Fundamental Rights in India PDF

Here is the converted markdown format using the content from the images: # FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ### FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS |...

Here is the converted markdown format using the content from the images: # FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ### FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS | | | | | | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------- | :--------------------------------- | | **RIGHT TO** EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW | **PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION** GENDER/RELIGION CASTE/BIRTH PLACE | **EQUALITY IN MATTERS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT** | **ABOLISHING UNTOUCHABILITY** | **ABOLISHMENT OF TITLES** | | RIGHT TO EQUALITY <br> ARTICLE 14 | ARTICLE 15 | *MAKING IT A PUNISHABLE OFFENCE* | ARTICLE 17 | *PROFIT OR FROM FOREIGN STATE* | | | | ARTICLE 16 | | ARTICLE 18 | | **RIGHT TO FREEDOM** | | | | | | **FREEDOM OF SPEECH & EXPRESSION** | **PROTECTION WITH REGARDS TO CONDITIONS OF OFFENSES COMMITTED** | **PROTECTION OF LIFE AND PERSONAL LIBERTY** | **RIGHT OF EDUCATION** | **PROTECT AGAINST ARRESTS** | | ARTICLE 19 | ARTICLE 20 | ARTICLE 21 | ARTICLE 21A | ARTICLE 22 | | | | | | | | **RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION** | | | | | | **PROHIBITION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING & FORCED LABOUR** | **NO CHILD BELOW 14 TO BE EMPLOYED** | **RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION** | | **FREEDOM TO** | | ARTICLE 23 | ARTICLE 24 | ARTICLE 25 | | **PRACTICE AND PROPAGATE** | | | | | | **ANY RELIGION** | | **CULTURAL & EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS** | | | | | | **ESTABLISH EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES** | | **FREEDOM FROM FORCED TAX FOR RELIGIOUS PROMOTIONS** | **FREEDOM TO MANAGE** | | | **PROTECT INTERESTS OF MINORITIES** | | ARTICLE 27 | ARTICLE 26 | | | ARTICLE 30 | ARTICLE 29 | **EDUCATIONAL CAMPUS TO NOT COMPEL RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTIONS** <br> ARTICLE 28 | | | | **RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES** | | | | | | **PARLIAMENT, NOT STATE LEGISLATURE, TO MAKE LAWS** | **RESTRICTION OF RIGHTS WHEN MARTIAL LAW IMPOSED** | POWER OF PARLIAMENT TO MODIFY RIGHTS | REMEDIES FOR ENFORCEMENT RIGHTS | | | ARTICLE 35 | ARTICLE 34 | ARTICLE 33 | ARTICLE 32 | | *** * Part III: Fundamental Rights (FRs) * Art: 12-35 * Inspired and borrowed from USA $\to$ Bill of Rights * "Magna Carta" of UK The first-written document relating to fundamental rights of the citizen * Part III: is described as Magna Carta of India #### Salient Features of Fundamental Rights * FRs are not absolute but qualified (very limited) * FRs are not sacrosanct (are not permanent) * FRs are justiciable in nature | Other Rights | Fundamental Rights | | :----------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Protected and enforced by ordinary law | Protected and guaranteed by the constitution of the country | | Ordinary rights can be changed by ordinary process of lawmaking | It can only be changed by amending the constitution (Art 368) | | | **None of the government body can act in order to violate FR's** | | | Can be snatched during National Emergency and Martial Law (Art 352-360) | | | FRs are termed as "Conscience of constitution" <br>They seek to implement political democracy | *** ### SIX FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN INDIA 1. **RIGHT TO EQUALITY** Right to equality (Article 14 to 18) prohibits the inequality on the basis of caste, religion, place of birth, race, and gender. It ensures equal rights for all citizens. Art 14-18 2. **RIGHT TO FREEDOM** These rights (Article 19, 20, 21 A, 22) are freedom of speech, freedom of expression, freedom of movement throughout the territory of our country, freedom to practice any profession, freedom to reside in any part of the country. However, these rights have their own restrictions. Art 19-22 3. **RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION** Right against Exploitation (Article 23 and 24) condemns human trafficking, child labor, forced labor making it an offense punishable by law. Art 23-24 4. **RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION** (Article 25 to 28) It guarantees religious freedom and ensures secular states in India. All people have the freedom of conscience and the right to preach, practice, and propagate any religion of their choice. Art 25-28 5. **CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS** (Article 29 and 30) Cultural Rights protect the rights of cultural, religious, and linguistic minorities by enabling them to conserve their heritage and protecting them against discrimination. Educational rights ensure education for everyone irrespective of their caste, gender, religion, etc. Art 29-30 6. **RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES** Right to