Geology Reviewer.pdf

Lesson 1 1. The study of earth, its materials, and the natural forces acting upon it. 2. The type of rock formed from cooling and solidification of molten magma. 3. The rigid, outermost shell of the earth, composed of the crust and upper mantle. 4. The branch of geology that deals with the study of...

Lesson 1 1. The study of earth, its materials, and the natural forces acting upon it. 2. The type of rock formed from cooling and solidification of molten magma. 3. The rigid, outermost shell of the earth, composed of the crust and upper mantle. 4. The branch of geology that deals with the study of minerals, their composition, and properties. 5. The boundary separating the Earth's crust and mantle. 6. The dense, metallic core layer of the Earth is primarily composed of which two elements? 7. The science of determining the age of rocks using inherent signatures. 8. The term for the molten state of rock beneath the Earth's surface. 9. The theory explaining the movement of the Earth's lithosphere. 10. The type of seismic wave that cannot travel through liquid. 11. The uppermost layer of the mantle that behaves plastically and allows tectonic plates to move. 12. The type of crust found beneath the oceans, denser and thinner than continental crust. 13. The layer of the earth beneath the crust and above the core. 14. The main rock type found in the Earth's mantle. 15. The branch of geology concerned with the study of fossil organisms. 16. The thin, outermost layer of the Earth. 17. The property of a mineral that describes its ability to resist scratching. 18. The study of earthquakes and seismic waves. 19. The main gas responsible for the greenhouse effect. 20. The type of rock that forms from the accumulation and lithification of sediments. 21. The scientist known for the theory of continental drift. 22. The outermost layer of the Earth composed mainly of aluminosilicates. 23. The molten layer of the Earth's core. 24. The geological era known as the "age of reptiles." 25. The scientific instrument used to detect and record seismic waves. 26. The type of plate boundary where two plates move away from each other. 27. The solid inner part of the Earth's core. 28. The natural process by which weathered rock and soil are moved from one place to another. 29. The study of earth materials that can be used for economic or industrial purposes. 30. The process by which sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments. 31. The branch of geology dealing with the history of the Earth’s formation and evolution. 32. The type of rock that is formed from the metamorphism of limestone. 33. The theory that describes the formation and movement of Earth's continents. 34. The layer of the Earth located between the upper and lower mantle. 35. The mineral commonly known as rock salt. 36. The location beneath the Earth's surface where an earthquake begins. 37. The process by which rocks are broken down into smaller pieces. 38. The layer of gases surrounding the Earth. 39. The most abundant mineral group in the Earth's crust. 40. The type of fault where rocks slide past each other horizontally. 41. The natural process that causes the Earth's surface to wear down. 42. The type of igneous rock that forms on the Earth's surface. 43. The dense, silicate mineral found in the Earth's upper mantle. 44. The process by which oceanic plates sink beneath continental plates. 45. The largest geological time unit, composed of multiple eras. 46. The process of rock formation involving heat and pressure without melting. 47. The boundary where two tectonic plates collide. 48. The largest ocean on Earth, covering more than 30% of the Earth's surface. 49. The primary force driving plate tectonics. 50. The geological feature formed when a river cuts through a plateau or uplifted land. 51. The Earth's crust is thicker under the oceans than under the continents. 52. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the cooling of magma. 53. The asthenosphere is a rigid layer of the Earth located above the lithosphere. 54. The study of ancient life forms is known as mineralogy. 55. The Earth's mantle is made primarily of iron and nickel. 56. Granite is an example of an extrusive igneous rock. 57. Plate tectonics is responsible for the formation of mountains. ( ) 58. The Earth’s inner core is liquid, while the outer core is solid. 59. Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy along fault lines. ( ) 60. The crust is the hottest part of the Earth. 61. Continental drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener. ( ) 62. The process of one tectonic plate sinking beneath another is called subduction. ( ) 63. The lithosphere is broken into large sections called tectonic plates. ( ) 64. The mantle is the layer of the Earth responsible for its magnetic field. 65. Tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. ( ) 66. Volcanoes are only found at convergent plate boundaries. 67. The process of erosion only occurs due to water. 68. Fossils are most commonly found in igneous rocks. 69. The Earth's surface is constantly changing due to geological processes. ( ) 70. The Moho discontinuity separates the lithosphere from the asthenosphere. 71. Seismic waves can provide information about the Earth’s internal structure. ( ) 72. The rock cycle describes how rocks are continuously recycled into different types. ( ) 73. The Earth's core is composed mostly of silicate minerals. 74. Igneous rocks can be classified as intrusive or extrusive. ( ) 75. Soil is formed through the weathering of rocks. ( ) 76. The Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Eurasian and African plates. 77. The Richter scale measures the intensity of an earthquake. 78. Basalt is a common rock found in the oceanic crust. ( ) 79. The Earth’s magnetic field is generated by the movement of molten iron in the outer core. ( ) 80. Oceanic crust is generally older than continental crust. 81. The study of the Earth’s atmosphere is part of geology. 82. An anticline is a type of fold that arches upwards. ( ) 83. Sedimentology studies the processes that form, transport, and deposit sediments. ( ) 84. Earthquakes are most likely to occur along tectonic plate boundaries. ( ) 85. The primary cause of weathering is tectonic activity. 86. The geological time scale is divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs. ( ) 87. Magma is found on the Earth's surface, while lava is found below it. 88. Earth's magnetic poles have reversed multiple times throughout its history. ( ) 89. Seismic waves travel faster through the outer core than through the mantle. 90. The San Andreas Fault is an example of a transform boundary. ( ) 91. The principle of superposition helps geologists determine the relative ages of rock layers. ( ) 92. A syncline is a type of fold that arches downwards. ( ) 93. The Cenozoic era is known as the “age of mammals.” ( ) 94. The primary component of the Earth's atmosphere is oxygen. 95. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks can transform into each other over time. ( ) 96. The term "orogeny" refers to mountain-building events. ( ) 97. The Earth's crust is divided into seven major and many minor tectonic plates. ( ) 98. Continental crust is primarily composed of basaltic rock. 99. Geologists use the term "lithification" to describe the process of rock melting. 100. The study of rocks and minerals is essential for understanding Earth's history and resources. ( ) ### Answer Key 1. Geology 2. Igneous 3. Lithosphere 4. Mineralogy 5. Moho 6. Iron and Nickel 7. Geochronology 8. Magma 9. Plate Tectonics 10. S-waves 11. Asthenosphere 12. Oceanic Crust 13. Mantle 14. Peridotite 15. Paleontology 16. Crust 17. Hardness 18. Seismology 19. Carbon Dioxide 20. Sedimentary 21. Alfred Wegener 22. Crust 23. Outer Core 24. Mesozoic 25. Seismograph 26. Divergent Boundary 27. Inner Core 28. Erosion 29. Economic Geology 30. Lithification 31. Historical Geology 32. Marble 33. Continental Drift 34. Mesosphere 35. Halite 36. Focus 37. Weathering 38. Atmosphere 39. Feldspar 40. Strike-slip Fault 41. Erosion 42. Basalt 43. Olivine 44. Subduction 45. Eon 46. Metamorphism 47. Convergent Boundary 48. Pacific Ocean 49. Mantle Convection 50. Canyon 51. False 52. False 53. False 54. False 55. False 56. False 57. True 58. False 59. True 60. False 61. True 62. True 63. True 64. False 65. True 66. False 67. False 68. False 69. True 70. False 71. True 72. True 73. False 74. True 75. True 76. False 77. False 78. True 79. True 80. False 81. False 82. True 83. True 84. True 85. False 86. True 87. False 88. True 89. False 90. True 91. True 92. True 93. True 94. False 95. True 96. True 97. True 98. False 99. False 100. True Lesson 2 1. The supercontinent that Alfred Wegener proposed existed before the continents drifted apart. 