Geol Exam 2 Mega Reviewer PDF

Geol Exam 2 Mega Reviewer years ago, and Life started 3.5-3.8 billion years ago I. Origin of Life D. Miller-Urey Experiment: Vapor an...

Geol Exam 2 Mega Reviewer years ago, and Life started 3.5-3.8 billion years ago I. Origin of Life D. Miller-Urey Experiment: Vapor and a condensing A. Hydrothermal Vents: Seafloor geysers that spew column along with a power supply would produce super-hot mineral-rich water that helps support a a spark - water in flask would turn into a muddy diverse community of organisms brown liquid with amino acids - 1. Form along mid-ocean ridges 1. Issue: amino acids need to become protein - 2. 3.5 - 4 billion years old but only discovered 30 and early atmosphere is different than what years ago Urey and Miller used 3. Process a) Sea Water seeps into oceanic crust E. Life from Space: Comets brought upon Oxygen, b) Oxygen, Potassium and Calcium, Sulfate Sulfur, Hydrogen and Nitrogen and Magnesium are removed from the 1. PANSPERMIA: Theory of the Origin of Life water outside earth c) Water heats up from underlying magma, a) Life is ubiquitous in the galaxy, brought by iron, zinc copper and sulfur are dissolved comets to planets d) Water rises back to the surface and mixes b) Meaning, if comets supplied the raw with cold-seawater forming black materials to form life, life is possible metal-sulfide compounds. anywhere else 4. Types of “Smokers” 2. Life in Space: sea plankton found in the a) Black Smokers: water rich in sulfide surface of a space station - scientists have materials, superheated and creates found many organic molecules in space from minerals water to ethyl alcohol and other complex b) White smokers: Depleted in sulfide molecules like sugar molecule glycolaldehyde minerals, much less hot a) Life Elsewhere in the Solar System: TITAN (Saturn Moon) has a thick extended B. The Vent Ecosystem: the center of unique atmosphere with the right blueprints for ecosystems beneath the seafloor - Microbes use life - Resembling the young Earth. Chemosynthesis to extra energy from heat, EUROPA (Jupiter Moon) has water and ice methane and sulfur. Chemosynthesis gives off as the surface - only other place in the sulfur as a product system with water in significant 1. Chemosynthetic Organisms: Microbes quantities. MARS debated to have ancient combine vent chemicals and oxygen to make bacteria food and grow. Organisms do not depend on Sunlight for Photosynthesis (tubeworms) 2. Larger animals populate sulfide mounds and the surrounding bare lava: living on the II. Perspectives from Earth History energy harnessed by the microbes (Shrimp, A. Time: Major contributions of Geosciences to Dense Bacteria, White Crabs) knowledge - recorded 4.56 billion year old Earth History. C. Primordial Soup and the Miller-Urey Experiment: Life on earth began as a primordial soup in a lake B. Fossils: Remains, Imprints and traces of formerly or pond 4 billion years ago. Atmospheric living organisms exceeding 10 000 years. Chemicals combine with Energy to create Amino 1. Actual Remains: Amber, Tar Pits, Ice, - “frozen acids to create the first primitive Organisms in time” 1. The Primordial Soup Hypothesis: A. I. Oparin 2. Body Fossils (Casts, Molds): and J. B. S. Haldane proposed a similar 3. Trace: Manifestation of Activity (Ichnofossils) - hypothesis: Low Oxygen + Methane and footsteps Ammonia = Origin of Life 4. Chemical: Molecules a) What we already know: The Earth is 4.5 Billion years old, Water started 3.9 Billion C. Living Fossils: Unchanged Organisms since 4. Vendian Revolution: 650 to 543 million years Geologic Times, close relatives extinct ago (Coelacanths and Gingko Biloba) a) Free Fe used up; and Free O2 to build up in oceans and atmosphere D. Pattern Recognition and the Incomplete Fossil b) First iteration of animal fossils Record - modern day equivalents to see evolution 5. Phanerozoic Eon: 540 Million years ago - E. 3 Major Domains of Life: Present (Evident Life) 1. Eubacteria: Prokaryotes - no nuclear a) Paleozoic Era (540-245 Million years ago): membranes and are ancestors of Archaea Dominance of Marine Invertebrates, a) Unicellular, Chlorophyll-based Plants and animals colonize the land Photosynthesis (1) Cambrian Period (540-505 Million 2. Archaea: Prokaryotes and have a common years ago): Dominantly arthropods ancestor with Eucarya and soft-bodied animals. a) Extreme Environments (2) Ordovician Period (505-436 Million b) No nuclear membrane years ago): appearance of coral 3. Eucarya: Eukaryote (with nuclear membrane) fossils. and many organelles within cells (3) Silurian Period (436-408 million years a) With organelles, developed complex cells ago): More crinoids and brachiopods, with symbiosis with other organisms Colonization of land by millipedes and b) Prokaryotic bacterias formed relationships plants with other nuclear-membrane cell type (4) Devonian Period (408-360 Mya): (Endosymbiotic Theory) Diversification of Fish and new insects and amphibians F. Brief History of Earth (5) Carboniferous Period (360-286 Mya): 1. Cryptozoic / Precambrian: 4.6 Billion of years Rich deposits of coral and winged ago to 540 Million years ago insects and reptiles a) 80% of Earth History: Warmer and Acid (6) Permian Period (286-245 Mya): rain, Glaciation and Aridity exists Formation of Pangaea, new species of b) Hadean Eon: 4. 56 to 3.8 Billion years ago insects and reptiles and amphibians (1) Meteorite Bombardment, formed (7) Extinction (Unknown Cause) second atmosphere and oceans - b) Mesozoic Era: (245-65 Ma) Dominance of Panspermia occurs right at the end Reptile and DInosaurs , Splitting of Pangaea, c) Archaean Eon: 3.8 Billion years ago to 2.5 Cooler and wetter ans Pangaea Splits Billion years ago (1) Triassic Period (245-208 Ma) First (1) Unoxidized carbon in sediments dinosaurs, evolution of corals, First (2) First life forms are prokaryotes in mammals mid-ocean ridges (2) Jurassic Period (208-144 Ma) (3) Prokaryotic cells are simple thus no Dinosaurs became dominant on land, fossils first birds and flowering plants. 2. Proterozoic: 2.5 Billion of Years Ago to 540 (3) Cretaceous Period (144-65 Ma): Million Years Ago Opening of the Atlantic Ocean, a) More O2 from Cyanobacteria coevolution of plants and insect b) 1 Supercontinent RODINIA 1 billion years pollinators. ago 6. Dinosaurs: Terrible Lizard, land reptile c) Cyanobacteria with Spherical Bodies a) Ornithischian (Stegosaurus. etc) and d) And Banded Iron Formations from Saurischian (Tyrannosaurus. etc) : Precipitation of FE in anoxic water bird-hipped and lizard-hipped dinosaurs (birds come from lizard-hipped dinosaurs) 3. Varangian Glaciation: Lifeless frozen world b) Cenozoic Era: (65 Mya to Present) Man as an from which multicellular organisms emerged agent of extinction, flowering plant and after mammal dominance III. Extinctions A. Extinction is the rule and not the exception in IV. Long Term Climate Change Record earth history: Permo-Triassic Boundary - and K-T A. Climate Through Geologic TIme boundaries 1. Cenozoic Decline: (65 Million Years Ago to 1. Mass extinction event that wiped out all large Present Time) - Northern Hemisphere, reptiles and marine organisms. 2/3s of all Antarctica Glaciation species a) Global Cooling 2. Ammonites: Ancestor of the Nautilus - b) Opening of Drake Passage common 400 to 65 Mya. Fish of the Mesozoic c) Icing of Antarctica Seas. Extinct same time as dinosaurs 2. Middle Cretaceous: (120 to 90 Million Years 3. No conclusive evidence to why these animals Ago) Lack of Atlantic Ocean, died at K-T boundary Australia-Antarctica Connected a) No Polar Ice B. Causes of Extinction 3. Late Paleozoic: (~300 Million Years Ago) Most 1. Volcanism: Flood basalt, Acid Rain + Climate Continents part of Gondwanaland Change 4. End of Proterozoic: (635-800 million Years a) Siberian Traps were formed by the Ago) Varangian Glaciation - Frozen Earth largest volcanic event b) giant pulse of heat that rises to the B. Human