Nile University GET 101 2024 Introduction to Engineering PDF

FACULTY of ENGINEERING GET 101 2024. Engineering In Society. Presentation 2 - INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING Engr. Halima Sadia Yakubu [email protected] & Dr. Ifeyinwa Obianyo 1 Ifeyinwa.obian...

FACULTY of ENGINEERING GET 101 2024. Engineering In Society. Presentation 2 - INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING Engr. Halima Sadia Yakubu [email protected] & Dr. Ifeyinwa Obianyo 1 [email protected] 11/11/2024 15:14 1 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2 History of Engineering 4 3 Engineering History of Engineering The word engineer is derived from the Latin words ingeniare ("to create, generate, contrive, devise") and ingenium ("cleverness"). Engineering has existed since ancient times and includes design inventions such as the wheel, wedge, lever, and pulley. 5 4 Engineering History of Engineering Engineering history is divided into three main periods in the world history: 1. Ancient Era 2. Middle Ages 3. Modern Era 5 5 Engineering History of Engineering – Ancient Era The six classic simple machines were developed in this era 1. The wedge – prehistoric times 2. The inclined plane (ramp) - prehistoric times 3. The wheel (and axle mechanism) – Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) during 5th millennium BC 4. The lever mechanism – 5000 years ago – first used as a simple balance scale, then later to move large objects in ancient Egypt. 5. Pulley – Mesopotamia (early 2nd millennium BC), Ancient Egyptian (1991 – 1802 BC). 6. The screw (the last of the simple machines to be invented) – first appeared in Mesopotamia (911 – 609 BC). 5 6 Engineering History of Engineering – Ancient Era The Egyptian pyramids were built using three of the six simple machines, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever, to create structures like the Egyptian pyramids Great Pyramid of Giza. 5 7  Engineering History of Engineering – Middle Ages The earliest practical wind-powered machines, the windmill and wind pump, first appeared in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age, in what are now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, by the 9th century AD. The cotton gin was invented in India by the 6th century AD and the spinning wheel was invented in the Islamic world by the early 11th century. The earliest programmable machines Spinning wheel were developed in the Muslim world. 5 8  Engineering History of Engineering – Modern Era The science of classical mechanics, sometimes called Newtonian mechanics, formed the scientific basis of much of modern engineering. Canal building was an important engineering work during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution. John Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is often regarded as the "father" of civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbors, and lighthouses. Applied science led to the development of the steam engine. 5 9  Engineering History of Engineering – Modern Era The Industrial Revolution created a demand for machinery with metal parts, which led to the development of several machine tools. Boring cast iron cylinders with precision was not possible until John Wilkinson invented his boring machine, which is considered the first machine tool. Other machine tools included the screw cutting lathe, milling machine, turret lathe and the metal Screw Cutting lathe planer. machine Precision machining techniques were developed in the first half of the 19th century. Machine tools and machining techniques capable of producing interchangeable parts lead to large 5 scale factory production by the late 19th century 10  Engineering History of Engineering – Modern Era The foundations of electrical engineering in the 1800s included the experiments of Alessandro Volta, Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm and others and the invention of the electric telegraph in 1816 and the electric motor in 1872. The theoretical work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of electronics. The later inventions of the vacuum tube and Transistor the transistor further accelerated the development of electronics to such an extent that electrical and electronics engineers currently outnumber their colleagues of any other engineering specialty 5 11  Engineering History of Engineering – Modern Era Chemical engineering developed in the late nineteenth century. Industrial scale manufacturing demanded new materials and new processes and by 1880 the development and large scale manufacturing of chemicals in new industrial plants was introduced. Dangote refinery 5 12  Engineering History of Engineering – Modern Era Aeronautical engineering deals with aircraft design process design while aerospace engineering is a more modern term that expands the reach of the discipline by including spacecraft design. Only a decade after the successful flights by the Wright brothers, there was extensive development of aeronautical engineering through development of military aircraft that were used in World War I. 5 The first flight – Wright Brothers A Boeing 737 airliner 13 What is Engineering? 4 14 Engineering 7 15 Engineering 6 16 Technology 8 17 Technology 9 18 Technology 10 19 What will the world look like without Engineers? 11 20 The World Without Engineers 21 The World Without Engineers 22 The World Without Engineers 23 The World Without Engineers 24 The World Without Engineers 25 The World Without Engineers 26 The World Without Engineers 27 Engineers are Inventors! ⦿ Engineers use science and math to solve real world problems! ⦿ What are some of the types of engineers you’ve heard of? ⦿ Possibly: Chemical, electrical, mechanical, software, civil, biomedical, and environmental. AND MANY MORE! Look around you, virtually every manmade contraption you see was conceived of and created by an engineer! 28 Why do you want to be an Engineer? 30 29  Benefits of Engineering Challenging (You Don’t Get Bored) Flexible Job Opportunities Good Pay and Benefits Lasting and Tangible Products Help to humankind 30 Who is an Engineer? 31 31 Who is an Engineer? 