Human Geography: A Cultural Approach - Chapter 1 PowerPoint PDF

Chapter 1 Human Geography: A Cultural Approach  Introduction Geography possesses what is identified as dualism. One may study the physical aspects such as soils, vegetation, and climate, or the human presence on the earth.  Introduction Thus, the application of...

Chapter 1 Human Geography: A Cultural Approach  Introduction Geography possesses what is identified as dualism. One may study the physical aspects such as soils, vegetation, and climate, or the human presence on the earth.  Introduction Thus, the application of the cultural concept to the study of the earth’s surface becomes Cultural Geography.  Introduction Culture has many definitions, but it is essentially the learned collective behavior of human beings. A society is a collection of human beings, their beliefs and attitudes. Their perceptions reflect the way that they use the land and the imprint that they create on it. These patterns represent human spatial functions that differ from place to place, culture to culture, and constantly change. Human diversity is at the heart of Cultural Geography.  Introduction Geographers want to understand the similarities and differences between places. To achieve this goal, they must first describe what they see as precisely as possible. Llanos Example.  Llanos 1,600 mile Oronoco River (3rd largest) Shallow with rapids Ciudad Guyana Scrub woodland Underdeveloped area Llanos (YAH-nohs) Source: http://www.venezuelatuya.com/llanos/index.htm.  Llanos Example: Widely scattered trees. Scrub woodland Grasses. Tropical Savannah Climate Broadleaf and Coniferous trees. Swampy area. Aligatores Cattle ranching. Warm environment. Underdeveloped area.  Introduction There is no easy explanation of the cultural phenomena. An example of this is wheat production.  Wheat Example: Wheat production is significant in some areas of the world, but not in others. Why is this so?  Wheat Example: There is no single answer. While environmental conditions are obviously important, occupants of an area where wheat could grow may prefer another grain. Food preferences and taboos Both physical and cultural environments must be favorable for wheat to be grown. Cultural geography seeks the explanation of diverse causal factors.  Geography: [Greek] to describe the Earth. Geo: Earth. Graphos: Write about the Earth. Fathers of Modern Geography: A. Von Humboldt and Carl Ritter  Cultural Geography: The study of the spatial variations among cultural groups and the spatial functioning of society.  What is cultural geography? The meanings of culture... 1. Learned similarities 2. Culture as a process 3. Relationships between space, place, environment, and culture  Five Themes 1. Cultural Regions 2. Mobility 3. Globalization 4. Nature-Culture Cultural Ecology Cultural Integration 5. Cultural Landscape  1. Cultural Regions Region: A grouping of like places or the functional union of places to form a spatial unit.  A. Formal Culture Region: Formal Culture Region: A uniform area inhabited by people who have one or more cultural traits in common.  Formal Culture Region: Most commonly based on more than one cultural trait.  Formal Culture Region: No two cultural traits have the same distribution. Formal Cultural Regions must have boundaries. But, these are more like border zones not sharp boundaries.  Formal Culture Region: Cultural regions reveal a core/periphery pattern. As one moves from the core regional characteristics weaken and disappear. Every feature is unique to an area in its combination.  Core/periphery Pattern periphery Periphery core periphery Core Periphery Core/periphery Pattern periphery core periphery Core/periphery Pattern periphery core periphery Formal Culture Region:  B. Functional Culture Regions: Functional Culture Regions: An area that has been organized to function politically, socially, or economically. Examples: City; independent state; church diocese; and a trade area.  Functional Culture Regions: They have nodes that act as central points from which functions are coordinated and directed. -Example: Node of Canada. -Example: Node of a Farm. -Example: Node of a City. C C A A N N A A D D A A Ottawa (Federal Capital)  Example: Node of a Country. Ottawa (Federal Capital)  Functional Culture Regions: They have nodes that act as central points from which functions are coordinated and directed. Many functional regions have clearly defined borders. Example: farm-where the farmhouse would be the node. Borders would be the fences. Example: Node of a Farm. Example: Node of a City.  Functional Culture Regions: Not all functional regions have clearly defined borders. Example: Newspaper circulation sales area. Functional regions do not coincide with formal functional regions.  