2. The scientific theory that describes the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates. 3. The type of boundary where two tectonic plates move away from each other. 4. The process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges. 5. The type of seismic wave that can travel through both solids and liquids. 6. The zone where one tectonic plate is forced below another. 7. The type of boundary where two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally. 8. The type of seismic wave that can only travel through solids. 9. The layer of the Earth that is partially molten and allows tectonic plates to move. 10. The force that drives the movement of tectonic plates through the Earth's interior. 11. The boundary that separates the Earth's crust from the mantle. 12. The type of rock primarily found in the oceanic crust. 13. The process that involves the downward movement of water into the Earth's subsurface. 14. The type of plate boundary associated with the creation of oceanic trenches. 15. The geological feature formed by the collision of two continental plates. 16. The type of earthquake waves that cause the most damage to structures. 17. The instrument used to detect and record earthquake waves. 18. The layer of the Earth directly below the lithosphere. 19. The scientist who proposed the theory of continental drift. 20. The name of the boundary where the Earth's plates are moving towards each other. 21. The area on Earth’s surface where no seismic waves are recorded after an earthquake. 22. The layer of the Earth that contains the tectonic plates. 23. The term for the location on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake. 24. The fault type associated with transform boundaries. 25. The region of volcanic and earthquake activity around the Pacific Ocean basin. 26. The theory that explains the periodic reversal of Earth's magnetic poles. 27. The ocean ridge that runs down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. 28. The hot, semi-fluid layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats. 29. The type of mountain range formed when two continental plates collide. 30. The process by which sedimentary rocks are converted into metamorphic rocks through heat and pressure. 31. The term for the study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth. 32. The phenomenon that describes the apparent movement of the continents over geological time. 33. The cycle that describes the processes of rock formation, breakdown, and reformation. 34. The sub-layer of the mantle that exhibits plastic flow and allows tectonic movement. 35. The process by which magma rises from the mantle and solidifies to form new oceanic crust. 36. The area where the Earth's magnetic field is generated. 37. The rock type commonly associated with the Earth's continental crust. 38. The large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere divided into plates. 39. The boundary between two plates that are moving towards each other. 40. The type of stress that occurs at convergent boundaries. 41. The boundary between two plates that are moving away from each other. 42. The type of stress that occurs at divergent boundaries. 43. The feature created when two oceanic plates diverge. 44. The volcanic island formed due to a hotspot in the mid-Atlantic ridge. 45. The driving force behind the formation of mid-ocean ridges and oceanic trenches. 46. The type of earthquake waves that travel along the Earth's surface. 47. The process by which a heavier tectonic plate sinks beneath a lighter one. 48. The structural feature formed by the bending of rock layers. 49. The scientist known for formulating the laws of planetary motion that helped in understanding tectonics. 51. Alfred Wegener’s theory of continental drift was immediately accepted by the scientific community. 52. Seafloor spreading is a process that creates new oceanic crust. 53. P-waves can travel through the Earth's core, but S-waves cannot. 54. The lithosphere is more rigid than the asthenosphere. 55. Divergent boundaries are associated with the destruction of old crust. 56. The San Andreas Fault is an example of a convergent boundary. 57. The Earth's mantle is completely solid. 58. Plate tectonics explains the movement of continents but not the occurrence of earthquakes. 59. Mid-ocean ridges are formed at convergent plate boundaries. 60. Oceanic crust is generally younger than continental crust. 61. Subduction zones are associated with volcanic activity. 