32  Who is an Engineer? ▪ Someone who uses Engineering Problem Solving techniques to Develop and Improve… ▪ Consumer Products ▪ Drugs (the good kind) ▪ Factory Processes ▪ Buildings and Bridges ▪ Computer programs ▪ Electronics 33  Who is an Engineer? ▪ Someone who uses Engineering Problem Solving techniques to Develop and Improve… 34  Types of Engineers Aerospace Geological Agricultural Marine Architectural Mechanical Automotive Materials Biological Mining Ceramic Nuclear Chemical Ocean Civil Petroleum Computer Science Systems Electrical Textile Environmental Transportation 35  Biological Engineering Understanding Biological Systems Designing Medical Devices 36  Chemical Engineering Design Products and Processes  Civil Engineering Design Buildings, Bridges, Roads, and other kinds of Infrastructure 38  Computer Engineering Software and Computer Programs Electrical Engineering 40 Mechanical Engineering 41  Engineering vs. Science SN Science Engineering 1. Science is the body of knowledge that Engineering is the application of knowledge in explores the physical and natural world. order to design, build and maintain a product or a process that solves a problem and fulfills a need (i.e. a technology). 2. Scientists use the scientific method. Engineers use the engineering design process. 3. Scientists seek to describe and understand Engineers consider various criteria and constraints the natural world. in order to design solutions to problems, needs and wants that better the lives of humans, animals and/or the environment. 4. Scientists use their varied approaches— Engineers use scientific knowledge to create a controlled experiments or longitudinal technology. What does this mean in a real-world observational studies—to generate context? Use this example: a virologist is a scientist knowledge. The final result might be a who researches how viruses are spread and how research paper or a book, and the they affect the human body. A biomedical engineer knowledge therein can be used to help us can use the virologist's research to create an anti- understand and make predictions about viral drug that blocks a certain virus from spreading the natural world. to new cells in the body. 42  Scientific Problem Solving ▪ How do scientists approach a problem? ▪ Problem Type: What is the underlying mechanism/theory? ▪ Use: Scientific Method ▪ Ask a question ▪ Research what’s been done before ▪ Lots of thinking ▪ Form a hypothesis (testable prediction) ▪ Test Hypothesis (actual experiment) ▪ Analyze Data (could be more involved that you would expect) ▪ Form Conclusions ▪ Take appropriate actions based on conclusions 43  Engineering Problem Solving How do Engineers approach a problem? Problem Type: I want to build something amazing! Use: Design Process Define the Problem Research what’s been done before Lots of thinking Create Criteria May be known May use scientific method to determine Design Product Computer simulations Optimization Improve it! Build a prototype Let's customers know what they are getting 44  The Engineering Design Process Loop Redesign Identify the Present Your Problem Design Research the Test and Modify Problem Design Construct an Find Possible Initial Design Solutions Select One Solution 45 27  TECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONS Technological Innovations A technological innovation is defined as the creation and application of new or improved technologies, tools, systems, and processes that bring about significant advancements or breakthroughs in various fields. It involves harnessing knowledge, expertise, and resources to develop innovative solutions that solve problems, improve efficiency, drive progress, and deliver value. Examples of Technological Innovation (in recent times): (a) World Wide Web (b) Mobile Technology and Smartphones (c) Cloud Computing (d) Artificial Intelligence (e) 3D Printing (f) Renewable Energy Technologies (g) Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (h) Internet of Things (IoT) 46 https://ideascale.com/blog/what-is-technology-innovation/ TECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONS Technological Innovations Many technological innovations changed the course of human society 1. The printing press, 1430s 2. Electricity, late 19th century 3. Penicillin, 1928 4. Semiconductor electronics, mid-20th century 5. Optical lenses, 13th century 6. Paper, second century 7. The internal combustion engine, late 19th century 8. Vaccination, 1796 9. The Internet, 1960s 47 TECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONS Technological Innovations 10. The steam engine, 1712 11. Nitrogen fixation, 1918 12. Sanitation systems, mid-19th century 13. Refrigeration, 1850s 14. Gunpowder, 10th century 15. The airplane, 1903 16. The personal computer, 1970s 17. The compass, 12th century 18. The automobile, late 19th century 19. Industrial steelmaking, 1850 48 TECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONS Technological Innovations 20. The pill, 1960 21. Nuclear fission, 1939 22. The green revolution, mid-20th century 23. The sextant, 1757 24. The telephone, 1876 25. Alphabetisation, first millennium b.c. 26. The telegraph, 1837 27. The mechanised clock, 15th century 28. Radio, 1906 29. Photography, early 19th century 49 TECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONS Technological Innovations 30. The moldboard plow, 18th century 31. Archimedes’ screw, third century b.c. 32. The cotton gin, 1793 33. Pasteurisation, 1863 34. The Gregorian calendar, 1582 35. Oil refining, mid-19th century 36. The steam turbine, 1884 37. Cement, first millennium b.c. 38. Scientific plant breeding, 1920s 39. Oil drilling, 1859 50 TECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONS Technological Innovations 40. The sailboat, fourth millennium b.c. 41. Rocketry, 1926 42. Paper money, 11th century 43. The abacus, third millennium b.c. 44. Air-conditioning, 1902 45. Television, early 20th century 46. Anesthesia, 1846 47. The nail, second millennium b.c. 48. The lever, third millennium b.c. 49. The assembly line, 1913 50. The combine harvester, 1930s 14  Activity ▪ Build the tallest free-standing tower ▪ Use only the provided newspaper and tape 52 ANY QUESTION? 50 53  NEXT TOPIC IS The Engineering Profession 52 54