Geology and Civil Engineering PDF

THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND GEOLOGY FOOD FOR THOUGHT  Every branch of civil engineering deals in some way with the surface of the earth, since the works designed by the civil engineers are supported by or located in some part of the earth’s crust. The practice of civil engineering includ...

THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND GEOLOGY FOOD FOR THOUGHT  Every branch of civil engineering deals in some way with the surface of the earth, since the works designed by the civil engineers are supported by or located in some part of the earth’s crust. The practice of civil engineering includes the design of these works and the control and direction of their construction.  Geology is the name that given to that wide sphere of scientific inquiry which studies the composition and arrangement of the earth’s crust.  At the start of 19th century, before engineering had become the highly specialized practice it is today, many civil engineers were also active geologist. William Smith is the outstanding example of these pioneers.  Robert Stephenson combined geological study with his early work in railway construction, and other well-known figures in the annals of engineering history were also distinguished in geology.  Geology is commonly included as a basic subject in courses of training for civil engineering.  Geology, however renders a service less obviously direct, in that the findings of the pure science are applied to the specific problems of the engineer.  TOPICS 1 2 3 4 5 6 TRAINING PRACTICAL GEOLOGIST THE CONSTRUCTION MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS EXPERIENCE AND PATTERN IN CIVIL OF GEOLOGY ENGINEERING CIVIL WORK ENGINEERING TRAINING IN GEOLOGY TRAINING IN GEOLOGY Geologic training for civil engineers must obviously be general; it must provide the student with a good grasp of principles and of the interrelation of various branches of geology.  TRAINING IN GEOLOGY Attention has to be concentrated on the branches of geology which are of special importance in civil engineering practice- physical geology, structural geology and petrology TRAINING IN GEOLOGY Field experience is of fundamental importance in all training. A geologic and topographic survey camp would be an ideal combination TRAINING IN GEOLOGY The second part of geologic training for civil engineers should be a study of the geologic lessons learned in actual engineering practice.  TRAINING IN GEOLOGY Fortunately, geology is coming to be widely recognized as an important aid to the civil engineer.  TOPICS 1 2 3 4 5 6 TRAINING PRACTICAL GEOLOGIST THE CONSTRUCTION MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS EXPERIENCE AND PATTERN IN CIVIL OF GEOLOGY ENGINEERING CIVIL WORK ENGINEERING PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE 2  PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE Knowledge derived from wide experience is not so common as some people would suggest. It is almost intuitive by nature; certainly it is much more than merely factual knowledge derived from long observation.  Whether the civil engineers gains an appreciation of geology by training or by intuition, that appreciation can be of vital service in the field. Knowing at least to some degree, what lies hidden beneath the surface of the ground , the engineer will be able to direct exploratory work more accurately  The important work of Dr. C. P. Berkley and his co-workers in connection with the Catskill Aqueduct for the water supply of New York City is a telling example of the constructive use of geology.  The geologic investigations associated with the tunnels that now exist under the Mersey River at Liverpool, England, and particularly the work of Prof. P. G. H. Boswell in connection with the great vehicular tunnel, offer similar evidence.  Usually, engineering geologists are called upon to assist in engineering work in the capacity of consultants; the practice of having a geologist as a member of the official board of consultants is a fine North American tradition.  TOPICS 1 2 3 4 5 6 TRAINING PRACTICAL GEOLOGIST THE CONSTRUCTION MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS EXPERIENCE AND PATTERN IN CIVIL OF GEOLOGY ENGINEERING CIVIL WORK ENGINEERING  3 GEOLOGIST AND CIVIL ENGINEERING WORK  GEOLOGIST AND CIVIL ENGINEERING WORK Practically, the only way geologists can learn of new exposures made by civil engineering operations is through the engineer in charge of the work. This is yet another reason why every civil engineer must have a basic training in geology.  When geologists are called to advise in civil engineering work, they will act in conjunction with the engineers responsible for the work. Thus, the need for cooperation arises between the civil engineer and the engineering geologists, the practical builder and the scientist.  