Solar System Geography PDF

# Solar System ## Solar System - Venus - Mercury - Neptune - Saturn - Uranus - Mars - Earth - Jupiter ## Milky Way Galaxy - Solar System - Orion spur - Nearest Galaxy: Andromeda Galaxy - Study of Universe: Cosmology ## Origin of Universe - Theories Given: - Big Bang Theory ## Accelerated...

# Solar System ## Solar System - Venus - Mercury - Neptune - Saturn - Uranus - Mars - Earth - Jupiter ## Milky Way Galaxy - Solar System - Orion spur - Nearest Galaxy: Andromeda Galaxy - Study of Universe: Cosmology ## Origin of Universe - Theories Given: - Big Bang Theory ## Accelerated Expansion of the Universe - Infinitely hot and dense single point -> Exploded - 13.7 billion years - Dark age - Dark energy accelerated expansion - Big Bang inflation - Relic radiation (CMB) ## Formation of our Solar System - Nebular theory: - 1755: by Immanuel Kant - 1796: modified by Laplace - Nebula: A giant cloud of dust and gas - Explosion: 13.8 billion years ago - 4.8 billion years ago ## Celestial Bodies - **Two types:** - **Luminous:** Self-glowing, eg: stars - **Non-Luminous:** Not self-glowing, but can reflect light from other sources. Eg: Moon, Asteroids, Meteor, Comets, Meteorites - 1. **Asteroids:** they are small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun - 2. **Meteoroids/Meteors:** enters Earth's atmosphere and burn up in Mesosphere (shooting stars) - 3. **Comet:** Small icy dirt balls that orbit the Sun, burn upon reaching Sun - 4. **Stars** - **Luminous bodies** - **Colour:** Depends on temperature - **Group of stars:** Constellation - **Largest:** Hydra - **Urja Major:** Sapta Rishi - **Brightest star in Orion Constellation:** Rigel - **Brightest star in night sky (Coverall):** Sirius (Dog Star) - **Closest star to Earth:** Sun - Distance from Earth: 150 million km (1.5 x 10¹²km) - After Sun, it is Proxima Centuri - **Light Year/Parsec:** celestial distances - 1 LY: 9.46 x 10¹² km - 1 Parsec: 3.26 LY - **Planetesimal Hypothesis:** Theory about how planets were formed in Solar System by Thomas C. Chamberlin and Forrest R. Moulton in 1905 ## India's First Solar Mission - **ADITYA L1 mission ISRO, India** ## Sun - The only star in our solar system and powerhouse of solar system - Composed of Hydrogen (73%), Helium (25%) and other metals - Carries 99% mass of our solar system - Approx 109 times of Earth - Takes 8 minutes 30 seconds for light at speed of 3 lakh km/sec to reach Earth - Temperature at surface = 5800 K/5600 C - Temperature at centre = 15.7 million K - Outer layer: CORONA ## Sun Structure - Inner Zone - Radiative Zone - Convection Zone - Subsurface Flows - Photosphere - Chromosphere - Corona ## Asterism Pattern Formed - Constellation - Astorism: Pattern of stars - Big Dipper - Ursa Major - Great Bear - Saptarshi - Cassiopeia: W shape - Cygnus: Cross-shaped - Deneb - Albireo - Orion - Betelguase - Bellatrix - "Orion's Belt" - Saiph - Orion Nebula (M42) - Rigel - Brightest star: Sirius - The Hunter - Rigel - Orion - Betelgeuse ## Moon - Earth's natural satellite - Non-Luminous - Radii: 1.74 x 10⁶ m - Time of Moon's light, takes to reach Earth: 1.26 secs - Distance b/w Earth and Moon: 3,84,000 km - Gravity = Earth's gravity - Rotation = Revolution (same) - 27.3 days: Only one side of the Moon is visible (Near side) - Rotation = Revolution: 27 days - **Rotation:** object's spinning motion about its axis - **Revolution:** object's orbital motion around another object - All planets rotates from West to East (anti-clockwise) except Venus and Uranus (clockwise) - Chandrayaan 3 - Lander: Vikram - Rover: Pragyaan - Point: Shaktishakti point ## 8 Planets - Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars - Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune ## 2 Categories - Terrestrial - Jovian ## Asteroid Belt - Asteroid Belt: b/w Mars and Jupiter - Pandit Jasraj becomes the first Indian musician to have a minor planet named after him: Panditjasraj (300128) - Derived from his date of birth, 28 Jan 1930 ## Characteristics of terrestrial Planets - Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars - Made of rocky