Chapter 1: The Cell PDF

**Chapter 1: The Cell** HOW WERE CELLS STUDIED? It\'s a series of group learning that span across generations and generations. **Hans and Zacharias Janssen**- Zacharias Janssen was the son of a spectacle maker named Hans Janssen Dutch lens grinders who produced the first compound microscope (2 le...

**Chapter 1: The Cell** HOW WERE CELLS STUDIED? It\'s a series of group learning that span across generations and generations. **Hans and Zacharias Janssen**- Zacharias Janssen was the son of a spectacle maker named Hans Janssen Dutch lens grinders who produced the first compound microscope (2 lenses). **Robert Hooke**- used a light microscope to look at thin slices of plant tissues -- cork. **Antonie van Leeuwenhoek-** First to see living microscopic organisms. **Robert Brown-** discovered the central structure of plant cells. Contributed to the knowledge that cells are made up of smaller materials. **Matthias Schleiden-** Established the fact that all structures and parts of all plants are made up of cells. **Theodore Schwann-** Proposed the first cell theory. "All animals are made of cells." - The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things. - The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block in the construction of organisms. - Cells form by free-cell formation, like the formation of crystals (spontaneous generation). **Rudolf Virchow-** All cells arise from pre-existing cells. Proved the ability of cells to reproduce/ multiply and develop. This allowed the revision of cell theory. **UPDATED CELL THEORY** **Criteria for an entity to be considered alive:** - Information - Metabolism - Membrane **Do viruses have genetic information?** Yes, HIV is another one. They have information, they have genetic material. **Second, do they have metabolism?** Yes, but in the condition of these viruses it needs to have the host sample. **Are viruses made-up of cells?** They have **membranes**, yes, but they\'re not made-up of cells. **So, are viruses alive?** No, they\'re **not living entities.** They\'re non-living things that are part of living things. No, they influence living things. **Eukaryotic cells** are made which includes animals, plants, fungi and plante and Kingdom Plante, Kingdom Animalia and Kingdom Fungi. **Protists** also belong to the Kingdom, Protista also belongs to Eukaryote, and we have the prokaryotes, which are bacteria. **Bacteria** are the common bacteria that we can see that causes diseases that are found in the soil that is found on surfaces. **Archaea bacteria** is another domain which are microscopic organisms that are found in extreme environments like extremely hot, extremely acidic, extremely cold, extremely toxic, extremely salty. Common bacteria are very distantly related to other bacteria. **Cells-** A cell is the smallest unit that can perform all the functions necessary for life. All living things are made up of cells **(unicellular).** Some living things are made up of only one cell. Other living things are made up of many cells. **PARTS OF THE CELL** **Plasma membrane / plasmalemma lipid bilayer-** Selectively permeable. Serves as boundary between the outside environment and the inside environment. The outer membrane of the cell that controls. movement in and out of the cell. - The plasma membrane functions as a selective barrier that allows the passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell. - Referred to us as a **mosaic,** because it is composed of many parts. - Are **amphipathic**, containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. - The cell membranes are made-up of phospholipids, so these are the structures of phospholipids. - The **phosphate heads** are **hydrophilic**, which means they like water. It\'s the one in contact with the outermost of the cell and the innermost of the cell. - While the **lipid tails** are **hydrophobic**, they don\'t like water, so they tend to clump together. - Allows the movement of the product Cilia- airways Flagella- sperm cells - Not found in the animal cells - In plant cells, they allow cells to e rigid, their cell walls are made up of **cellulose.** \- **Pseudomurine** are very sturdy types of cell walls that protect them from the harsh environment now, so these are commonly found in volcanic vents. \- produces energy by the process of **ATP** \- it\'s made-up of two membranes. **Matrix-** the fluid inside the mitochondria. **Cristae-** we can find the proteins that produce ATP, they add phosphate and they add a adenosine diphosphate to make it adenosine triphosphate. **Platids** - are an umbrella term for different types of cells. **Chomo-** means color. -Chloroplast contains thylacoid structures, double-membrane. \- **Tylacoid structures** are pancakes stuck onto each other. Collectively, they\'re called **grana or granum.** **Chlorophyll-** makes the plants green. \- ancestral host, it engulfed a prehistoric bacterium that eventually supported each other. The ancestral large host provided protection while the mitochondrion and the chloroplast provided energy. **(Just a hypothesis).** \- **( UP)** So, we have here adenosine diphosphate DI means 2 because there are two phosphates then another phosphate. This is referred to as inorganic phosphate ( **Letter P). ( DOWN)** And inside the mitochondria and chloroplast they will be attached together, and it holds large amounts of energy. \- Eventually these energy are broken down by the cell to release energy and the byproduct is again adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate. \- **Prokaryotes** do not have organelles, they only have nucleoid, a region where the DNA is found. They only have a cell wall and a cell membrane cytoplasm. They have Pillai or the cilia and the flagella, not all. \- **Eukaryotic cells**, on the other hand, are complex organisms. Found in complex structures that complex organisms that are found in the Kingdom domain in Eukarya, plants, animals, fungi, protista. \- Cells would have a maximum level of size, because the more that we increase the size of the cell, the more that it increases surface area and volume. \- And cells can only hold a certain volume. If they go beyond a certain volume, they burst.