C. Vernacular Regions: Vernacular Regions: A region perceived to exist by its inhabitants, has widespread acceptance, and uses a special regional name. Example: Dixie. Example: Vernacular Regions.  Vernacular Regions: They generally lack sharp borders. Vernacular regions grow out of people’s sense of belonging and regional self- consciousness.  Vernacular Regions differ from Formal & Functional Regions How : -They lack organization necessary for a functional region. -Unlike formal regions, they frequently do not display cultural homogeneity. -Many are rooted in popular or folk culture.  2. Mobility We can look at... Cultural Diffusion: The spatial spread of learned ideas, innovations, and attitudes. -Typically produces a core/periphery pattern. -Nondiffusion-the failure of innovations to spread- is more prevalent than diffusion.  Independent Innovation Independent Innovation: the same innovation develops at the same time in different areas.  SPATIAL DIFFUSION The process by which a concept, practice, or substance spreads from its point of origin to new territories Two types -- Relocation diffusion -- Expansion diffusion  1. Relocation Diffusion: Relocation Diffusion: individuals or groups move from one location to another location spreading the innovation (with them or back to their homeland).  RELOCATION DIFFUSION Sequential diffusion is a process in which items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas & relocate to new areas. The most common form of relocation diffusion involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population. RELOCATION DIFFUSION RELOCATION DIFFUSION  2. Expansion Diffusion The spreading of an innovation or idea through a fixed population in such a way that the number of those adopting grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanded area of dissemination. Three types A. Contagious Expansion B. Hierarchical Expansion C. Stimulus Expansion  A. Contagious Expansion: The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person. Analogous to the communication of a contagious disease.  Contagious Diffusion: Contagious Diffusion: Wavelike spread of ideas, without regard to hierarchies. Example: contagious diseases. Contagious Expansion: Contagious Expansion: Contagious Expansion:  B. Hierarchical Expansion: A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by “trickling down” from larger to smaller adopting units. An urban hierarchy is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over wider areas, with geographic distance a less important factor.  Hierarchical Diffusion: Hierarchical Diffusion: Ideas leapfrog from one person to another or one urban center to another temporarily bypassing other persons or territory. Hierarchical Expansion: Hierarchy Highest Intermediate Lowest Hierarchical Expansion: Hierarchical Expansion: Hierarchical Expansion: Hierarchical Expansion: Example: HIV/AIDS in Ohio Example: Contagious Diffusion and Hierarchical Diffusion Example: HIV/AIDS in Ohio Example: HIV/AIDS in Ohio Example: HIV/AIDS in Ohio  C. Stimulus Expansion: Stimulus Diffusion: A specific trait may be rejected, but the underlying idea is accepted. Example: Canadian Football. -Played almost exclusively in Canada. -Teams of twelve players each compete. -Field of play is 110 yards long and 65 yards wide. Canadian Football Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadian_football_field.png.  Time-Distance Decay Function: -Strongest acceptance where it originates (Neighborhood effect), and acceptance weakens as it diffuses farther away. -Also, acceptance weakens overtime. -Example: Ripples on a pond.  Absorbing Barriers: Completely halts diffusion. -Example: You can’t get cable TV because you live outside of the area. Permeable Barriers: Allow parts of the innovation to diffuse. -Example: Direct TV allows you to break through the cable TV barrier.  Mobility: We can look at... Circulation: An ongoing set of movements with no particular center or peripheries. A Group A A A  Mobility: We can look at... Migrations: Movement from one region or country to another through particular routes.  Refugee Problems Country C Atlantic Ocean Country D Drought Economic Problems Political Instability War Country A First, movement within countries. Second, movement to other countries. Country B Destabilizes other countries. Refugees  3. Globalization Globalization: The binding together of all the lands and peoples of the world into an integrated system driven by capitalistic free markets, in which cultural diffusion is rapid, independent states are weakened, and cultural homogenization is encouaged.  