62. Transform boundaries are characterized by the creation of new crust. 63. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a divergent boundary. 64. Plate tectonics theory was developed in the early 1900s. 65. Tectonic plates move at a rate of several centimeters per year. 66. The Earth's inner core is liquid, while the outer core is solid. 67. The Himalayas are an example of a mountain range formed by continent-continent collision. 68. The Pacific Plate is one of the smallest tectonic plates. 69. A seismograph records the magnitude and location of an earthquake. 70. The Ring of Fire is an area of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. 71. The concept of plate tectonics replaced the theory of continental drift. 72. All earthquakes are caused by tectonic plate movements. 73. The asthenosphere is located above the lithosphere. 74. Subduction zones are characterized by deep oceanic trenches. 75. Surface waves travel faster than P-waves and S-waves. 76. Convergent boundaries are always associated with volcanic arcs. 77. Iceland is located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. 78. P-waves travel slower than S-waves. 79. The Earth's magnetic field is generated in the asthenosphere. 80. Hotspots can create volcanic island chains. 81. The lithosphere is broken into approximately 20 major tectonic plates. 82. Convection currents in the mantle drive the movement of tectonic plates. 83. Earthquakes can occur at all three types of plate boundaries. 84. The epicenter of an earthquake is the point of origin within the Earth's crust. 85. The Earth's crust is thicker under the oceans than under the continents. 86. The Andes Mountains are an example of a volcanic arc formed by oceanic- continental convergence. 87. Plate tectonics theory helps explain the distribution of fossils. 88. The lithosphere is entirely composed of solid rock. 89. Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere. 90. The Earth's core is composed primarily of silicate minerals. 91. Seismic waves slow down as they travel through denser materials. 92. The Hawaiian Islands are an example of a volcanic arc. 93. P-waves and S-waves are also known as body waves. 94. The Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the ocean and is formed at a divergent boundary. 95. The asthenosphere can flow and deform like a plastic material. 96. The lithosphere includes both the crust and the upper mantle. 97. The Earth's surface is divided into several rigid tectonic plates. 98. Volcanic island arcs form at transform boundaries. 99. S-waves can travel through both the Earth's mantle and core. 100. Continental drift theory led to the development of plate tectonics theory. ### Answer Key 1. Pangaea 2. Plate Tectonics 3. Divergent Boundary 4. Seafloor Spreading 5. P-waves 6. Subduction Zone 7. Transform Boundary 8. S-waves 9. Asthenosphere 10. Mantle Convection 11. Moho 12. Basalt 13. Infiltration 14. Convergent Boundary 15. Mountain Range 16. Surface Waves 17. Seismograph 18. Asthenosphere 19. Alfred Wegener 20. Convergent Boundary 21. Shadow Zone 22. Lithosphere 23. Epicenter 24. Strike-slip Fault 25. Ring of Fire 26. Geomagnetic Reversal 27. Mid-Atlantic Ridge 28. Asthenosphere 29. Fold Mountain 30. Metamorphism 31. Seismology 32. Continental Drift 33. Rock Cycle 34. Asthenosphere 35. Seafloor Spreading 36. Outer Core 37. Granite 38. Plate Tectonics 39. Convergent Boundary 40. Compression 41. Divergent Boundary 42. Tension 43. Mid-Ocean Ridge 44. Iceland 45. Mantle Convection 46. Surface Waves 47. Subduction 48. Fold 49. Johannes Kepler 50. Lithosphere 51. False 52. True 53. True 54. True 55. False 56. False 57. False 58. False 59. False 60. True 61. True 62. False 63. True 64. False 65. True 66. False 67. True 68. False 69. True 70. True 71. True 72. False 73. False 74. True 75. False 76. False 77. True 78. False 79. False 80. True 81. False 82. True 83. True 84. False 85. False 86. True 87. True 88. False 89. True 90. False 91. False 92. False 93. True 94. False 95. True 96. True 97. True 98. False 99. False 100. True Lesson 3 1. The type of weathering that involves physical breakdown without chemical changes. 2. The process by which rock fragments are transported by wind, water, ice, or gravity. 3. The soil type formed from the decomposition of rock material in its original place. 4. The layer of Earth’s crust where all pore spaces are filled with water. 