General Chemistry 2 Lecture Notes PDF

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Ms. Clarie Ann Manalo

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chemistry general chemistry solid state chemistry science

Summary

This document is a collection of lecture notes on General Chemistry 2. The notes cover topics such as the properties and structures of crystalline and amorphous solids. It also touches upon various types of solids, such as ionic, molecular, covalent-network, and metallic solids, x-ray diffraction and explains the various bonding forces, and provides examples throughout the notes.

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General Chemistry 2 Ms. Clarie Ann Manalo Learning Competencies ✔ Describe the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous solids. Learning Objectives ✔ Describe the properties of solid. ✔ Differentiate the types of solid. Types and Properties of Solids Solids  These...

General Chemistry 2 Ms. Clarie Ann Manalo Learning Competencies ✔ Describe the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous solids. Learning Objectives ✔ Describe the properties of solid. ✔ Differentiate the types of solid. Types and Properties of Solids Solids  These are particles that are closely packed together in a fixed and orderly arrangement.  They move back and forth at a fixed position.  They are rigid and Properties of Solids  Hardness  Malleability  Ductility  Brittleness  Elasticity Hardness  It is the resistance of a solid material to deformation or scratching. Malleability  It refers to the ability of a solid material to withstand deformation under compressive stress. Ductility  It is the ability of a material to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture or breaking. Elasticity  It is the ability of a material to return to its original shape and size after deformation. Amorphous Solids  These are consist of particles that lack a definite order.  They do not have sharp melting points. Amorphous Solids Crystalline Solids  These are made up of highly ordered particles with a well-defined pattern.  They have flat surface and sharp edges.  The smallest repeating pattern is known as the unit cell. Crystalline Solids Some Types of Unit Cells  Primitive unit cell: lattice points are found in the corners of the unit cell.  Body-centered unit cell: has one particle at the center of the lattice and one particle in each of the corners. Types of Unit Cells  Face-centered unit cell: contains one particle on each of the faces of the lattice, and one particle in each of the corners.  End-centered unit cell: has one particle on two opposite faces, and one particle in each of the Crystalline Solids  They have sharp melting point because their particles experience identical attractions.  There are four types of crystals: ionic, molecular, covalent- network, and metallic. Ionic Solids  These are made up of positive and negative ions and held together by electrostatic attractions.  They have lattice energy.  Baking soda, table salt, calcium chloride, potassium nitrate. Molecular Solids  These are made up of atoms or molecules held together by London dispersion forces, dipole- dipole forces, or hydrogen bonds.  Caffeine, table sugar, dry ice, ice, and paraffin wax. Covalent-network Solids  These are made up of atoms connected by covalent bonds.  Diamond, graphite, quartz, and silicon carbide. Metallic Solids  These are made up of atoms that are held together by metallic bonds.  Steel, aluminum, gold, and copper. X-ray Diffraction  It is the process of diffracting or scattering X-rays struck on a crystal sample. X-ray Diffraction QUIZ TIME Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less. Marie Curie

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