Globalization-2 The interconnected world has created... faster more reliable transportation; almost instantanous communication; and digital sources of information. Globalization is a recent phenomenon.  Globalization-3 This new sense of interlinked and spontaneous communication between different peoples around the world is what people consider as globalization. It is the process and the effects of this that is globalization. Linked economic, political, and cultural networks lead people to believe that people are becoming more and more alike.  Globalization-4 Some groups of people have access to advanced technologies, more thorough health care, and education, while others do not. This inequitable distribution of resources is referred to as Uneven Development.  Globalization-5 Some scholars think that globalization is bringing about homogeneity, while others do not.  4. Nature-Culture A. Cultural Ecology: The study of the cause-and-effect interplay between cultures and the physical environment. B. Cultural Integration: Cultures are systematically and spatially Intertwined. Cultures are complex wholes rather then a series of unrelated traits. Cultures form integrated systems in which parts fit together causally.  A. Cultural Ecology Cultural Ecology: The study of the cause-and-effect interplay between cultures and the physical environment. Ecology, as used here, refers to the two- way relationship between an organism and its physical environment. A. Cultural Ecology (will be on test) Four Schools of Thought have developed. 1. Environmental Determinism: 2. Possibilism: 3. Environmental Perception: 4. Human Perceptions of Natural Hazards:  1. Environmental Determinism: Environmental Determinism: (Developed during the 1st quarter of the 20th Century) the physical environment, especially the climate and terrain, was the active force in shaping culture. Humankind was essentially a passive product of the physical surroundings (1 way street). Physical environment provided a dominant force in shaping culture. Humans were clay molded by nature.  1. Environmental Determinism: They believed mountain people, because they lived in rugged terrain were: backward; conservative; unimaginative; and freedom loving. Also, they believed desert dwellers were: likely to believe in 1 god; and lived under the rule of tyrants. Finally, they believed that the temperate climates produced: inventiveness; industriousness; and democracy. They over estimated the role of the environment.  2. Possibilism: Possibilism: (1930’s) stresses that cultural heritage is at least as important as the physical environment in affecting human behavior. People are the primary architects of culture. Any environment offers many possible ways of development. -People make choices from the possibilities offered by their environment. - Higher levels of technology weaken the influence of environment.  2. Possibilism: Cultural Adaptation: Culture is the uniquely human method of meeting physical environmental challenges. -Culture is an adaptive system. Diversifying selection: Stressful marginal environments, tend to encourage a large nonspecialized adaptive repertoire.  3. Environmental Perception: Environmental Perception: Each person and culture group has mental images of the physical environment, yet they cannot perceive their exact environment. -Each person or culture group’s images of the physical environment are colored by their knowledge, ignorance, experience, values, and emotions. 3. Environmental Perception: -Environmental Perceptionists declare that the choices people will make depend more on how they perceive the land’s character rather than what the actual character consists of. -People make their decisions from a distorted reality.  Example: -An example is… Geomancy: A traditional system of land- use planning dictating that certain environment settings, perceived by the people as important should be chosen as their sites for houses, villages, and temples. 4. Human Perceptions of Natural Hazards: Natural Hazards: Flooding; hurricanes; volcanic eruptions; earthquakes; and droughts. -Some cultures consider them unavoidable acts of the gods sent down as punishments. -During times of natural disaster, some cultures feel that the Government should take care of them. 4. Human Perceptions of Natural Hazards: -Western cultures think that technology should be able to solve the problems created by natural hazards. -In virtually all cultures, people knowingly inhabit hazard zones. -Finally, migrants tend to imagine that their new homelands are more similar to their old homelands than is actually the case. Natural Hazards  Humans as Modifiers of the Earth (will come on test): Humans as Modifiers of the Earth: (Opposite of environmental determinism) human modification varies from one culture to another. -Humans of Judeo-Christian tradition, tend to regard environmental modification as divinely approved, which is called the Mechanistic View. -Other groups take care not to offend the forces of nature, which is called the Organic View. Humans as Modifiers of the Earth-2  Humans as Modifiers of the Earth-2: We can look at... Past effects of environmental alteration by agriculture and livestock.  