5. The type of weathering involving the reaction of minerals with water. 6. The process by which water enters the ground and becomes groundwater. 7. The physical process of weathering that involves the expansion and contraction due to temperature changes. 8. The type of soil formed by transportation and deposition in lakes. 9. The weathering process that involves the reaction of minerals with carbon dioxide. 10. The term for the movement of large masses of soil or rock down a slope due to gravity. 11. The type of groundwater that fills almost all the pores in rock and sediment. 12. The upper surface of the zone of saturation. 13. The geological unit that can store and supply significant quantities of water. 14. The rock cycle process that involves the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces. 15. The process by which sediments are transported and deposited in layers. 16. The mineral series that indicates the stability of minerals against weathering. 17. The term for soils that are moved and deposited at different locations by various agents. 18. The process by which glaciers transport rock material as they move. 19. The boundary between the zone of saturation and the zone of aeration. 20. The process of water vapor being released from plant leaves. 21. The soil type formed by the transportation and deposition by running water. 22. The layer of the soil that holds soil water around topsoil grains. 23. The type of soil formed by the movement and deposition by gravity. 24. The process by which water is drawn upward from the water table. 25. The type of soil formed from transportation and deposition by wind. 26. The soil layer where water is drawn up from the zone of saturation. 27. The natural process that refills groundwater through precipitation and melting snow. 28. The type of aquifer that has a confining layer above it, limiting water flow. 29. The physical process of weathering where plant roots grow and break rocks. 30. The rock type primarily responsible for the formation of karst landscapes. 31. The geological unit that allows water to flow from above through a leaky confining zone. 32. The phenomenon where an unconfined water zone sits on top of a clay lens. 33. The chemical process of weathering where metal ions are removed from minerals. 34. The unconsolidated rock material produced by weathering. 35. The type of soil commonly found along the banks of streams and rivers. 36. The process where sediments are removed from their source by wind. 37. The soil type formed by deposition in seas. 38. The process by which water moves laterally through the soil, often to rivers or lakes. 39. The weathering process where oxygen reacts with minerals, especially iron. 40. The type of soil formed by the deposition of sediments by glaciers. 41. The process by which sedimentary rock layers are compacted and cemented together. 42. The geological process that describes the ongoing recycling of rock types. 43. The aquifer recharge method involving water spread over land in pits or ditches. 44. The soil type characterized by being moved by water and deposited in a different place. 45. The term for the entire network of water found on and under the Earth's surface. 46. The layer of soil that typically remains dry except during rainfall. 47. The aquifer that stores water in unconfined rock and soil layers. 48. The process that occurs when ice wedges cause cracks in rocks to widen. 49. The process by which surface water enters the groundwater system. 50. The term for the downward movement of water due to gravity in the zone of saturation. 51. Chemical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks through physical processes only. 52. The water table follows the topography of the land above it. 53. The zone of aeration is where all the pores are filled with water. 54. Frost action is an example of chemical weathering. 55. Gravity is a transport agent in the process of mass wasting. 56. Erosion refers to the breakdown of rocks without any transportation. 57. Colluvial soils are transported by glaciers and deposited along valleys. 58. The zone of saturation lies below the water table. 59. Residual soils are formed from materials that have been transported and deposited elsewhere. 60. Glaciers deposit sediments as they melt. 61. The capillary fringe is the region just above the zone of aeration. 62. The process of leaching involves the removal of dissolved ions from soil by water. 