Gene Drive PDF - AP Biology Review

## Gene Drive **Main Idea:** Insert desirable genes (likely using CRISPR) and "force nature" to select for that gene. This makes the desired gene common in future generations. * In nature, you typically have a 50/50 shot of inheriting an allele (like B or b) from mom/dad if mom/dad is Bb. Gene Dri...

## Gene Drive **Main Idea:** Insert desirable genes (likely using CRISPR) and "force nature" to select for that gene. This makes the desired gene common in future generations. * In nature, you typically have a 50/50 shot of inheriting an allele (like B or b) from mom/dad if mom/dad is Bb. Gene Drive forces a certain gene to get passed on AGAINST mathematical probability. Who cares? Example: Drive a mutated gene into the parasite causing malaria that makes it to where that parasite can NO LONGER be carried in mosquitos...Anopheles mosquitos can now no longer transmit malaria. Malaria killed ~500,000 humans in 2015, so this is a big deal... * **Ethics:** ??? ## Chapter 11 (If asked to pick just one, this chapter represents the most rapidly changing and heavily studied field in Biology at the moment) 1. **Bacterial (prokaryotic) genes are organized into operons.** Discuss the role of each of the following: * operon * promoter * operator * repressor * regulatory gene. 2. **There are two basic types of operons:** repressible operons (like trp) and inducible operons (like lac). Under what circumstances would each be used? 3. What does **epigenetics** mean in general? 4. Describe **gene expression mechanisms** (epigenetics) in eukaryotes (DNA methylation, Histone acetylation & chromatin remodeling, transcription factors, enhancer sequences, suppressor sequences, 5 cap, poly A tail, alternate splicing) 5. Give a general overview of how the **idea of RNA interference** works (that's the microRNA/miRNA stuff). ## AP BIO: DNA Structure, Replication, Transcription, Translation, Gene Regulation, & Lab Review **Optional HWK as always. Due on test day. The lab stuff is pretty tough on this test.** I would strongly encourage you to work on this review a little at a time as we study the stuff in class. ## Chapter 9 1. Draw and label a DNA molecule. Label: nitrogenous bases, deoxyribose, phosphate, H bonds. 2. Which nitrogenous bases are purines? Which are pyrimidines? 3. What is this 3' and 5' thing all about? 4. Explain why A.T and G.C in the base pairing rules. You should have two reasons. 5. Describe **DNA Replication**. Be sure to include: * What is the name of the enzyme that unzips DNA? Why is it called that? * What is the link between 5', 3', and Okazaki fragments?...In other words, only one strand has Okazaki fragments? Why? * DNA Polymerase III can only add on DNA nucleotides if RNA primers are present...why? * DNA Poly I and DNA Ligase seem to have the same job, but upon detailed inspection they don't...explain. * Replication is semiconservative. What does that mean? * There are some proofreading mechanisms built into DNA Polymerase enzymes...describe them. ## Chapter 10 1. What is the **"central dogma of gene expression?"** 2. Describe **transcription**: be sure to include: * importance of promoters and transcription factors * role of RNA Polymerase II * Why aren't Okazaki fragments formed like they are in DNA replication? * Why is it okay that the transcription process has little proofreading involved while DNA replication has so much? * Termination sequences...what would happen without them? 3. Describe **post transcript manipulation** * What are introns and exons? How are introns removed? Scientist speculate that exons exist because...? * What is the function of the poly-A tail?  * What is the function of the 5' cap? 4. Describe the process of **translation**. Be sure to comment on mRNA, ribosomes (Which contain, among other things, rRNA), polyribosomes, EPA sites, tRNA, amino acids, peptide bonds, codon, anticodon, start codon, stop codons, translocation, and the genetic code ("64" chart). 5. How does the order of amino acids eventually determine the function of a protein. 6. What are the primary types of mutation? 7. Describe the pathway that a protein takes if it is destined to leave the cell, Begin on the Rough ER and trace the pathway through to exocytosis. **Keep Going** **→→→** **Keep Going** **→→→** ## IF WE DON'T GET TO THESE LABS THIS TIME, WE WILL NEXT TIME. This test will have several questions that relate to the gel electrophoresis and transformation labs. Be sure that you understand these processes well. Some of the most elusive points on this test relate to these labs. There are 11 labish questions on the MC portion... of those relate directly to these two labs below. ### **Electrophoresis Lab** (If we did this lab It's on the test... if not then ignore these questions) 1. What is the main idea behind PCR? (this would have been done before we did our lab) 2. Why do two individuals with different DNA sequences show different banding patterns from one another? You should be mentioning restriction enzymes (aka restriction endonucleases) in this part. 3. Smaller DNA goes farther in the gel...why? Be sure to mention the structure of agarose in your explanation. 4. Why do we use loading dye and how is loading dye different from DNA stain? 5. Why/How does electricity make the DNA "go?" 6. What is a DNA ladder and why is it useful? ### **Transformation Lab** (glowing bacteria lab), if we did this lab it's on the test... If not then ignore these questions) 1. What is the purpose of restriction enzymes in transformation? 2. What are plasmids? (in addition, be able to construct a plasmid map) 3. What is the purpose of a bacterial resistance gene or a "glo" gene? 4. Why is the heatshock portion of the lab important? 5. What was the purpose of the arabinose in our transformation lab? 6. We had 4 bacteria plate set ups... what is the significance of each?