constitutional remedies (Articles 32 to 35) empowers the citizens to move to court of law in case of any denial of the fundamental rights. Art 32 தோ தோ ஹி ஹி ஜயம்ம்.. *** * Originally 7 fundamental rights were present At present: 6 Fundamental Rights $\to$ Right to Property has been removed (Art 31, Art 19(1) f) * Removed from Part III by 44th CA (1978) $\to$ Then PM: Morarji Desai * Presently in Part XII; is a Legal Right $\to$ Art 300A * Art 12: defines the term "State." * State Govt. * Government * Parliament * Local/ other authorities * Within the territory of India * $\to$ Art 13: any law, which is inconsistent or controversial with fundamental rights $\to$ court can declare null and void (by judiciary) * Includes ordinance, order, bye-law (temporary law), regulations * Constitutional Amendment is not a law * Exception: Keshavananda Bharti Case * Basic structure if destroyed Treated null and void *** * Art 14: Right to Equality (Art 14-18) $\to$ Also called Rule of Law (by AV Dicey) $\to$ Equality before law (negative concept) $\to$ concept taken from the UK $\to$ Equality before law (positive concept) $\to$ concert taken from USA $\to$ Like should be treated alike * Exceptions $\to$ Presidents, MLAs/ Mps, Governor, and Foreign dignitaries cannot be arrested in civil matters * Ex: Subsidy by government to socially backward committees that aren’t applicable for the average citizen Art 15: Equality to status/Right against discrimination Race / sex / caste / religion / place/birth only $\to$ discrimination * Art 16: Equality to public employment Descent / race / sex / caste / religion / place / birth only $\to$ Discrimination Art 16 (4): Promotion and Reservation in appointment (not a violation of Right to Equality Cases/Commission $\to$ Kelkar Commission (1953 $\to$ 1st backward class committee(chairman: Kaka Kelkar) Mandal Commission (1979) $\to$ 2nd backward class committee $\to$ Recommended for reservation to OBC 27% during governing VP Singh (1992) _Indra Swahney Case_ Public Interest Litigation filed by advocate Indira Swahney * Reservation on a social basis not economic basis * No reservation in promotion * Taken from the USA Constitution The SC upheld the 27% reservation for OBCs in govt jobs but also set a 50% cap on total reservations (should not exceed more than this() Creamy - layer to be identified in OBC (to not be given reservations). *** * Art 17: Abolition of untouchability * Art 18: Abolition of title State cannot provide title * Ex: Maharaja, Diwaan, etc * Exception: in the case of education, military and excellence **Art 19-22:**Right to Freedom * Under reasonable restriction a, b, c, d, e, g Has been removed under 44th CA 1978 * Hidden Rights under Art 19 * Right to information * Raj Narayan VS state of UP Art *(19(1))* **TRICK $\to$SAAMRO** **S:** speech and expression (cannot defame anyone) $\to$<ins>(a)</ins> **A:** Assemble without arms (not destroy public order) $\to$(b) **A**: Form associations/ unions ( no Khalistani _association ) or co-operative societies\_(c) $\to$ Added through 97tsh CA* **M**: move freely throughout the territory of India (prostitutes cannot move everywhere) $\to$ (d) **R:** reside anywhere ( cannot recide in tribal areas) $\to$_(e)_ **O**: occupation/ trade/ profession (exception: Drug/Children Trafficking) $\to$__(g)__ **97 CA-19 (1c:)** ._Right to form cooperative societies_ Art 19(2) Reasonable restrictions can be imposed in interest of Public order, Decency or Morality : etc "l feel that many of these FundamentalRights have been from the point of view of a Police constable.., you will fi_nd that very minimum rights have been conceded and are almost invariably followed by a proviso... Almost every article is followed by a proviso Which takes away the right _almost completely-" Somnath Lahiri* *** * Article 19 in The Constitution Of India 1949 19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech etc (1) All citizens shall have the right (a) to freedom of speech and expression; (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) to form associations or unions; (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India; (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and (f) omitted (g) to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business (2) Nothing in sub clause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the operation of any existing law, or prevent the State from making any law, in so far as such law imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub clause in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defarmation or incitement to an offense * _Art 20 and 21 can never be suspended_ Art 20. Protection in respect of conviction for offenses | | | | | :------------------------------ | :-------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------- | | Right to medical care | Right to food | Right to livelihood | | Right to shelter | | <ins>Right to privacy</ins> | | <ins>Article 21</ins> | | | | Right to education | <ins>Health <ins>Sleep</ins> | <ins>Right to healthy environment</ins> | | <ins>A</ins> | | | 1. No ex-post-facto law Exception: Criminal law $\neq$ Civil law 2. No double-jeopardy 3. No self-incrimination Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal Corporation Case _Art 21: Right to live and personal liberty_No one shall be deprived from life and personal liberty except by the procedure established by law The foremost right among rights to freedom is the Right to life and Personal Liberty | Most fundamental | | | :--------------- | :---------------------------- | | 2. Menaka Gandhi Case (Meaning: unfair law to be declared null and void) | <ins>_Wide Stance_</ins> | | 1. <ins>Gapalan case</ins> | <ins>_SC overturned Gopalan Case_</ins> | <ins>Narrow stance on Right to life</ins> <ins>Right to travel abroad is a fundamental right</ins> Procedured established by law + due _process of law_ <ins>Not In Constitution</ins> $\to$ <ins>Originated in England and after adopted by US</ins> _Right to primary education_ \*\*(6-*14 yrs)* Art (21) 6. 86th CA 2002 * *DPSP,FO changes* * *This Article's Provisions Include* Freed compulsory education Prohibition of discrimination " Equal opportunity for education * Removing financal barrier to access to education * Providing adequte infrastructure facilities.and quaticed teacher 88th CA 2002 A. **suchit kiya jayega Kiyun arrest kiya hai:** *If feels like crime kar sakte hai :usi crime ok rokhne kei liye Detention* *Exceptions** -Art 2 mayde restriction for energencies,such as when the President of Indian proclaims an Emergency: * 24 grandeed ke andar magistrate ke, - samne prastot * Legal waquil milepa Art**24. Human Trafficking and.forced labour * Art 21 Human. Trafficking and forced labour Art3_3 *** *Art: 23-24*"Art 23Human Trafficking.and forcedlabour Exception:under that the are 254ate can forre pepple to do compuksory service "Extouring war Can wark im sale place-but in non -schordhours "1. D.14 years camat be empinyed in hazendous palcel tangeneus place Art 2% clauses (1) Enabish ard maintain institutions.for meligious. arel thanitable puposes_ aManage religious.aftais \*(3)\* Owner required mouble and immortable property a Adrinister propety ir. accardance with law. Art 29-30: Culturalland Education. +A+t 29. Hight to protect langwage. scipt culure cf every citizen a forany setion ofsociety Art 20 Enablishment offeligious educationtinstitwes Only For minosities Art,3*28: Rreedin ofReligion, \+ Ar# Freedom ot Censcience Ant-26: collective night effreedom to mangge religious affaire Art.27. Freeclam-from payingtax Dharmk naam pe tax Ant24: Dharmic instruction, **not allowed in government ailed** A schots 1 sowherdefined.lcanprovide education to histhetchik Art 30: Heat and Soul of Indian Constitution Art.226 can apprach Hagh Caurt when nghts are violacted. Whats s Junisduction Supreme Court connnot refure to issare wnt bat High Cowrt conWhendiolationefFBs) -High-Court writjunsdictionis wider-tthon Supreme-Cours urtjunsdiction supresme Courtcan issue writs. forFundomental nghlsanty but Hogh Count can usue wnits_forboth findamental right sandlegal nghts Marudamus Arile 32-supeme court Habeascous Ayothercoat 'lliteraly means.wecomunand' _Parliment-canauthorisaryether 2Adretive toopuic ollidal Atick226+gign cowrt Altery means tobave bobyd acourtotherhton SC requeting to perbm olcial daties 2Apason whehasdetaledantber anditoleve wis wten faledt operton-orrefusdito do pennto produoe thetatersbadybelere ondHe to sate. 3icanyedogait arpwite teure, Tres Both puicauthortiesand prrate andHC toue oratonlowercot a tninal ypes of Writsnndian insttuons can be sarved wnits QueWarranto Peobhition Centiorani 1.1iteray meansbywhyathorityo litenjyearsbotond. titeallyyearstoberfedortobe werrant 248 248 21 edbye tecouninvestigate 2tissedby ahighercounato 2 isredduedtoarexessst thelegautyopersonsciaint 2.1414181. lowwountortibunartprevett isctonaclackctiscatons. oraigal apubloofice teaterrom exeedngis 2 ty 14eonly issuedntbecaeol 2 theonlyjuicaland ausa ucaal authotiesnoedtinadialand quaioj aubatartmetyublcooficeolperwanent authontess canteds juicalauthoresotadministativesores charateis Habeas Corpos the have hdyof (For unlawful detention) * *Mandemus. we command* **Parliment power to restrict fundamental rights of persons** *Prohibition to forbid. * **Art 34: reaction an fundamental rights while, Marsiall-aw is in force *"Certionari" to de certified. *_Only inpatialor area__. +21 30: par weretimake lawsto queeflecttctundomentalriht:vestedorty. on Parliament} **Some. 1B-only available. to Indian citizens, not * LARTIST * ARTIT 0 *Lait Art 14 LAWMCEATES OUBT SAMRO Art:5 discnminotion. * 47: (opportunity * U: Ant 17 lunteyhtity **7:Art15 ttates\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * B * SAMFO laeady discssedt *S: art.32 **:art 21 A (eucatiot) _A_ art 22 (attention) 7. 22an\_\_d2. Chieltabaurh Alnheany responsibility_would becaston the magrdytoe.aeethattheethemnoties. forthemindhes.besnascularstale. \+Sardar ulamsthagh