63. Oxidation occurs when minerals react with water and dissolve completely. 64. Aeolian soils are formed by the action of wind. 65. The physical weathering process can change the mineral composition of rocks. 66. An aquifer is a geological unit that can store significant quantities of oil. 67. The process of groundwater recharge is dependent on the rate of precipitation. 68. Residual soils have the same properties as transported soils. 69. The decomposition of organic material in soil does not contribute to soil fertility. 70. Sand dunes are formed by the action of running water. 71. Groundwater flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. 72. The porosity of a rock determines its ability to hold water. 73. The Sahara Desert is an example of a location where aeolian processes are dominant. 74. Chemical weathering is more active in cold, dry climates. 75. Alluvial soils are transported and deposited by running water. 76. Mass wasting is the movement of soil or rock down a slope due to water flow. 77. Saprolite is a product of advanced chemical weathering where the original rock fabric is retained. 78. The water table rises during wet seasons and drops during dry seasons. 79. The formation of clay minerals is an important part of the chemical weathering process. 80. Leaching is most common in arid climates with little precipitation. 81. Hydrolysis involves the reaction of minerals with water. 82. Groundwater contributes to about 1/5 of the world's freshwater supply. 83. Lacustrine soils are formed by the action of glaciers. 84. Transported soils are generally more uniform in composition than residual soils. 85. Carbonation is a chemical weathering process involving carbon dioxide. 86. The upper region of the zone of aeration is known as the capillary fringe. 87. Infiltration is the process by which water on the surface enters the ground. 88. The reaction series in Bowen’s Reaction Series is similar to the weathering stability series. 89. The primary source of water for rivers is groundwater. 90. Perched aquifers are confined aquifers. 91. The rock cycle includes processes like weathering, erosion, and sedimentation. 92. Tidal action and waves can carry away weathered materials along coastlines. 93. All groundwater is found in deep underground aquifers. 94. Hydrolysis is an example of a physical weathering process. 95. Mass wasting can be triggered by factors such as heavy rainfall or earthquakes. 96. Porosity is the measure of how well water can flow through a rock. 97. Soil fertility is solely determined by its physical properties. 98. Crystallization and frost wedging are examples of chemical weathering processes. 99. Glaciers only occur in polar regions. 100. Weathering is the first step in soil formation. ### Answer Key 1. Physical Weathering 2. Erosion 3. Residual Soil 4. Zone of Saturation 5. Hydrolysis 6. Infiltration 7. Thermal Expansion and Contraction 8. Lacustrine Soil 9. Carbonation 10. Mass Wasting 11. Groundwater 12. Water Table 13. Aquifer 14. Weathering 15. Deposition 16. Bowen’s Reaction Series 17. Transported Soils 18. Glacial Transport 19. Water Table 20. Transpiration 21. Alluvial Soil 22. Zone of Aeration 23. Colluvial Soil 24. Capillary Action 25. Aeolian Soil 26. Capillary Fringe 27. Natural Recharge 28. Confined Aquifer 29. Organic Activity 30. Limestone 31. Leaky Confined Aquifer 32. Perched Aquifer 33. Chelation 34. Regolith 35. Alluvial Soil 36. Deflation 37. Marine Soil 38. Lateral Flow 39. Oxidation 40. Glacial Soil 41. Lithification 42. Rock Cycle 43. Artificial Recharge 44. Transported Soils 45. Hydrosphere 46. Middle Region 47. Unconfined Aquifer 48. Frost Action 49. Percolation 50. Gravitational Water 51. False 52. True 53. False 54. False 55. True 56. False 57. False 58. True 59. False 60. True 61. False 62. True 63. False 64. True 65. False 66. False 67. True 68. False 69. False 70. False 71. True 72. True 73. True 74. False 75. True 76. False 77. True 78. True 79. True 80. False 81. True 82. True 83. False 84. True 85. True 86. False 87. True 88. True 89. True 90. False 91. True 92. True 93. False 94. False 95. True 96. False 97. False 98. False 99. False 100. True Lesson 4 1. The type of rock formed by the cooling and solidification of magma. 2. The process by which sediments are converted into sedimentary rock through compaction and cementation. 3. A type of rock that forms from pre-existing rocks undergoing heat, pressure, or chemical alteration. 