History and Climate Change surface from the core mantle 1. Hotter in peaks of Civilization: Mesopotamia. boundary Etc 2. Climate Change: 2. Noah’s Ark: Geologic Evidence - Rushed a) Warming: in supercontinents -> hot Rising Sea Level of the Black Sea during the dry interior -> less rainfall, sea level Warmest Interval of the Holocene rises b) Cooling: Milankovitch Cycles C. Orbital Theory of the Ice Ages (Adhemar, Croll): 3. Changes in location and arrangement of 1. Earth-Sun Geometry is the Timekeeper of Ice continents Ages 4. Asteroid Impact 2. Quantified by Milankovitch a) Bolide impacts: Dust into atmosphere D. Plate Tectonics and Climate ⇒ blotted sun ⇒ plants die 1. Process that changes one changes the other - C. Tektites: Quartz Grains that vaporized under ex. Seaways (SE Asia, Panama) intense heat and pressure, 2. Land Mass Distribution: More Solar Radiation 1. Formed during a meteorite at lower latitudes (the equator) therefore a 2. Abundant in K-T Layer planet with more land at the equator equates D. Spherules: Glass Beads 2 inch layer under Bass to a cooler planet River V. Climate Change E. Other Causes of Extinction A. Terms and Definitions 1. Disease 1. Climate: Average conditions and changes over 2. Man long periods of time within a region. a) Overkill: Hunting to Extinction a) 30 years (WMO) b) Environmental Degradation: b) Temperature, Humidity, Precipitation, Pollutants and Waste Wind Speed, Air Pressure, Cloud Cover, Sunshine, Visibility. etc F. Pleistocene Extinctions 2. Weather: Average conditions and changes 1. Different from the K-T and P-T extinctions in over a short time period within a region. that it primarily affected large affected large a) Less than 30 years mammals B. Contemporary Trends: 2. Different times in different land masses 1. Global Surface Temperature Increase - recent years are the warmest since the 1860s. 2. Atmospheric CO2 is increasing  3. Glacial Ice Volume Quantity has been B. Atmospheric and oceanic disturbances in Pacific decreasing as of lately. Ocean 4. Sea Level rising by 10-25cm over the last 1. Normal Conditions: century a) Air Pressure higher in the equatorial 5. Global Water Cycle has changed and increase Pacific higher than eastern Pacific in extremes: more disparity in wet and dry 2. ENSO (El Niño) - 2 to 10 year phases regions a) High pressure in eastern pacific b) Weaker trade winds C. Causes for Trends c) Warm pool easteward 1. Greenhouse Warming: Increase in d) Lower biological productivity Atmospheric CO2 since the start of 3. ENSO (Cool Phase) (La Niña) industrialization and burning of fossil fuels. a) Increased pressure differences Also caused by land use change b) Stronger trade winds c) Cooler seawater D. Greenhouse Effect d) Higher biological Productivity 1. ⅓ of Solar Radiation is reflected back to space e) whereas ⅔ is absorbed by land and oceans 2. Earth becomes warm and emits infrared radiation 3. Natural greenhouse gasses trap the radiation and warming the atmosphere VI. Climate and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) A. Earth Heat Redistribution 1. Atmospheric Circulation: Hot air rises, cold air descends. a) Hadley Cell: One Latitude to another type of atmospheric circulation. Warm air converges in the equator then rises forming a low pressure belt b) Ferrel Cell: Midlatitude Cells in both Hemispheres - collides with cold air from the poles c) Subject to the Coriolis Force because the Earth rotates: apparent force shifting moving objects to the right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere 2. Ocean Circulation a) Surface Current: Wind-Driven and primarily Horizontal motion (1) Gyres - large circular loops of moving water in the subtropics. (2) Geostrophic Flow: piles up water within Gyres - surface water flows downhill and to the right (Coriolis) b) Deep Currents: Driven by Density differences and temperature differences: Quad-lateral motions (1) Cold, oxygen rich surface water to deep ocean, dissolves O2,