Genital (Reproductive) System 2024 PDF

Genital (Reproductive) system Dr. Adeeb M. Albadani Genital system Block Follicular-Stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) These are generally grouped together and called gonadotropines. Gonadotropins are secreted by the gonadotrophs, which synthesize and sec...

Genital (Reproductive) system Dr. Adeeb M. Albadani Genital system Block Follicular-Stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) These are generally grouped together and called gonadotropines. Gonadotropins are secreted by the gonadotrophs, which synthesize and secrete both LH and FSH. Both LH and FSH are peptide hormones. Secretion of gonadotropins is mainly under positive control. Hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) which stimulates gonadotrophs to secrete both LH and FSH.  Functions of LH and FSH: LH and FSH stimulate secretion of the sex steroids by the gonads. Mainly estrogen in women and testosterone in men. FSH also stimulates gonadal release of inhibin, which serves as a negative feedback factor to block release of FSH by pituitary. LH and FSH stimulate the gonadal release of activin, which can have positive feedback on gonadotropin secretion by the pituitary. Gonadal secretion of estrogen and testosterone can negatively feedback on both the hypothalamus, to reduce GnRH secretion, and the gonadotrophs directly, to reduce gonadotropin secretions. ANDEROGEN ( Testosterone) ESTROGENS Sex Hormones Metabolism
(Anabolism) Cholestrol C27




Progestrone C21

Testesterone C19

Estrogen C18 Menstrual cycle
(Placenta)  Estrogen and Progesteron During reproductive years, ovaries make  high amounts Estrogen peaks at the beginning of cycle  Progesterone peaks after ovulation  Small amount of both made in Adrenal  glands Some estrogen also made in fat cells  Investigations of infertility Lecture outlines Definition of infertility (subfertility) background Clinical history & physical examinations in  infertile cases. Investigations of male infertility Investigations of female infertility Hyperprolactinaemia Infertility Definition: Failure of a couple to conceive after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse Background Infertility may be caused by endocrine problems: This is common in the female But rare in the male Elevated serum [progesterone] at day 21 of the  menstrual cycle indicates that ovulation has occurred In both men & women infertility, a serum [FSH  ] > 25U/L indicates primary gonadal failure Clinical History taking Should be full clinical history Before physical examinations Information about: Previous pregnancies Contraceptive practice Serious illnesses Past chemotherapy or radiotherapy Congenital abnormalities Smoking habits Drug usage Frequency of intercourse Physical Examination Should look for indications of: Hypothalamic-pituitary or thyroid disorders Cushing’s syndrome Galactorrhoea (inappropriate breast milk production; i.e. in the absence of pregnancy most commonly caused by hyperprolactinaemia) Hirsutism (an increase in body hair with male pattern distribution) INVESTIGATION OF FEMALE INFERTILITY http://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/female-reproductive-- system Diagnostic approach to infertility in the woman History & Examination Normal Amenorrhoea, menses Oligomenorrhoea No ?Ovulating Perform pregnancy + ve further Measure [Progesterone] in day 21 (mid luteal) test tests required >30nmol/L