Ginger Rhizome PDF - Pharmacognosy

Ginger Rhizome U. I. Olayemi (M. Sc. ; B.Pharm. Ife) Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, O. A. U. Ile-Ife. 1 Ginger Rhizome: Botanical Definition Ginger is the scraped or unscraped rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae)...

Ginger Rhizome U. I. Olayemi (M. Sc. ; B.Pharm. Ife) Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, O. A. U. Ile-Ife. 1 Ginger Rhizome: Botanical Definition Ginger is the scraped or unscraped rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) It is cultivated in many countries including Nigeria, China, India, etc. 2 Ginger Rhizome: Cultivation and preparation 3  Ginger Rhizome: Macroscopy The unscraped rhizome is brownish due to the presence of the outermost cork layer The scraped rhizome is light yellow due to the absence of the cork layer Size: 7-15 cm long and 1-1.5 cm broad with branches 1- 3 cm long Fracture: short with projecting fibrovascular bundles Striation: longitudinal Odour: aromatic and agreeable Taste: pungent 4  Ginger Rhizome: Microscopy The transverse section of unscraped rhizome shows a zone of cork tissue which is divided into an outer zone of irregularly arranged cells and an inner zone of radially arranged cells The outer and inner cortex is of flattened and normal parenchyma respectively, both abundant in starch grains, numerous oil cells enclosing yellow-brown oleo-resin and non-lignified fibrous vascular bundles The vascular bundles contain phloem and xylem vessels and do not give a marked lignin reaction with phloroglucinol and conc. HCl The border limit of the cortex is a starch-free single layered endodermis which encloses the stele The stele is composed of a ring of vascular bundles next to the endodermis as well as other vascular bundles scattered within, parenchyma cells containing starch grains and numerous oil cells The cork tissue is absent from the scraped drug. 5 Ginger Rhizome: Microscopy (diagram of transverse section) 6  Ginger Rhizome: Constituents 1-2 % of volatile oil which  is responsible for its aroma  Contains over 50 constituents e.g. zingiberene, zingiberol, zingerone etc.  The pungency of ginger is due to gingerol, which is an oily liquid consisting of homologous phenols  The pungency of gingerol is destroyed by boiling with 2 % KOH  Decomposition of gingerol to zingerone occurs by treatment with barium hydroxide monohydrate- Ba(OH)2. H2O (baryta water)  Zingerone, although pungent like gingerol, has a sweet aroma. 5-8 % of resinous matter Starch Mucilage 7 Ginger Rhizome: chemical structures of some constituents 8  Ginger Rhizome: Varieties The pharmaceutical drug is the Jamaican ginger Other chief varieties include the Nigerian, Chinese and Cochin (Indian) vareities. Nigerian ginger resembles the Jamaican but it is darker, more pungent, less aromatic and yields less volatile oil (0.7-1.0 %) 9  Ginger Rhizome: Uses Ginger is used as a 1. Carminative 2. Stimulant 3. Antiemetic 4. Spice 10 ALL THE BEST 11