4. The most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust, often found in granite. 5. A fine-grained volcanic rock that is the most common rock on the seafloor. 6. The coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mainly of quartz and feldspar. 7. The process responsible for the recycling of rocks in the Earth's crust, involving erosion, heat, pressure, and melting. 8. The layer of the Earth that is primarily composed of iron and nickel and lies beneath the crust. 9. A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock formed from cooled lava. 10. The type of rock formed when limestone is subjected to heat and pressure. 11. The naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals. 12. The dense, fine-grained sedimentary rock composed mainly of clay particles. 13. The process of a rock changing its form due to high temperature and pressure without melting. 14. The mineral commonly used in making plaster and drywall, formed by the evaporation of seawater. 15. The most common mineral found in sandstone. 16. The crystalline structure that defines minerals as solids. 17. A type of sedimentary rock made from compacted plant material. 18. The rock type that forms from weathering, erosion, deposition, and lithification. 19. The foliated metamorphic rock formed from shale. 20. A clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of gravel-sized particles. 21. A volcanic glass with a smooth, shiny surface, commonly formed from rapid cooling of lava. 22. The chemical element that makes up the majority of the Earth's core. 23. The process by which weathered rock materials are carried away by wind, water, or ice. 24. The type of igneous rock that forms deep underground from slowly cooled magma. 25. The mineral that commonly forms cave formations like stalactites and stalagmites. 26. A sedimentary rock primarily composed of calcium carbonate. 27. The process by which sediment layers are deposited and eventually form sedimentary rocks. 28. The type of boundary where tectonic plates move away from each other, leading to the formation of new crust. 29. The sedimentary rock that often contains fossils and is formed from compacted silt and clay. 30. A common intrusive igneous rock that is rich in silica and light in color. 31. A type of rock that is primarily formed by the accumulation of organic materials like shells and plant debris. 32. The process by which rock is broken down by physical or chemical means at Earth’s surface. 33. The type of metamorphism caused by heat from nearby magma intrusions. 34. A coarse-grained, foliated metamorphic rock with alternating light and dark bands. 35. A sedimentary rock made of large, angular fragments of other rocks. 36. The most abundant volcanic rock on the Earth’s surface. 37. The mineral component of limestone that is also used to make cement. 38. The metamorphic rock formed from sandstone. 39. The scale used to measure the hardness of minerals. 40. A fine-grained sedimentary rock that splits into thin layers, formed from clay or mud. 41. The process by which igneous rocks are transformed into metamorphic rocks. 42. The mineral that makes up most of the Earth's sand and is a primary component of glass. 43. The process by which rocks return to the Earth's interior at subduction zones. 44. The foliated metamorphic rock that is formed from basalt. 45. The sedimentary rock made from compacted sand grains. 46. The hard, compact form of limestone often used in construction. 47. The process by which dissolved minerals precipitate from water and bind sediment particles together. 48. The type of metamorphism that occurs over large areas during mountain building. 49. The geological process that forms mountains and triggers earthquakes. 50. The mineral responsible for the characteristic blue or green color in many igneous rocks, such as basalt. 