Humans as Modifiers of the Earth-3: Gender differences as Earth modifiers. -Ecofeminism: It maintains that because of socialization, women have been better ecologists and environmentalists than men. -Females are childbearers and nurturers of families, while men have been associated with destructionist activities like hunting and forest clearing for agriculture.  B. Cultural Integration Cultural Integration: Cultures are systematically and spatially Intertwined. Cultures are complex wholes rather then a series of unrelated traits. Cultures form integrated systems in which parts fit together causally. All cultural aspects are functionally interdependent of one another. Changing one element requires an accommodating change in others. To understand one facet of culture, geographers must study the variations in other facets and how they are causally interrelated and integrated.  Example: The Influence of religious beliefs on Hindu voting behavior, diet, and social classes (castes), and specifies what forms of livelihood are appropriate for each.  B. Cultural Integration Four Schools of Thought have developed. 1. Model Building in Cultural Integration: 2. Social Sciences (Logical Positivism): 3. Humanistic Geography: 4. Structuralism:  Model Building in Cultural Integration: Model Building in Cultural Integration: Models help geographers focus on the potential factors. If improperly used, this can lead the geographer to cultural determinism. -Physical environment is inconsequential as an influence on culture. -Culture offers all the answers for spatial variations. -Nature is passive while people and cultures are the active forces. Example of a model for Latin American cities  Social Sciences (Logical Positivism): Social Sciences (Logical Positivism): Those who view cultural geography as a social science apply the scientific method to the study of people. -Example: paper presented at a conference. These geographers are often accused of economic determinism because they usually tune out cultural variations.  Humanistic Geography: Humanistic Geography: Celebrates the uniqueness of each region and place. Place is the key word. Topophila: Love of place. -Example: Place and placelessness. -Geographers seek to explain unique phenomena (Place and region) rather than universal spatial laws. Most doubt that spatial laws exist.  Structuralism: Structuralism: All cultural phenomena rests upon a few basic structures that are universal to the human mind and provide the motivational forces in society. -Structures can be discovered by looking below superficial spatial patterns in order to seek basic institutional processes. -Example: White flight from inner cities.  White flight from inner cities Preference (whose?). – Surveys show blacks prefer integrated neighborhoods while some whites (very prejudiced ones) will flee from even small levels of integration. – This increases ethnic concentration of the neighborhood until it passes the threshold of the less prejudiced whites, etc. – Neighborhood soon reaches “tipping point”. – White flight results. White flight from inner cities-2 Underlying Structures: 1. New houses built in suburbs. 2. Better houses in Suburbs. 3. New jobs found in suburbs. 4. Less pollution in suburbs. 5. Less crime in suburbs. 6. Racism. So, it is not all racism.  5. Cultural Landscape Cultural Landscapes: The artificial landscape that cultural groups create in inhabiting the earth. -Each landscape reflects the culture that created it. -Landscape mirrors culture (Shelter, food, clothing, and entertainment). Our basis attitudes are displayed by our landscapes. Example: Cultural Landscapes Warsaw, Poland  Cultural Landscape -Examples: billboards, roads, and sports stadiums. Landscapers contain evidence about the origin, spread, and development of cultures. -Example: The Three Cardinal Virtues of Churches 1. Height; 2. Durability; and 3. Central location in town. The Three Cardinal Virtues of Churches  Cultural Landscape Settlement patterns, land-division patterns and architecture and style are looked at in landscapes. Also, sequence of occupation of land and buildings. Finally, landscapes provide people with landmarks and they reassure people that they are not rootless without identity or place. Land-division patterns, architecture and style are looked at in landscapes. Non-book Example: Five Themes. Svalbard/Spitsbergen (Norway) Svalbard/Spitsbergen (Norway) Northern Region  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example: Located midway between Norway and the North Pole. The group of islands range from 74° to 81° north latitude (inside the Arctic Circle). North of Svalbard there is pack ice and the North Pole. The landforms of Svalbard were created through repeated ice ages, where glaciers cut the former plateau into fjords, valleys and mountains. The tallest peak is Newtontoppen (5,620 ft). Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard#cite_note-62. Svalbard/Spitsbergen Nordaustlandet Russian Islands Edgeøya  Physical Environment Spitsbergen is the largest island (50%), followed by Nordaustlandet and Edgeøya. During the summer months, the West Coast has open water. Glaciation covers 60% of Svalbard; 30% is barren rock, while 10% is vegetated. There are no trees only driftwood that floats to the island from Siberia.  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example: Svalbard Archipelago has a relatively mild climate. In Longyearbyen, the average temperature ranges from 14 ° Celsius below zero during winter to 6 ° Celsius above zero during summer. During summer it is common with periods of fog. In terms of precipitation, Svalbard has annual rain- and snowfall of a mere 200 - 300 mm. Source: http://www.visitnorway.com/us/Articles/Norway/North/Svalbard/  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example: Svalbard: means “Land of the cold coast”. Spitsbergen: means “Jagged Mountains”. First mentioned Old Icelandic tales (Svalbard Fundit) in 1194, and It was rediscovered by Dutch navigator William Barents in 1596.  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example: 1596: Willem Barentsz discovers Svalbard in an attempt to find the Northern Sea Route. 1600 - 1750: International whaling activities 1800 - 1900: Norwegian all-winter hunting and trapping 1906: John M. Longyear establishes the first mine 1920: The Svalbard Treaty is signed 1925: Norway is given sovereignty over Svalbard Source: http://www.visitnorway.com/us/Articles/Norway/North/Svalbard/  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example: Nearly 65 % of the surface of Svalbard consists of protected areas: 3 nature reserves; 6 national parks; 15 bird sanctuaries; and 1 geotopical protected area. Norway's largest glacier, Austfonna, on Nordaustlandet. It is the world's third-largest icecap after Antarctic and Greenland. Source: http://www.visitnorway.com/us/Articles/Norway/North/Svalbard/ Svalbard/Spitsbergen Austfonna Central Region Longyearbyen Region  Settlements on Svalbard Longyearbyen has 2,075 inhabitants. This is the seat of local government and Norway’s main administrative centre on Svalbard. The archipelago is administrated by the Governor of Svalbard. No roads connect the settlements; instead snowmobiles, aircraft and boats serve inter-community transport. Source: http://www.visitnorway.com/us/Articles/Norway/North/Svalbard/ Longyearbyen, Svalbard Longyearbyen, Svalbard Longyearbyen Airport  Svalbard Church The World's Northernmost Church. Source: http://www.svalbard.net/index.php?c=4&kat=Attractions. Svalbard Church Longyearbyen in Summer Longyearbyen in Summer-2 Main road in Longyearbyen  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example: Svalbard experiences both midnight sun in summer and polar night in winter. In Longyearbyen, midnight sun lasts from 20 April until 23 August, and polar night lasts from 26 October to 15 February. In winter, the combination of full moon and reflective snow can give additional light. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard#cite_note-62.  Other Settlements are: Barentsburg (Russian mining community) 500 inhabitants; Ny-Ålesund (Norwegian international research centre) 25 inhabitants; Svea Gruva (Norwegian mining community) 240 commuters; and Hornsund (Polish research station) 11 inhabitants. Barentsburg, Svalbard Russian mining community-500 inhabitants. Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Norwegian international research centre-25 inhabitants Whale-Oil Factory at Smerenburg. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard#cite_note-62.  Whalers In 1610, the first whalers, and within a few years, there were 16 ships. The first town, Smeerenburg (Blubber town) was established in 1610/11, and it was inhabited until 1650 (About 200 people in 1640). There was a lawless nature in the area. Smaller bases were also built by the English, Danish and French. At first the outposts were merely summer camps, but from the early 1630s, a few individuals started to overwinter. Boil the blubber into oil, which can be used to light European lamps, make soap, and manufacture water-resistant clothes. Whalebones provided the ribs for ladies corsets, and umbrellas. The bones were also used for paintbrushes. -Damand was high in Europe. -60,000 whales were taken between 1610-1650. Ruthless hunting nearly exterminated the whales, so whaling ceased around 1800.  