General Human Physiology Lecture Notes PDF

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao Cell Physiology OUTLINE I. Introduction II. Parts of the Cell III. Cell Division IV. Functional Systems V. Cellular Tr...

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao Cell Physiology OUTLINE I. Introduction II. Parts of the Cell III. Cell Division IV. Functional Systems V. Cellular Transport VI. Cell Death I. Cell functional unit of the body > approximately >basic functional unit of the 100 trillion cells body >100 trillion cells.>25 trillion RBC (MC type of cell).> 75 trillion are other cells 5 Functional Organization of the body Cell formed into > TISSUE > ORGAN > ORGAN SYSTEM > ORGANISM >Cells – Tissues – Organs – Organ System – Organism Cellular Environment Body environment consists of 60% of cell fluids > Intracellular Fluid – 40%, 2/3 [K, Mg, PO4, SO4, HCO3, pro 40% Intracellular Fluid = Mg, PO4, K, SO4 HCO3, Proteins, Lipids and Carbs. teins, lipids, carbs] > Extracellular Fluid (Internal Environment) 20%, 1/3 [Na, Cl, HCO3 ions, O2, glucose, fatty/amino acids, CO2] 20 % Extracellular Fluid = O2, HCO3, NA, Cl, Glucose, Fatty/ Amino Acids, CO2 II. Parts of the Cell 1. Cell Membrane >Fluid > covering of the cell >enclosure > fluid of the cell >7.5> to 7.510- 10nm nm >”Phospholipid Bilayer”bilayer" > aka "Phospholipid phosphade heads - hydrolific lipid tails -hydrophobic > semi-permeable = permeable :lipid-soluble [ O2, CO2, Alcohol] = impermeable : H2O soluble [ions, glucose,urea] Page | 9  GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao >Composition: Proteins: 55% =Glycoproteins Intergral P. (tumatagos sa 2 sides) = acts as a channels, carriers, enzymes Peripheral P.(1 side only) = enzymes, controllers of cellular fxns. Phospholipids: 25% Cholesterol: 13% 1. Rate of permeability 2. quality of the fluidity of the cell membrane Other lipids: 4% Carbohydrates: 3% coating of the cell "glycocalyx" identification adhesion 2. Cytoplasm >Contains particles and Organelles solid parts : organelles, particulates >Cytosol = Fluid portion 2 zones liquid part : cytosol >Ectoplas 2 Zones of Cytoplasm : 1. Ectoplasm (cortex) outer zone = semi-solid , gel-like support 2. Endoplasm = liquefied , organelles Page | 9  GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao m (Cortex) – provides a semisolid gel-like support to the cell membrane 3. Organelles a. Endoplasmic Reticulum >synthesis of substances >transports products via ER vesicles ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER Granular Granular Agranular Agranular Ribosomes Ribosomes Without (-) ribosomes ribosomes Protein Protein Synt. Lipid synthesis Lipid Synt. Synthesis b. Golgi Apparatus >”Packaging Center”> aka "packaging Center" >receives finished products from ERraw materials from ER -> synthesis > it receives >processes received products >Lysosomes c. Lysosomes ” > aka "suicide bags" >Vesicular organelles> destroys worn-out cells & foreign bodies >formed in the Golgi>AppHydrolase > is from Golgi App. >digests unwanted substances >destroys worn-out cell d. Peroxisomes >detoxification >buds off from the smooth ER >for detoxification of >oxidase free radicals >Oxidases > from smooth ER e. Vesicles = temporary storage ” f. Mitochondria > powerhouse of the cell >ATP production g. Filaments and Tubular Structures >Polymerized Fibrillar Proteins → Filaments > structural support >Polymerized Tubulin → Microtubules > cellular locomotion h. Nucleus >command center of the cell -> RNA - rich area >genetic materials, codes -> (-) limiting membrane Page | 9 >nuclear membrane/ envelope -> nuclear pores = passage -> inner layer -> outer layer= conti.with the rough  GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao III. Cell Division a. DNA RNA deoxyribonucleic acid ribonucleic acid double helix strand half stand of the double helix strand types of Ribose Messenger RNA to transport -carries genetic code genertic mat -> cytoplasm to cytoplas Transfer RNA -Transports transports to the activated aminoacids -> ribosomes ribosomes Ribosomal RNAin synthesis Protein synthesis , Ribosome production →Ribosomes FORMATION 1. Phosphoric Acid 1. Single strand of 2. Sugar Base the doublehelix (deoxyriibose) strand 3. Nitrogenous Base 2. Suger Base Purines: = Ribose Guanine Adenine 3. Nitrogenous Base Pyramidines: Purines: Thymine Guanine Cytosine Adenine Pyramidines URACIL Cytosine Page | 9  GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao b. 2 Types MITOSIS MEIOSIS Somatic somatic reproduction :gametes: sperm/ ovum Diploid