Botany Notes PDF

Botany ​ - The Scientific study of plants, also known as plant biology Plants ​ Multicellular (Eukaryotic) ​ Photosynthetic ​ Have cellulosic walls ​ Sessile (cannot move on their own) Largest Flower = Rafflesia arnoldii Longest living = Pinus longaeva Largest organism = Sequoiadend...

Botany ​ - The Scientific study of plants, also known as plant biology Plants ​ Multicellular (Eukaryotic) ​ Photosynthetic ​ Have cellulosic walls ​ Sessile (cannot move on their own) Largest Flower = Rafflesia arnoldii Longest living = Pinus longaeva Largest organism = Sequoiadendron gigantum Plant Facts ​ They produce most of the oxygen we breathe ​ Produce an assortment of useful chemicals SUBDISCIPLINES Plant molecular biology = Structure and function of plant molecules Plant biochemistry = chemical interactions within plants Plant cell biology = structures, functions, of plant cells Plant anatomy = plant internal features Plant morphology = Plant external features Plant physiology = How plants functions Plant ecology = Interrelationships among plants and their environment Plant genetics = Plant heredity and variation Plant paleontology = evolution of plants Plant geography = geographical distribution of plant Plant taxonomy = plant classification, identification Plant phycology = algae biology and taxonomy Plant bryology = Non vascular plants (mosses, liverworts) biology and taxonomy Plant mycology = Fungi biology and taxonomy Plant pteridology = Ferns biology and taxonomy Plant palynology = scientific study of living and fossil spores Plant ethnobotany = Scientific study of the traditional customs and practices of people concerning plants and their medical, religious, and other economic uses Plant forestry = Forest products (lumber) Plant agronomy = Field crops and soil Plant Horticulture = The science and art of growing fruits and vegetables Plant Economic Botany = Plant with commercial importance (spices) Plant Pharmacognosy = deals with medical substances of biological origin Plant Pathology = study of plant diseases CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS 1.​ Organization -​ Biological Hierarchy 1.​ Biosphere 2.​ Ecosystems 3.​ Communities 4.​ Populations 5.​ Organism 6.​ Organs and Organ systems 7.​ Tissues 8.​ Cells 9.​ Organneles 10.​Molecules  2. Exchange of energy with the Environment A.​ Photosynthesis -​ Biological Process that includes the capture of light energy and its transformation into chemical energy of organic molecules B.​ Cellular Respiration -​ Process in which energy of organic molecules is released for biological work 3. Interaction with environment ​ Plants respond to stimuli in the environment A.​ Gravitropism ​ It is related to auxin, which promotes cell elongation Shoot go up, Root goes down 4. Growth ​ Plants undergo growth and developments 5. Reproduction ​ Plants form new individuals by asexual or sexual reproduction 6. Heredity ​ DNA exchange from one generation to another 7. Evolution ​ Plants and other organisms evolve Criteria of Science C – Consistency ​ Scientific explanations and results are consistent and repeatable. If the same experiment is conducted under the same conditions, it should yield the same results. O – Observability ​ Scientific phenomena must be observable, either directly with the senses or indirectly using scientific instruments. If something cannot be observed or measured, it is outside the realm of science. N – Natural ​ Science seeks to explain the natural world using natural causes and mechanisms. Supernatural or metaphysical explanations fall outside the scope of science. P – Predictability ​ Scientific explanations allow for predictions about future events or discoveries. A valid scientific theory should make testable predictions that can be verified through experiments or observations. T – Testability ​ Scientific ideas must be testable through controlled experimentation or observation. Claims that cannot be tested or falsified are not considered scientific. T – Tentativeness ​ Scientific knowledge is subject to revision and change based on new evidence. Science does not claim absolute truth; rather, it refines and updates explanations as better data become available.