India's Climate, Vegetation, and Wildlife (Geography PDF)

8 INDIA : CLIMATE, VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE You read in newspapers daily and watch on T.V. or hear others talking about weather. You must know that weather is about day to day changes in the atmosphere. It includes changes in temperature, rainfall and sunshine etc....

8 INDIA : CLIMATE, VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE You read in newspapers daily and watch on T.V. or hear others talking about weather. You must know that weather is about day to day changes in the atmosphere. It includes changes in temperature, rainfall and sunshine etc. For example, as such it may be hot or cold; sunny or cloudy; windy or calm. You must have noticed that when it is hot continuously for several days you don’t need any warm clothing. You also like to eat or drink cold things. In contrast there are days together, you feel cold without woollen clothes when it is very windy and chilly, you would like to have something hot to eat. Broadly, the major seasons recognised in India are: Cold Weather Season (Winter) December to February Hot Weather Season (Summer) March to May Southwest Monsoon Season (Rainy) June to September Season of Retreating Monsoon (Autumn) October and November COLD WEATHER SEASON OR WINTER During the winter season, the sun rays do not fall directly in the region. As a result the temperatures are quite low in northern India. HOT WEATHER SEASON OR SUMMER In the hot weather season sun rays more or less directly fall in this region. Temperature becomes very high. Hot and dry winds called loo, blow during the day.  Let’s have fun : 1. People in all parts of our country drink delicious cool drinks called Sharbat made from fruits available in their regions. They are excellent thirst-quenchers and protect our bodies from the ill-effect of the harsh ‘loo’. Have you tried ‘Sharbat’, made from raw mango, bel, lemon, tamarind, kokum, phalsa, watermelon and buttermilk made from curds; for example chhaachh, mattha, mori, chash, etc? Many make banana and mango milkshakes too. 2. After a hot summer, the first rains bring much joy. All our languages have melodious songs on ‘rains’. They sound happy and bring cheer. Learn two songs on rains and sing them together. Write or collect five poems on rains. Ask your friends, neighbours and family members for names for rains and other seasons in different languages. For instance, Varsha – Hindi Pous – Marathi Barish – Urdu Borsha – Bengali S OUTH WEST MONSOON SEASON OR RAINY SEASON This season is marked by the onset and advance of monsoon. The winds blow from Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal towards the land. They carry moisture with them. When these winds strike the mountain barriers, rainfall occurs. S EASON OF R ETREATING MONSOONS OR AUTUMN Winds move back from the mainland to the Bay of Bengal. This is the season of the retreating monsoons. The southern parts of India, particularly Tamil Nadu What would happen if monsoons were weak, or even and Andhra Pradesh receive rainfall in this season. worse, failed to occur one year? However, the climate is about the average weather Tick (ü) the correct answer. condition, which have been measured over many years. Crops will be- The climate of India has broadly been described as affected/not affected Monsoon type. Monsoon is taken from the Arabic word ‘mausim’, which means seasons. Due to India’s location The level of the water in a well will- in the tropical region, most of the rain is brought by come-up/go-down monsoon winds. Agriculture in India is dependent on rains. Good monsoons mean adequate rain and a Summer will be- bountiful crop. longer/shorter INDIA : CLIMATE, VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE 57  The climate of a place is affected by its location, Let’s Do altitude, distance from the sea, and relief. Therefore, On a map of we experience regional differences in the climate of India, locate India. Jaisalmer and Bikaner in the desert of Rajasthan the places are very hot, while Drass and Kargil in Jammu and mentioned in the Kashmir are freezing cold. Coastal places like Mumbai paragraph. and Kolkata experience moderate climate. They are neither too hot nor too cold. Being on the coast, these places are very humid. Mawsynram in Meghalaya receives the world’s highest rainfall, while in a particular year it might not rain at all in Jaisalmer in Rajasthan. NATURAL VEGETATION We see a variety of plant life in our surroundings. How nice it is to play in a field with green grasses. There are also small plants called bushes and shrubs like cactus and flowering plants etc. Besides there are many tall trees some with many branches and leaves like neem, mango or some which stand with few leaves such as palm. The grasses, shrubs and trees, which grow on their own without interference or help from