Diploid Haploid Haploid 46 46 chromosomes Chromosomes 23 23 Chromosomes chromosomes “IPMAT” -Cleavage furrow -Sister c (Draw Here ↓) Interphase (-) celldivision (+) DNA replication Prophase A = ster (hair like progestion) F = ragmentation of Nuc.Mem A= ttachment of spindles to kinetochore M= igration of centrioles to opp.poles C=ondensation of chromatid pairs P= pairing of chromatids Metaphase =chromosomes align to the center (metaphase/ equitorial plate) Anaphase chromatid pairs split up and moves toward opp.poles Telophase = (+) cleavage furrow = 2 daughter cells = (+) nuclear membrane Page | 9  GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao IV. Functional Systems of the Cell >Endocytosis (ingestion) Pinocytosis = small particles ; cell drinking phagocytosis =large particles ; cell earting >Exocytosis (expulsion) V. Cellular Transport PASSIVE ACTIVE TRANSPORT TRANSPORT High→Low downhill Low → High uphill Downhill (-) ATP (+) ATP Uphill (-) ATP, (-) (-) Resistance (+) ATP, (+) resistance resistance (+) resistance (N)NKinetic energy Against kinetic energy anaenergy against gradient concentration gradient a. Passive Transport >Simple Diffusion =Through the membrane >through the membrane >lipid soluble (O2, CO2, alcohol) =Through >through protein Gated channels --------------------------------- Voltage gated channels channels > H2O soluble (ions,glucose,urea) chemical (ligand) gated channels >Facilitated Diffusion > aka carrier proteins = Requires a carrier protein >GLUT1 = Glucose e.g. GLUT1 carries glucose to move across the cell membrane The Rate of Diffusion is affected by: [DI SURE? TRUST SELF, STUDY, CONCENTRATE, PANGINOON] 1. distance 2. Size/ mass 3. Temp 4. Surface Area Page | 9  GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao 5. Steepness of diffusion 6. Concentration gradient 7. Partition coefficient b. Active Transport >Primary Active Transport = pumps ( Na -K, Mg, Ca) >Secondary Active Transport = utilzes energy from 1 A.T Co-transport (Symport) = someSame direction direction e.g. Na-Glucose = Na-glucose linked linked transporter Transporter Counter-transport (Antiport) = opposite direction = Na-Ca exchanger c. Osmosis >H2O = simple diffusion = H2O - the diffusion of water VI. Cell Death >Apoptosis = -programmed “Programmed cell death” cell death - a normal and healthy = natural response in cells > Necrosis - Cell injury; premature death of cells in tissues = cell inj -> cell death = premature cell death Page | 9  GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao Nerve Physiology OUTLINE I. Nerve II. Types of Nerve Fibers III. Membrane Potential IV. Refractory Periods V. Summation I. Nerve > fxnl unit of nervous system 3. Axon = transfers impulses AWAY from the SOMA a. Parts 1. Soma - "body" = cellular processes 2. Dendrites receiving terminals = transfer information TOWARDS the Soma 4. Axon Hillock = origin of the axon 5. Initial Segment where the action potential is generated 6. Myeline Sheath– insulated layers insulating layer 7. Nodes of Ranvier unisilated layers that allows "saltatory conduction" 8. Axon Terminals the brranched out ends of the axon Page | 9  GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao 2 Main Types of Glial Cells >greek word “glue” >Microglia aka as Scavenger Cells - it acs as "macrophages in the CNS “Scavenger Cells”. >Macroglia Astrocyte = CNS, formation of brain, maintain you Blood, brain, barrier - secretes/ absors neurotransmitters. Oligodendrocytes produces of Myelin Sheaths Schwan cells ''COPS" CNS- oligodendrocytes Axonal Transport PNS- Schwan Cells 1. Anterograde/Orthograde 'KARD' = from soma -> axon terminals kinesin 2. Retrograde = from axon terminals -> soma responsible product "dynein" b. Types of Neuron TYPES DRAW HERE 1. Unipolar 2. Bipolar 3. Pseudounipolar 4. Multipolar Page | 9  GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao II. Types of Nerve Fibers Type Size & Function Myelination (µm) Alpha 12-20 Proprioception, large proprioception, somatic motor A Large, Somatic12-20 + MYELINATION Motor Beta Myelina LARGE 5-12 Touch, Pressure + MYELINATION 5-12 touch, pressure ted Gamma Small, LARGE 3-6 Motor to3-6muscle +MYELINATION motor to ms. spindles Myelina spindles Delta ted 2-5 Pain, SMALL (+) MYELINATION 2-5 pain and temperature "cold" Small, Temperature B Unmyel The difference between the electrical potential in the cytoplasm and the extracellular space 1. Concentration gradient - DIFFERED inside and outside of the cell >2 Conditions for membrane 2. Ion Permeability - penetratingpotential to occur: the cell membrane = Concentration Gradient RMP = Ion Permeabi > equilibrium =Na-K ATPase (Pump) Nerve - 70mV 2 K -ions in heart - 88mV 3 Na-ions out smth ms. - 40 - 60mV GI -56 mV 2 Fxns skeletal ms - 90mV 1. Maintenance of the equilibrium 2. maintain of the cell volume Action Potential (Draw Here ↓) 4 3 5 repolarization depolarization 2 7 1 6 PROCESS: 1. RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL 2. '' ALL OR NONE'' principle threshold : -55mV very few Na gates open 3. all remaining Na+ gates open = positive feedback 4. overshoot = rapid closing of Na+ slow opening of K+ gates 5. K+ gates is completely open 6. slow closing of k+ gates = negative feedback =hypolirazation Page | 9  GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao 7. RMP IV. Refractory Periods (Draw Here ↓) >Absolute = "No other stimulus can excite the nerve" = treshold -> 1/3 repolarization >Relative = " A stronger than N stimulus can excite the nerve" = 1/3 repolarization -> after depolarization V. Summation (Draw Here ↓) Temporal > =1 presynaptic neuron stimulating the neuron in sucession Spatial > Page | 9  GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao Many presynaptic neurons stimulating the neuron at the same time Muscle Physiology OUTLINE MUSCLE I. Muscle - force II. Organization - movement III. Contractile Filaments 1. locomotion IV. Events 2. organs V. Types of Contraction I. Muscle Types >Skeletal = striated, voluntary, multinucleated >Cardiac = striated, involuntary, uninucleated >Smooth = non-striated, involuntary uninucleated multi-unit -> trachea,iris,largeb.vessels unitary->bloodvessels, digestive tract, urinary tract II. Organization Terms >Sarcomere = fxnal contractile unit of the muscle = found between 2z-discs >Sarcolemma cell membrane of Ms. >Sarcoplasm cytoplasm of the ms. >Muscle Fibers "myocyte = long red like structures (myofibril/myosin) --> thick and thin bands (myofilaments/ actin complex) (Draw Muscle Linings Here ↓) Page | 9  GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao 1. Epimysium outermost covering 2. Perimysium it covers the fascicle 3. Edomysium it covers the ms. fibers draw the Sarcomere Types of Muscle Fibers Type I Type IIa Type IIb Contraction slow fast fast Energy oxidative 0/g Utilization glycolytic Color red red white Fatigability resistant moderate easily fatigability fatigued Suitability long dist. for force and power endurance mod. short distance distance Page | 9  GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao BANDS (Draw Muscle Bands Here ↓) 1. z- discs = sarcomere -> bet.2 = disc anchors actin 2. H-zone = Myosin 3. A-band =Myosin and actin = "ala" = (-) change 4. I- band = actin >H Zone (Heler) ="ipit" = shortens 5. M- Line middle line anchors myosin (-) change >I Band (Isotropic) >A Band (Anisotropic) >Z Disc (Zwischenscheibe) Page | 9  GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao >M Line (Mittelscheibe) III. Contractile Filaments a. Myosin = thick bond = anchored of M-line = (+) myosin heads b. Actin Complex a. actin - thin bands - achored at the z-disc; actin active sites b. Tropomyosin- covers the actin active sites c. Troponin Complex ICT- I=ACTIN C=CALCIUM T=TROPOMYOSIN IV. Events Overview a. At Rest 1. Calcium is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum 2. Tropomyosin covers the AAS. 3. Myosin heads cannot connect with the AAS. b. During Contraction 1. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 2. binding of Ca with Trop. C = unbinding of AAS 3. Myosin heads connects with AAS produced contractions Page | 9  GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao Sequence (Draw Here ↓) a. Contraction 1. Discharge at Presypnatic Neuron 2. realease of Ach 3. attachment of Ach -> ach receptors 4. incr. conductance of Na & K ions 5. Action Potential 6. Inward spreaad of action potential thru the T-tubles 7. ca -> sarcoplasm (sarcoplasmic reticulum) 8. Ca -> Troponin C 9. Tropomyosin uncovers the AAS 10. formation of the cross bridges between Actin &myosin =Power-stroke b. Relaxation 1. Calcium is pumped back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum 2. unbinding of Calcium from troponin C 3. recovering of AAS by tropomyosin Page | 9  GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PLP PT REVIEW by Jr Agabao V. Types of contraction 1. isometric = same length (-) work 2. isotonic =same tension concentric shortening eccentric lengthening visible 1 min contraction (-) pain Ms. Twitch - inv. ms. contraction Spasm - inv. ms contraction -prolonged ms. contraction - (+) pain Page | 9