Dutch Whalers Hunting Bowhead Whales in 18th Century Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaling.  Fishing Fishing provided food for the islanders, and Europe. Longyearbyen in 1925 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard#cite_note-62.  Hunting After 1715, Russians and Norwegians hunted polar bears, foxes, and seals. The Spitsbergen Treaty of 1920 recognizes Norwegian sovereignty, and the 1925 Svalbard Act made Svalbard a full part of the Kingdom of Norway. They also established Svalbard as a free economic zone and a demilitarized zone. Polar Bears and Seals Source: http://www.cruisenorway.com/spitsbergen9.html.  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example: After British ships destroyed most of the Russian fleet in 1812, Russian activity on Svalbard diminished, and became non-existent from the 1820s. Norwegian hunting—mostly for walrus—started in the 1790s, but was abandoned about the same time as the Russians left. Coal mining started at the beginning of the 20th century, and several permanent communities were established. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard#cite_note-62.  Coal In the early 1900s, coal was discovered. However, no nation controlled the area. Because of this coal, in 1920, 9 nations signed a treaty that gave Norway the right to enact laws. Yet, all the signers could carry on research and mining. The Norwegian Store Norske and the Russian Arktikugol remain the only mining companies. – Grumant was closed after it was depleted in 1962. – Pyramiden was closed in 1998, and since 2006, no coal has been exported from Barentsburg.  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example: Discussions to establish the sovereignty of the archipelago commenced in the 1910s, but were interrupted by World War I. On 9 February 1920, following the Paris Peace Conference, the Spitsbergen Treaty was signed, granting full sovereignty to Norway. However, all signatory countries were granted non-discriminatory rights to fishing, hunting and mineral resources. The treaty took effect on 14 August 1925, at the same time as the Svalbard Act regulated the archipelago and the first governor, Johannes Gerckens Bassøe, took office. The treaty defines Svalbard as all islands, islets and skerries from 74° to 81° north latitude, and from 10° to 35° east longitude. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard#cite_note-62.  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example: Kvitøya, Kong Karls Land, Hopen and Bjørnøya were not regarded as part of the Spitsbergen archipelago. Russians have traditionally called the archipelago Grumant (Грумант). The Soviet Union retained the name Spitsbergen (Шпицберген) to support undocumented—but not disproved—claims that Russians were the first to discover the island. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard#cite_note-62. Svalbard/Spitsbergen (Norway)  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example: In 1941, all Norwegian and Soviet settlements on Svalbard were evacuated, and a German presence was established with a meteorological outpost, although a small Norwegian garrison was kept on Spitsbergen. The German Operation Zitronella took this garrison by force in 1943, and at the same time destroying the settlements at Longyearbyen and Barentsburg. After the war, the Soviet Union proposed common Norwegian and Soviet administration and military defense of Svalbard. This was rejected in 1947 by Norway, which two years later joined NATO. The Soviet Union retained high civilian activity on Svalbard, in part to ensure that the archipelago was not used by NATO. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard#cite_note-62.  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example: During the Cold War, the Soviet Union retained about twice the population on the island as Norway—with the archipelago's population slightly under 4,000. Russian activity has diminished considerably since then, falling from 2,500 to 450 people from 1990 to 2010. The Russian community has also experienced two air accidents, Vnukovo Airlines Flight 2801, which killed 141 people, and the Heerodden helicopter accident. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard#cite_note-62.  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example: Longyearbyen remained a pure company town until 1989. It was incorporated as a town in 2002. Svalbard is among the safest places on Earth, with virtually no crime. The treaty came into effect in 1925, following the Svalbard Act. -All forty signatory countries of the treaty have the right to conduct commercial activities on the archipelago without discrimination, although all activity is subject to Norwegian legislation. -The treaty limits Norway's right to collect taxes to that of financing services on Svalbard. -Therefore, Svalbard has a lower income tax than mainland Norway, and there is no value added tax. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard#cite_note-62.  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example: The land area is 61,022 km2 (23,561 sq mi). The Norway owns 95.2% of the archipelago, Store Norske owns 4%, Arktikugol owns 0.4%, while other private owners hold 0.4% Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard#cite_note-62.  Tourism Today, tourism and research are big. Research and tourism have became important supplementary industries, featuring among others the University Centre in Svalbard and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault.  The 124-passenger ship MS Expedition Rates are from US $3,529 per person based on double occupancy. Source: http://www.cruisenorway.com/spitsbergen9.html. Spitsbergen Airship Museum The history of three airships trying to reach the North Pole. Source: http://www.svalbard.net/index.php?c=4&kat=Attractions.  Svalbard Museum This comprehensive collection provides an insight into everything from the discovery of Svalbard. Source: http://www.svalbard.net/index.php?c=4&kat=Attractions.  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example 5 Themes 1. Region: Vernacular region: perceived functional area. No Formal Region: Uniform area with common culture traits. No Functional Region: Political region. Yes.  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example 5 Themes 2. Mobility: There is no native population, so all the people have had “relocation diffusion”.  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example 5 Themes 3. Globalization: -Radio communications; -Satilite communications; and -Internet. Recently, globalization forces have reached the archipeligo.  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example 5 Themes 4. Nature-Culture: A. Ecology: The possibilities for employment are… Whales Walrus Seal Fish Coal Tourism/research Example of Possibilism because all the possibilities have been used. 1925 law: no shooting raindeer. 1952 law: no killing walrus. 1970 law: no killing polar bear and seals.  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example 5 Themes B. Integration: Europe needed oil and Svalbard had whales. So, Svalbard was integrated into Europe. Also, Umbrellas, corsets, and paint brushes. It became important for a while.  Svalbard/Spitsbergen Example 5 Themes 5. Landscape: Today’s landscape is coal mining, but you can still see some of the past landscapes (Fishing).  Appendix Map: A graphic representation of the earth surface, subsurface, or atmosphere about the earth. It must have all the essentials. Chart: A graphic representation of the earth, having all the essentials, used for navigational purposes. Cartograms: (p. 2) a graphic representation, but it lacks 1 or more of the essentials. Until the end of the 18th Century, we didn’t have a map.  Map/chart Essentials Theme: title. Symbols: are they qualitative (Concerned with quality of materials or phenomenen) or quantitative (Reguard with respect to quanity) ? Legend: Key -In some countries the symbol for a railroad means a hiking trail. Scale: (See next slide). Projection: (See future slides).  Scale: Scale: The ratio of the distance between two places on a map and the actual distance between the two places on the earth’s surface. 1. Word or statement. Example: One inch on the map is 30 miles in real life. 2. Bar scale. Example: I--------------------I 30 miles 3. R.F or Representative Fraction. Example: 1:30,000. -The larger the second number, the smaller the maps size. -1:30,000 (Larger scale map) More in depth like Wisconsin. -1:1,000,000 (Smaller scale map) A world map with less detail.  Map/chart Essentials Projection: Only a globe can accurately display the properties of area, shape, distance, and direction all at once. A. Equal area: Distort shapes in order to maintain area. B. Conformal: Preservation of shapes. The scale is accurate for any direction from a point. C. Azimuthal: All bearings or azimuths are correct from central point. D. Equi-distant: The scale is accurate everywhere on the map. On 1/24,000 U.S. Geo maps A-D are correct.  Examples of qualitative and quantitative maps: DataQualitative Quantitative Areap. 256-257 p. 66-67 Line p. 229 p. 158 Point p. 132 p. 302