human beings are called natural vegetation. Do you wonder how these differ from each other. Different types of natural vegetation are dependent on different climatic conditions, among which the amount of rainfall is very important. Due to varied climatic conditions, India has a wide range of natural vegetation. Vegetation of India can be divided into five types – Tropical evergreen forest, Tropical deciduous forest, Thorny bushes, Mountain vegetation and Mangrove forests. TROPICAL RAIN F OREST Figure 8.1 : Tropical Rain Forests T ropical Rain Forests occur in the areas which receive heavy rainfall. They are so dense that sunlight doesn’t reach the ground. Many species of trees are found in these forests, which shed their leaves at different times of the 58 THE EAR TH : OUR HABITAT year. Therefore, they always appear green and are called evergreen forest as you may notice in Figure 8.1. Important trees found in these forests are mahogany, ebony and rosewood. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of North-Eastern states and a narrow strip of the Western slope of the Western Ghats are home of these forests. TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FORESTS In a large part of our country we have this type of forest. These forests are also called monsoon forests. They are less dense. They shed their leaves at a particular time of the year. Important trees of these forests are sal, teak, peepal, neem and shisham. They are found in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and in parts of Maharashtra. Figure 8.2 : Tropical Deciduous Forests THORNY BUSHES This type of vegetation is found in dry areas of the country. The leaves are in the form of spines to reduce the loss of water. Cactus, khair, babool, keekar are important and are found in the states of Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Eastern slopes of Western Ghats and Gujarat. INDIA : CLIMATE, VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE 59 Figure 8.3 : Thorny Bushes MOUNTAIN VEGETATION A wide range of species is found in the mountains according to the variation in height. With increase in height, the temperature falls. At a height between 1500 Figure 8.4 : Mountain Vegetation metres and 2500 metres most of the trees are conical in shape. These trees are called coniferous trees. Chir, Pine and Deodar are important trees of these forests. MANGROVE FORESTS These forests can survive in saline water. They are found mainly in Sunderbans in Figure 8.5 : Mangrove Vegetation 60 THE EAR TH : OUR HABITAT West Bengal and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Sundari is a well-known species of trees in mangrove forests after which Sunderbans have been named. Leela’s parents planted a sapling of “neem” to WHY ARE FORESTS NECESSARY? celebrate her birth. On each birthday, a different Forests are very useful for us. They perform various sapling was planted. It was functions. Plants release oxygen that we breathe and watered regularly and absorb carbon dioxide. The roots of the plants bind protected from severe heat, the soil; thus, they control soil erosion. cold and animals. Children Forests provide us with timber for furniture, fuel took care not to harm it. When Leela was 20, twenty- wood, fodder, medicinal plants and herbs, lac, honey, one beautiful trees, stood in gum, etc. and around her house. Forests are the natural habitat of wild life. Birds built their nests on Natural vegetation has been destroyed to a large them, flowers bloomed, extent because of the reckless cutting of trees. We butterflies fluttered around should plant more trees and protect the existing ones them, children enjoyed and make people aware of the importance of trees. We their fruits, swung on their can have special programmes like Van Mahotsav to branches and played in involve more people in making our earth green. their shade. Figure 8.6 : What we get from forests INDIA : CLIMATE, VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE 61  WILD LIFE Forests are home to a variety of wild life. There are thousands of species of animals and a large variety of reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds, insects and worms which dwell in the forest. Figure 8.7 : Wildlife The tiger is our national animal. It is found in various parts of the country. Gir forest in Gujarat is the home of Asiatic lions. Elephants and one-horned rhinoceroses roam in the forests of Assam. Elephants are also found in Kerala and Karnataka. Camels and wild asses are found in the Great Indian desert and the Rann of Kuchchh respectively. Wild goats, snow leopards, bears, etc. are found in the Himalayan region. Besides these, many other animals are found in our country such as monkey, wolf, jackal, nilgai, cheetal, etc. India is equally rich in bird life. The peacock is our national bird. Other common birds are parrots, pigeons, mynah, geese, bulbul