51. Basalt is a type of intrusive igneous rock. (T/F) 52. Marble forms from the metamorphism of limestone. (T/F) 53. Igneous rocks are classified as either intrusive or extrusive based on where they form. (T/F) 54. Granite is more common in the oceanic crust than in the continental crust. (T/F) 55. Sedimentary rocks form through the process of melting and solidification. (T/F) 56. Metamorphism always involves the melting of rock. (T/F) 57. Sedimentary rocks often contain fossils. (T/F) 58. Foliated metamorphic rocks have a banded appearance due to pressure aligning mineral grains. (T/F) 59. Quartzite is a type of foliated metamorphic rock. (T/F) 60. Compaction and cementation are key processes in the formation of sedimentary rocks. (T/F) 61. Limestone is a chemical sedimentary rock primarily composed of calcite. (T/F) 62. Gneiss is a type of non-foliated metamorphic rock. (T/F) 63. The rock cycle describes the continuous recycling of rocks through geologic processes. (T/F) 64. The crust is the thickest layer of the Earth. (T/F) 65. Schist is a foliated metamorphic rock that is often shiny due to its mineral composition. (T/F) 66. Weathering is the process by which rocks are broken down at the Earth’s surface. (T/F) 67. The Earth's core is composed mostly of silica. (T/F) 68. The rock cycle includes processes such as weathering, erosion, deposition, and lithification. (T/F) 69. Extrusive igneous rocks form beneath the Earth’s surface. (T/F) 70. Sandstone is formed by the compaction and cementation of sand grains. (T/F) 71. Foliation refers to the parallel alignment of mineral grains in metamorphic rocks. (T/F) 72. Sedimentary rocks form only in marine environments. (T/F) 73. The process of subduction involves one tectonic plate being forced beneath another. (T/F) 74. Granite is a coarse-grained igneous rock. (T/F) 75. Chemical sedimentary rocks form from the precipitation of minerals from water. (T/F) 76. Igneous rocks are the result of the recrystallization of pre-existing rocks. (T/F) 77. Metamorphic rocks can form from igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks. (T/F) 78. Claystone is a coarse-grained sedimentary rock. (T/F) 79. The outer core of the Earth is in a solid state. (T/F) 80. Metamorphic rocks are classified based on the arrangement of their mineral grains. (T/F) 81. Cross-bedding is a feature commonly seen in sedimentary rocks. (T/F) 82. Lava that cools quickly forms coarse-grained igneous rocks. (T/F) 83. Obsidian is a glassy, volcanic rock with no crystal structure. (T/F) 84. Sediments are usually transported by water, wind, ice, or gravity. (T/F) 85. Diorite is an intrusive igneous rock with a coarse-grained texture. (T/F) 86. The lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. (T/F) 87. Slate is a non-foliated metamorphic rock. (T/F) 88. Shale is a sedimentary rock formed from fine particles like clay. (T/F) 89. Pressure alone is sufficient to transform igneous rocks into metamorphic rocks. (T/F) 90. The asthenosphere is a rigid layer of the Earth. (T/F) 91. Fossils are most commonly found in igneous rocks. (T/F) 92. Limestone can transform into marble under heat and pressure. (T/F) 93. The primary process that drives the rock cycle is plate tectonics. (T/F) 94. Conglomerate is a type of chemical sedimentary rock. (T/F) 95. Quartz is a key mineral found in many types of rock, including sandstone and granite. (T/F) 96. Contact metamorphism occurs over large areas due to tectonic forces. (T/F) 97. Graded bedding is a feature found in sedimentary rocks. (T/F) 98. A rock with high porosity has many open spaces between its grains. (T/F) 99. The majority of Earth's volcanic activity occurs along plate boundaries. (T/F) 100. Metamorphic rocks are formed directly from molten magma. (T/F) ### **Answer Key:** 1. Igneous rock 2. Lithification 3. Metamorphic rock 4. Quartz 5. Basalt 6. Granite 7. Rock cycle 8. Core 9. Basalt 10. Marble 11. Rock 12. Shale 13. Metamorphism 14. Gypsum 15. Quartz 16. Crystalline structure 17. Coal 18. Sedimentary rock 19. Slate 20. Conglomerate 21. Obsidian 22. Iron 23. Erosion 24. Plutonic rock 25. Calcite 26. Limestone 27. Sedimentation 28. Divergent boundary 29. Shale 30. Granite 31. Organic rock 32. Weathering 33. Contact metamorphism 34. Gneiss 35. Breccia 36. Basalt 37. Calcite 38. Quartzite 39. Mohs scale 40. Shale 41. Metamorphism 42. Quartz 43. Subduction 44. Schist 45. Sandstone 46. Marble 47. Cementation 48. Regional metamorphism 49. Tectonic activity 50. Chlorite 51. False 52. True 53. True 54. False 55. False 56. False 57. True 58. True 59. False 60. True 61. True 62. False 63. True 64. False 65. True 66. True 67. False 68. True 69. False 70. True 71. True 72. False 73. True 74. True 75. True 76. False 77. True 78. False 79. False 80. True 81. True 82. False 83. True 84. True 85. True 86. True 87. False 88. True 89. False 90. False 91. False 92. True 93. True 94. False 95. True 96. False 97. True 98. True 99. True 100. False