The geologist analyzes conditions as they are; the engineers considers how existing conditions can be changed so that they will suit a specific plan. The geologist draws on his or her analysis to cite problems that exists and suggests troubles that may arise; the engineer has to solve the problems and overcome the troubles.  The final responsibility for decisions concerning the project must always rest with the engineer; but in coming to such decisions, the engineer will be guided by and will probably rely upon the factual information provided by the geologist  TOPICS 1 2 3 4 5 6 TRAINING PRACTICAL GEOLOGIST THE CONSTRUCTION MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS EXPERIENCE AND PATTERN IN CIVIL OF GEOLOGY ENGINEERING CIVIL WORK ENGINEERING 4 THE PATTERN OF CIVIL ENGINEERING  PROJECT INITIATION AND SITE INVESTIGATION Civil Engineers start by studying the site, conducting geological investigations, and gathering detailed data about the area.  Geologic reports and topographic studies are crucial for understanding design and construction conditions.  PRELIMINARY STUDIES AND PLANNING Reconnaissance surveys and exploratory investigations, such as boreholes and pits, provide essential information for design and estimates Knowledge of subsurface conditions and construction materials shapes the planning process.  PREPARATION OF CONTRACT DOCUMENTS Engineers prepare detailed plans and specifications for bidding or direct administration. Geologic insights improve the accuracy of contract documents, aiding both engineers and contractors.  EXCAVATION AND CLASSIFICATION CHALLENGES Proper classification of excavation materials (e.g. earth, softrock, hard rock) is critical to avoid disputes. Ambiguous term like “hardpan” should be avoided to maintain clarity and prevent legal issues.  KEY TERM FOR EXCAVATION Hard Rock- requires drilling and blasting. Weak Rock- Blocky material removable without blasting. Earth/Soft Rock- includes weathered rock, clay, sand, and gravel, manageable with simple tools  KEY TERM FOR EXCAVATION Soil- unconsolidated natural materials Weak Rock- rock of low compressive strength. Rock- solid bedrock, either place or excavated.  TOPICS 1 2 3 4 5 6 TRAINING PRACTICAL GEOLOGIST THE CONSTRUCTION MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS EXPERIENCE AND PATTERN IN CIVIL OF GEOLOGY ENGINEERING CIVIL WORK ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS 5  GEOLOGY’S ROLE IN CONSTRUCTION Every construction activity, such as excavation or foundation work, interacts with geological features. Preliminary geological investigations are essential for engineers and contractors to plan effectively.  MONITORING GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING CONSTRUCTION Constant observation and documentation of geological conditions during construction are crucial.  MONITORING GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING CONSTRUCTION Regular updates ensure assumptions align with actual conditions and allow adjustments in design and construction methods.  PRACTICAL VALUE OF GEOLOGIC RECORDS GEOLOGIC INFORMATION AIDS IN: Design Validation: adapting designs to reflect actual site conditions Construction Suitability: confirming the appropriateness of plans and equipment  PRACTICAL VALUE OF GEOLOGIC RECORDS GEOLOGIC INFORMATION AIDS IN: Future Work: serving as a reference for additional projects of resolving disputes. CONSEQUENCE OF POOR GEOLOGIC RECORDS Inadequate records can lead to significant challenges, such as costly resurveys and delays in maintenance.  TOPICS 1 2 3 4 5 6 TRAINING PRACTICAL GEOLOGIST THE CONSTRUCTION MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS EXPERIENCE AND PATTERN IN CIVIL OF GEOLOGY ENGINEERING CIVIL WORK ENGINEERING  6 MAINTENANCE  Civil Engineering structures, along with the surrounding ground, must be regularly inspected and maintained to ensure safety and functionality. Inspections should focus on critical areas, such as: Building Piers: checking for scouring or material removal around the foundation.  Inspections should focus on critical areas, such as: Dams: monitoring for erosion of foundation beds caused by leaks.  Geologic features play a vital role in maintenance and should be carefully considered during inspections. Regular and thorough inspections are essential for the long-term stability of man-made structures and their foundations.  TOPICS 1 2 3 4 5 6 TRAINING PRACTICAL GEOLOGIST THE CONSTRUCTION MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS EXPERIENCE AND PATTERN IN CIVIL OF GEOLOGY ENGINEERING CIVIL WORK ENGINEERING tha nk