General Biology PDF

Endosymbiotic theory - suggests certain organelles originated as independent prokaryotic cells engulfed by host cell both prokaryotic and eukaryotic has membrane bound organelle but prokaryotic has no nucleus (nucleus has majority of cell genes/) prokaryotic - bacteria, archaea; has nucleoid (DNA so...

Endosymbiotic theory - suggests certain organelles originated as independent prokaryotic cells engulfed by host cell both prokaryotic and eukaryotic has membrane bound organelle but prokaryotic has no nucleus (nucleus has majority of cell genes/) prokaryotic - bacteria, archaea; has nucleoid (DNA source - cell genes) and membrane bound organelles plasma membrane - made of phospholipids and protein cell wall - made of peptidoglycan, structural support glycocalyx: outer coating, slime layer flagella - locomotion organelles 1. Monotrichous - 1:1 pole 2. Lophotrichous - many:1 pole 3. Petrichous - many all around 4. Amphitrichous - one for each pole ribosomes - made of rna and protein, site of protein synthesis eukaryotic -plants, animals, fungi, protist (has nucleus and membrane bound organelle), more complex flagella - locomotion organelle fimbrae - attachment structure endospore - dormant protection against environmental stress __________________________________________________ eukaryotic nucleus - contains most cell's genes. Inside it: chromatin - makes chromosomes, regular form of chromosomes nucleolus - site of ribosome rna synthesis nuclear envelope - encloses w double phospholipid bilayer nuclear pores - regulates entry exit of molecules from nucleus nuclear lamina - maintains nucleus shape endoplasmic reticulum -has 2 parts smooth reticulum -synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies, stores calcium rough reticulum - secretes glycoproteins, distributes vesicles golgi apparatus - modifies, manufactures, packages transport vesicles lysosome - digest macromolecules. split into 3 parts: phagocytosis - eats cells forming vacuoles phagolysosome - combi of lysosomes and vacuoles autophagy - absorb useless vacoules are: food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles - pump water, central vacuoles - found in plant cells Kirsten remember: Mitochondria - site of cell respiration generating ATP (energy source and see storage), has smooth outer membrane and inner membrane  chloroplast - contains chlorophyll (green pigment) found in plants and algae. Includes Thylakoids - sacs Stroma - internal fluid Peroxisome - hydrogen peroxide converts to water cytoskeleton - supports cells and maintains shape. 3 fibers making it up is: 1. Microtubules - thickest , controls beating of cilia and flagella 2. Microfilaments - thinnest, plays a role in cell structure, organization , movement 3. intermediate filaments - structural protein in eukaryotic cells cytoplasm - semifluid plasma membrane - separates cells from surrounding, has proteins embedded svedberg unit - how fast organelles propel _________________________________________________________________________ Extracellular components: Cell wall - protects plant cell, maintains shape, prevents excess water, made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein extracellular matrix - animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by extracellular matrix (ECM), Functions: (SAMR) - SUPPORT, ADHESION, MOVEMENT, REGULATION Intercellular junction - direct physical contact 1. Plasmodesmata -channel between adjacent plant cells 2. tight junctions - membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together 3. Desmosomes - (anchoring junctions) fasten cells together to strong sheets 4. Gap junctions - (communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells