General Mathematics & Earth Science - Assessment 2 (Reviewer)

General Mathematics How about: = 8 +14 4 −6 Solution: 9“ This is my command—be strong Step 1: and courageous! Do not...

General Mathematics How about: = 8 +14 4 −6 Solution: 9“ This is my command—be strong Step 1: and courageous! Do not be afraid or 8 + 14 discouraged. For the Lord your God = 4 − 6 is with you wherever you go.” – Step 2: Joshua 1:9 8 + 14 = 4 − 6 Rebyuwer Step 3: Unit 6: Inverse Functions 8 + 14 Lesson 1: Inverse of a Function = 1 4 − 6 Key Points: 8 + 14 = 4 − 6 8 − 4 =− 6 − 14 (8 − 4 ) −6 − 14 = 8 − 4 8 − 4 −6 − 14 = 8 − 4 2( − 3 − 7) = 2(4 − 2 ) −3 − 7 Example: = 4 − 2 Step 4: −3 − 7 −1 ( ) = 4 − 2 Graphing of Inverse Function: − 14 −1 = 8 and = 8 + 14 (Use Table of Values) Start with x=-2–2 Unit 12: Simple and Compound Interest Lesson 1: Simple Interest (w/ Maturity Value) Ex. Key Points:  Interest is amount that a person gets or pays on top of the original investment or loan.  Lender or creditor refers to the party lending money or extending credit.  Borrower or debtor refers to the party using the money or credit.  A principal refers to the amount of money extended for credit or the amount of money deposited in a bank for safekeeping.  The interest rate refers to the charged amount for using the money over a certain period. It is commonly expressed in percent but is converted to decimal.  The time of interest refers to the period covered from the time that the money (principal) is borrowed until its due date.  The maturity date is the due date of the payment of the principal.  Simple interest refers to an interest computed on the original principal during the whole period or time of borrowing. Exponential function (ewan ko kung kasama) Earth Sci 13 For I can do everything through Christ,[a] who gives me strength. – Philippians 4:13 Lesson 11.2 Magmatism: How Magma is Formed Magma Pressure  Magma is defined as molten  Decrease in pressure causes rock material produced by adiabatic decompression. As partial melting of the mantle pressure is decreased, melting and crust. It contains liquids, temperatures of materials gases, crystals and rock decrease. fragments. Volatiles  Volatiles are substances that evaporate easily and can exist in gaseous form in the surface of Earth. Formation of Magma  Examples of this kind of substances are water and Temperature carbon dioxide. When  Temperature increases with volatiles mix with hot mantle depth, which is called rock, magma forms. geothermal gradient. This  When water or carbon dioxide increase will obviously induce are introduced to rock, flux melting. melting occurs which cause the rock to melt.  Flux melting is the process of reducing a substance's melting point by introducing impurities. When volatiles are  added to rocks, their melting Lesson 12.1 point decreases. What is Metamorphism? Magmatism Metamorphism  Magmatism occurs along - It is the process of changing plate boundaries or margins the characteristics of a rock and sometimes within the as a result of changes in plate. Cracks on Earth's crust temperature, pressure, or are the result of these plate reactions with hot fluids. boundaries. - The protolith is a pre-  In effect, hot mantle rock existing rock that undergoes penetrates the crust and metamorphism. It can be any becomes magma. types of rock.  Plate boundaries can be - Metamorphism of the classified as convergent, protolith changes the divergent, and transform. texture and mineralogy (mineral components) of the original rock. Different Processes Involved in Metamorphism  Recrystallization o This is the process where there is a growth in size of the mineral grains of pre-existing Classification of Magma materials. o This is the most  Tholeiitic magmas or common process tholeiites, are produced by involved in large degree of melting. metamorphism.  Calc-alkaline basalts form Example: limestone to along convergent plate marble; clay into boundaries above subduction muscovite mica. zones.  Alkaline basalts form from smaller degree of partial melting, which results in alkali-rich and silica depleted magma of diverse compositions.  Neocrystallization Carbonatites are the only magmas o It is the formation of new that are not produced by silicate minerals from the pre- source rock. existing minerals due to heat.  Example: Phyllite is a mica- rich mineral rock. When clay undergoes neocrystallization, it forms mica. Lesson 13.2 The Formation of Faults and Folds Rocks respond to stress by  Phase Change flowing, bending or breaking. o It refers to the change in This constant exposure causes mineral structure but with rock deformation which will the same chemical formula eventually lead to folding and (example: andalusite to faulting. kyanite). o Minerals with the same Stress is a force exerted on an object. chemical formula but In the study of plate tectonics, different mineral structure are stress acts on rocks. called polymorphs of each other. Types of Stress in Rocks - Confining stress takes place  Pressure Solution when a rock or sediment is  It takes place when minerals buried and acts uniformly in are dissolved in areas with all directions. high pressure and - Directed stress only acts in recrystallize in other areas one direction and is most with low pressure. likely associated with tectonic activities. Types of Directed Stress Compression squeezing stress Tension pulling stress Shear  Plastic deformation parallel but opposite directions  It occurs when mineral grains soften and deform at high temperatures.  Paleomagnetic Evidence - Magnetic orientation of the oceanic crust and the age of rocks help support that the ocean floor is spreading. - Imprints from rocks show evidence of magnetic reversals of Earth. Rock Deformation  The different types of stress on rocks can cause them to deform.  The type of deformation that rocks can undergo also depend on the composition of rock, or the type and intensity of stress. Types of Deformation Elastic rock returns to original shape Ductile rock reshapes without breaking Brittle causes breakage Faults  Some rocks fracture because of stress.  A fault is a discernible displacement where rocks grind or slide past each other. Lesson 13.3 The Seafloor Spreading The Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis The Mid-Oceanic Ridge - Proposed by Harry Hess and - Comprises 20% of the ocean Robert Dietz, this hypothesis floor’s surface explains the formation of - The developed concepts oceanic crust. helped explain the formation of this ridge.  How Layers of Rocks Are Formed Fossils  Fossils are remains of organisms that lived prior to the last glacial period about 10 000 years ago. Transform Faults - These are abundant in the sea floor. - Sea floor is divided into segments as a result. Formation of Fossils  Fossils are usually seen in sedimentary rocks because as organisms die, their remains will sink at the bottom and will eventually be covered with Parts of the Ocean Floor sediments. - Abyssal plains are flat parts of the ocean. Stratification - Black smokers are vents that  The formation of sedimentary spew dark, mineral-rich fluids. rock layers is because of - Oceanic trenches are stratification. Stratigraphy is depressions on the seafloor the study of these rock layers. - A seamount is a mountain above the sea floor. Determining the Age of Rock - If the structure rises above Layers sea level, it is called a volcanic island.  There are several principles - A flat-topped seamount is that have been established in called a guyot. order to determine the relative age of rock layers. Law of Original Horizontality  This states that sediments are generally deposited horizontally. Lesson 14.1  grasp on the succession of events that took place in the past. - Relative dating uses the laws of stratigraphy and does not Law of Lateral Continuity give a numerical estimate of  Layers of sediments spread age. out in all directions until they thin out at the edge of the depositional basin or grade into a different kind of sediment. Law of Superposition  This states that sediments are generally deposited horizontally. Absolute Dating - Absolute dating or numerical dating allows the determination of the exact numerical age of rocks and When the beds are undisturbed, the fossils. purple layer is the youngest while the green layer is the oldest. Principles of Cross-Cutting Relationships  This states that geologic features that cut across rocks are younger than the rocks which they cut through. Concepts Involved in Absolute Dating The red body represents an intrusion. It cross-cuts the three Isotopes layers which are relatively older. are elements that have a different number of neutrons. Lesson 14.2 Half-life is the time it takes for half of the Relative and Absolute Dating isotope to decay. Radiometric Methods Relative Dating rely on radioactive decay. - Relative dating uses a sequence of rocks to get a The Method of Absolute Dating - If an isotope’s half life is 250,000 years, this means that only half the isotope will remain after that amount of time. Relative vs Absolute Dating Relative Dating Absolute Dating A qualitative A quantitative method of method of dating dating Uses a Uses radiometric stratigraphic techniques to method to identify the identify the specific age of order of rocks/objects. formation of the remains. It gives a It gives the exact relative age of age of the the remains remains Less specific More specific Cheaper and Expensive and time-efficient time-consuming