and ducks. There are several bird sanctuaries which have been created to give birds their natural habitat. These provide the birds protection from hunters. Can you name five birds that are commonly found in your area? 62 THE EAR TH : OUR HABITAT  There are several hundreds of species of snakes found in India. Cobras and kraits are important among them. Due to cutting of forests and hunting, several species of wildlife of India are declining rapidly. Many species have already become extinct. In order to protect them many national parks, sanctuaries and biosphere reserves have been set up. The Government has also started Project Tiger and Project Elephant to protect these animals. Can you name some wildlife sanctuaries of India and locate them on a map? You can also contribute in conserving wildlife. You can refuse to buy things made from parts of the bodies of animals such as their bones, horns, fur, skins, and feathers. Every year we observe wildlife week in the first week of October, to create awareness of conserving the habitats of the animal kingdom. ? Why do poachers kill tigers? What will happen if tigers vanish from our forests? Have you ever visited any tiger reserves or a zoo where tigers are kept? INDIA : CLIMATE, VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE 63 Migratory Birds Some birds such as the Pelican, Siberian Crane, Stork, Flamingo, Pintail Duck and Curlew migrate to our country in the winter season every year. Siberian Cranes migrate from Siberia. They arrive in December and stay till early March. Stork – a migratory bird 1. Answer the following questions briefly. (a) Which winds bring rainfall in India? Why is it so important? (b) Name the different seasons in India. (c) What is natural vegetation? (d) Name the different types of vegetation found in India. (e) What is the difference between evergreen forest and deciduous forest? (f) Why is tropical rainforest also called evergreen forest? 2. Tick the correct answers. (a) The world’s highest rainfall occurs in (i) Mumbai (ii) Asansol (iii) Mawsynram (b) Mangrove forests can thrive in (i) saline water (ii) fresh water (iii) polluted water (c) Mahogany and rosewood trees are found in (i) mangrove forests (ii) tropical deciduous forests (iii) tropical evergreen forests (d) Wild goats and snow leopards are found in (i) Himalayan region (ii) Peninsular region (iii) Gir forests 64 THE EAR TH : OUR HABITAT  (e) During the south west monsoon period, the moisture laden winds blow from (i) land to sea (ii) sea to land (iii) plateau to plains 3. Fill in the blanks. (a) Hot and dry winds known as ________________ blow during the day in the summers. (b) The states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu receive a great amount of rainfall during the season of________________. (c) _____________ forest in Gujarat is the home of ________________. (d) _____________ is a well-known species of mangrove forests. (e) ____________ are also called monsoon forests. 1. Make a list of trees in your neighbourhood and collect pictures of plants, animals and birds and paste them in your copy. 2. Plant a sapling near your home and nurture it and write down the changes you observe for a few months. 3. Does any migratory bird come in your locality? Try to identify that. Be watchful in the winter season. 4. Visit a zoo in your city or visit a nearby forest or sanctuary with your elders. Look carefully at the various types of wildlife there. INDIA : CLIMATE, VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE 65  APPENDIX I State and Union Territories of India State Capital Union Territory Capital Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Andaman and Port Blair Nicobar Islands Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Chandigarh Chandigarh Assam Dispur Dadra & Nagar Haveli Silvassa Bihar Patna Daman & Diu Daman Chhattisgarh Raipur Lakshadweep Kavaratti Goa Panaji Puducherry Puducherry Gujarat Gandhi Nagar Haryana Chandigarh National Capital Delhi Territory of Delhi Himachal Pradesh Shimla Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar Jharkhand Ranchi Karnataka Bangalore Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Maharashtra Mumbai Manipur Imphal Meghalaya Shillong Mizoram Aizawl Nagaland Kohima Odisha Bhubaneshwar Punjab Chandigarh Rajasthan Jaipur Sikkim Gangtok Tamil Nadu Chennai Uttarakhand Dehradun Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Tripura Agartala West Bengal Kolkata 66 THE EAR TH : OUR HABITAT  APPENDIX II Some Internet Sources for more information www.sci.edu/public.html www.si.edu and www.nasm.edu http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/ discoveryschool.com/dysee www.futureforests.com/calculators/flightcalculatorshop.asp www.nationalgeographic.com/earthpulse http://www.cpcb.nic.in INDIA APPENDIX : CLIMATE, VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE 67