by the naked eye. The used of microscope lead to the discovery of different essential principles and concepts regarding biology. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Parts of the Microscope The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life History of the Microscope The earliest "microscopes" were nothing more than a tube with a plate for the object on one end and a lens with a magnification of fewer than ten times the actual size on the other. Hans and Zaccharias Janssen, father and son, are thought to have constructed the first “true” microscope around 1590. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life History of the Microscope Robert Hooke, an English physicist, pioneered the use of compound microscopes in the 17th century. Through the lens of a microscope, he observed some "pores" in a sliver of cork. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life History of the Microscope He called these pores as “cellulae” that means small rooms now known as cell. All of the observations done by Robert Hooke were published in a book entitled “Micrographia”. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life History of the Microscope By 1674, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek invented his own simple microscope. The single lens of his microscope could magnify clearly, up to about 270 times. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life History of the Microscope He was credited for seeing and describing the first microorganism, he called it “animalcules”. Later on, these animalcules were classified as bacteria. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life  Types of the Microscope Compound Light Microscope – it has 2 lenses and own light source, and it provides a 2D image/ micrograph Electron Microscope - does not use lenses, but use electrons to enlarge the image Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - scans surface of cell, to give three dimensional image Digital Microscope - Instead of an eyepiece, it uses a digital camera and optics, making it a useful tool for inspecting an analyzing a wide range of things, from microfabricated bits to massive electrical equipment. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life  Types of the Microscope Compound Light Microscope – it has 2 lenses and own light source, and it provides a 2D image/ micrograph Electron Microscope - does not use lenses, but use electrons to enlarge the image Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - scans surface of cell, to give three dimensional image Digital Microscope - Instead of an eyepiece, it uses a digital camera and optics, making it a useful tool for inspecting an analyzing a wide range of things, from microfabricated bits to massive electrical equipment. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life  Types of the Microscope Compound Light Microscope – it has 2 lenses and own light source, and it provides a 2D image/ micrograph Electron Microscope - does not use lenses, but use electrons to enlarge the image Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - scans surface of cell, to give three dimensional image Digital Microscope - Instead of an eyepiece, it uses a digital camera and optics, making it a useful tool for inspecting an analyzing a wide range of things, from microfabricated bits to massive electrical equipment. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life  Types of the Microscope Compound Light Microscope – it has 2 lenses and own light source, and it provides a 2D image/ micrograph Electron Microscope - does not use lenses, but use electrons to enlarge the image Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - scans surface of cell, to give three dimensional image Digital Microscope - Instead of an eyepiece, it uses a digital camera and optics, making it a useful tool for inspecting an analyzing a wide range of things, from microfabricated bits to massive electrical equipment. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life The Cell: Basic Unit of Life Cells is an intricate biological system that can carry out all activities associated with life. They are the building blocks of multicellular organisms and though similar with each other, they are also versatile and diverse in nature. Cells are composed of inorganic ions and molecules, water, salts, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids organized together to perform the biochemical processes needed for life to survive The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Cell Structure and Functions Origins of the Cell Theory Botanist Matthias Schleiden and zoologist Theodor Schwann concluded that all plants and animals are composed of cells. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Origins of the Cell Theory Years later, Rudolf Virchow rejected the idea of spontaneous generation and proposed that new cells can only come from the division of pre-existing cells. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells (1839) Cells are the basic unit of life (1839) New cells are produced from existing cells (1855) The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life The Modern Cell Theory CELL THEORY MODERN CELL THEORY All living organisms are Cells have hereditary made up of two or more information that is passed cells from cell to cell during cell The cell is the basic unit of division life Cells com from preexisting All cells have the same cells chemical composition All energy flow The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Classification of Cells and its Types Cells are classified as either a Prokaryotic cell or a Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell Has no membrane bound organelles or a true nucleus with most of them possessing a cell wall. They posses a single chromosome composed of a circular double stranded DNA located in the nucleoid. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Classification of Cells and its Types Cells are classified as either a Prokaryotic cell or a Eukaryotic cell Eukaryotic Cell Larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells, they possess membrane bound organelles together with a nucleus that houses their genetic material. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Classification of Cells and its Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic cell  Possess cell Has membrane  Has no true hereditary bound organelles nucleus material (DNA)  DNA stored in the  Has circular  Synthesize Nucleus DNA protein through  Can either be  Mostly ribosomes unicellular or unicellular multicellular  Has plasma membrane (cell membrane) The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Cells and its Organelles The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Common Features of Cells These structures and organelles plays an essential role in maintaining the cell’s metabolic state and material exchange to sustain its integrity, functions, and growth. A. Plasma Membrane B. Cytoplasm C. Nucleus D.Ribosomes The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Common Features of Cells A. Plasma membrane glycoprotei n glycolipid Channel protein Cholesterol Integral Peripheral membrane membrane protein protein It is composed of a double-layered sheet of phospholipid molecules, the plasma membrane also known as the cell membrane, protects and supports the cell and regulates the materials that go in and out of it. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Common Features of Cells B. Cytoplasm In eukaryotes, the cytoplasm is the region outside the nucleus but is inside the plasma membrane, for prokaryotes it is everything within the plasma membrane. It is filled with a fluid/gel like material called the cytosol. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Common Features of Cells C. Nucleus The nucleus is surrounded by a two-membrane nuclear envelope that contains nuclear pores where materials can go in and out of the nucleus. It contains a dense region where the assembly of ribosomes begin called the nucleolus. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Common Features of Cells C. Nucleus Chromosome s The nucleus houses the chromatin consisting of DNA bound to protein. During cell division, Histones the chromatin Chromati condenses into n Fiber chromosomes, the main material DNA responsible for the inheritance and carrying of traits. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Common Features of Cells D. Ribosomes Cellular structures where proteins are assembled. They are composed of rRNA and a small and large subunit. They are found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Endomembrane System The endomembrane system captures almost all metabolic processes or activities of the cells, such as protein synthesis, protein packaging and lipid metabolism and transportation. A. Endoplasmic Reticulum B. Golgi Apparatus C. Lysosome D. Vacuoles The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Endomembrane System A. Endoplasmic Reticulum Responsible for the assembly of the lipid components of the cell membrane as well as proteins or other materials needed by the cell. It can be classified as either the rough endoplasmic reticulum or the smooth endoplasmic reticulum The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Endomembrane System A. Endoplasmic Reticulum The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER or smooth ER) is responsible for specialized tasks such as membrane lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER or rough ER) has ribosomes on its surface. It is responsible for the modification of the proteins that the ribosomes produced. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Endomembrane System B. Golgi Apparatus After modification in the RER, the ribosome produced proteins will then enter the Golgi apparatus for further modification, sorting, and packaging. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Endomembrane System C. Lysosome Lysosomes are enzyme filled organelles that function in the digestion or breakdown lipids, carbohydrate and proteins into usable forms for the cell as well as other materials that outlived their usefulness. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Endomembrane System D. Vacuoles Some cells contain sac like structures called vacuoles that is used to store materials such as water, salt, protein, and carbohydrates. Contractile vacuoles in paramecium pumps out excess water out of the cell, this is an example of homeostasis. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life The Mitochondria and the Chloroplast The performs energy transformation through the mitochondria and the chloroplast The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life The Mitochondria and the Chloroplast The mitochondria and the chloroplast is said to share the same evolutionary origins as stated in the “Endosymbiotic Theory” The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life The Mitochondria and the Chloroplast A. Mitochondria The mitochondria produces ATP through the process of Cellular respiration. This organelle is enclosed by an outer and inner membrane with the inner membrane folded up inside the organelle. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life The Mitochondria and the Chloroplast B. Chloroplast The chloroplast is often found in plants and other photosynthetic organisms. It contains light-capturing pigments known as chlorophyll that converts CO2 and water into O2 and glucose. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Other Parts of the Cell A. Peroxisomes B. Cytoskeleton C. Cell wall The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Other Parts of the Cell A. Peroxisomes Peroxisomes are organelles that contain enzymes that oxidize certain compounds found in the cell, including fatty acids and amino acids. Peroxisomes include enzymes like catalase, which convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, reducing toxicity. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Other Parts of the Cell B. Cytoskeleton A network of fibers that forms the cell’s “infrastructure”. Cytoskeleton helps the cell maintain it’s shape, hold the organelles in place and assist in cytoskeleton formation. The cytoskeleton is made up of three types of filaments: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life Other Parts of the Cell B. Cytoskeleton Cell walls are present in many organisms such as plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes. Its main function is for support and protection and is commonly made from fibers of carbohydrates and proteins produced within the cell. Plant cell walls are mostly composed of a carbohydrate fiber called a cellulose which is also the main component of wood and paper. The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life The Cell as the Fundamental and Basic Unit of Life