material - Very few moons - Surfaces are solid - Relatively small - Don't have rings - Revolves around planets ## Jovian Planets - Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune ## Halley's Comet - Appears every 76 years - First observed: 1986 - Next in 2061 ## Gas Giants - Predominantly Helium and Hydrogen - Jupiter - Saturn ## Ice Giants - Contain rock, ice, and mixture of water methane, and ammonia - Uranus - Neptune ## 1st Planet: Mercury - Closest Planet to Sun - Smallest planet in solar system - Diameter: 4900 km - Fastest planet, takes 88 days to complete revolution around Sun - Planet with no satellite - Planet with no water and gases like Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide - Fastest revolution: 88 days ## 2nd Planet: Venus - Hottest planet in solar system: traps the gas easily, has thick clouds of H2SO4 and CO2 - Brightest planet in Solar System, also known as "Evening Star" and "Morning Star” - No satellite/Moon - Also known as "Earth's Twin" due to similar mass and size - Rotates clockwise - Slowest rotation: 243 days - Venus is also known as Lucifer (light bearer) ## 3rd Planet: Earth - Closest planet to Earth: Venus and Mercury - The only planet to give support to life - Also known as "Blue Planet": 70% water - It has one satellite: Moon - Densest in the entire solar system ## 4th Planet: Mars - Known as "Red Planet": rich in Iron oxide (red soil) - Second smallest planet in solar system - Two natural moons: Phobos and Deimos - Largest Volcano and tallest mountain of Mars: Olympus Mons ## 5th Planet: Jupiter - Largest planet with shortest rotation - 10 hours (9 hrs 56 mins) - Atmosphere filled with: Hydrogen, Helium, other gases - Third brightest after Moon and Venus - At present total moons: 95 moons at present - Largest satellites: lo, Europa, Ganymede (largest among all), Callisto Call discovered by Galileo - Has unclear ring around it - It is known as "Winter planet" ## 6th Planet: Saturn - Second largest planet - Has bright and concentric rings made of tiny rocks, gas, dust, ice - It is the least dense planet - Has 146 moons at present (the maximum) - Largest satellite: Titan - 1655: Huygenes (discover Saturn's rings) - 1675: Cassini (discovered gap b/w rings) - Cassini divisions - Titan and Enceladus (satellites of Saturn) show possibilities of life on Saturn ## 7th Planet: Uranus - It is greenish in colour: "Green Planet” due to presence of Methane (CH4) - Discovered by William Herschel in 1781 - Known as "Ice Giant" - Atmosphere has: Hydrogen, Helium, Water, Ammonia, Methane - Rotates clockwise like Venus - Coldest planet - Due to its tilt - Its is tilted to 98° at its axis - Rolling/Lopsided Planet ## 8th Planet: Neptune - Farthest planet -> Shortest revolution: 165 yrs - 1 day = 16 hrs. - It is also "Ice Giant" - Atmosphere composed of: Hydrogen, Helium - Bluish in colour due to Methane - Fourth largest planet and third most massive planet - Discovered by: Johann Galle and Urbain Le Verrier in 1846 (Only planet found by Mathematical Predictions) - Has 14 satellites, famous moon: Triton - It is the windiest planet ## Pluto - No more a planet in 2006 by International Astronomical Union (IAU) - It is known as dwarf planet and is a member of Kuiper Belt - Kuiper Belt is a spherical boundary outside the orbit of Neptune containing a number of asteroids, rocks and comets - Pluto's largest satellite: Charon - 1 revolution = 248 Earth years ## Increasing to Decreasing Order - Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune - Earth - Venus - Mars - Mercury ## Largest dwarf planets - Pluto - Eris - 2007 OR10 - Haumea - Makemake ## Three characteristics of dwarf planets are: - To be in orbit around the sun - Have a nearly spherical shape - Should not be able to clear their orbit of debris - Supernova: Explosion of star - Pulsar: A neutron star - Black hole: A place in space with immense gravity - Pluto: Largest and brightest dwarf planet - Eris: Second largest dwarf planet - Makemake: Third largest and it orbits in 310 yrs - Ceres: Dwarf planet present in asteroid belt - Haumea: Fastest rotating in Kuiper belt